PHINMA- UNIVERSITY OF

PANGASINAN MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

Introduction of
Cardiovascular system

HEART

 Hollow muscular organ about the size of a and the

closed fist which weighs approximately epicardium
300 grams. itself.
 Located at the center of the thorax, where
it occupies the space between the
lungs(mediastinum)
 Lies obliquely where the base is at the
upper right and the apex is at the lower
left.

CHAMBERS OF THE HEART

1. ATRIA

 The upper collecting chambers

separated by the inter-atrial
septum; receives blood returning
to the heart and pumps blood into
the ventricles.

A. Right Atrium
 Receives unoxygenated blood
from superior and inferior vena
cava and coronary sinus.

LAYERS OF THE HEART B. Left Atrium

 Receives oxygenated blood from
1. Endocardium Inner layer consists of the lungs via the four pulmonary
endothelial tissues that veins.
lines the inside of the 2. VENTRICLES
heart and valves.
2. Myocardium Middle layer that forms
most of the heart wall.it  The inferior pumping chambers of
is composed of striated the heart separated by
involuntary muscle interventricular septum; receives
fibers that cause the
blood from the atria and pumps
heart to contract
blood into the circulation
3. Epicardium Outer layer made up of
squamous epithelial (pulmonary and systemic).
cells overlying
connective tissues. A. Right Ventricle
4. Pericardium Fibrous sac that  Receives unoxygenated blood
surrounds the heart from right atrium and ejects blood
and the roots of the into the lungs for oxygenation.
great vessels
Consist of two layers: B. Left Ventricle
a. Parietal  Receives oxygenated blood from
pericardium- left atrium ejects blood into the
outer most
systemic circulation
fibrous layer
b. Visceral
pericardium-
Serous
pericardium

DENZELL JUDE FERNANDEZ|BATCH 2023|PROF TRISHA WACAS|TUESDAY 1

PHINMA- UNIVERSITY OF
PANGASINAN MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

Introduction of
Cardiovascular system

VALVES OF THE HEART VENULES

 Permits unidirectional flow of VEINS

blood in the heart and allows
Take note:
forward flow and prevents
backward flow of blood. Arteries- Oxygenated

1. ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES (AV Veins- Deoxygenated

VALVES)

 Separates the atria from the CORONARY ARTERIES

ventricles and prevents backflow
of blood from the ventricles.

a. Mitral (bicuspid) valve  Oxygenates and nourishes the

b. Tricuspid valve heart especially the myocardium;
 Arises at the beginning of the
2. SEMILUNAR VALVES(SL VALVES) aorta just above the aortic valve.

 Prevents backflow of blood from 2 MAJOR CORONARY

pulmonary arteries and aorta ARTERIES
back into the ventricles
a. Right Coronary Artery
A. Pulmonic valve  Supplies blood to most areas of the right
B. Aortic valve side of the heart.

b. Left Coronary Artery

Is composed of:

B1. Left Anterior Descending Artery

 Supplies blood to the septum and anterior
part of the heart.

B2. Left Circumflex Artery

 Supplies Blood to the left ventricle

VASCULAR SYSTEM

ATRIA

SYSTEMIC ARTERIES

ARTERIOLES

CAPILLARIES

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PHINMA- UNIVERSITY OF
PANGASINAN MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

Introduction of
Cardiovascular system

CORANARY VEINS

PURKINJE FIBERS

 Collects unoxygenated blood from the

myocardium and drains it into the coronary
sinus.

GREAT VESSELS OF THE HEART

1. SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR VENA

CAVA.
2. PULMONARY ARTERIES
3. PULMONARY VEINS PROPERTIES OF CARDIAC COORDINATION
4. AORTA

1. Automaticity Property of cardiac

CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART cells to
spontaneously action
potential
 Controlled by the heart itself 2. Excitability Ability of the cardiac
cells to regenerate an
 Heart is a pump mode of muscle tissue
action potential at its
and it is controlled by electrical conduction membrane in
system that coordinates. response to
depolarization and
SA NODE
transmit impulse
alone.
 Or “Sinus node” it is responsible in
3. Conductivity Ability of the cardiac
electrical impulse of the heart.
conduction system to
 Known to be the normal pacemaker of the conduct electrical
heart impulses to nodes.
4. Contractility It is the movement of
the heart causing
AV NODE contraction.
5. Refractoriness Happens after an
action potential was
iniated. The cardiac
cells was unable to
iniate an action
BUNDLE OF HIS potential for some
duration of time this
through action
potential duration.

BUNDLE BRANCHES

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 PHINMA- UNIVERSITY OF
PANGASINAN MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

Introduction of
Cardiovascular system

Repolarization

 Occurs when the cardiac cells return to its

baseline or resting state.

Depolarization

 Rapid reversal of membrane potential or

electrical activation of the cell caused by
the influx of sodium into the cell while
potassium exits cell.

CARDIAC CYCLE

 Refers to one complete cycle of the

heart’s contraction and relaxation.

SYSTOLE

 Portion of the cardiac cycle when the

ventricles depolarize and contract to pump
blood into the pulmonary and systemic
circulation.

A. Atrial Systole
B. Ventricular Systole

DIASTOLE

 Portion of the cardiac cycle when the

ventricles repolarize and refill with blood
A. Ventricular Diastole

CARDIAC OUTPUT

 Amount of blood (in liters) ejected by each

ventricle in every minute.

CO= Heart rate X Stroke Volume

Heart rate

 Number of complete cardiac cycles per

minte(Ave.= 75 bpm)

Stroke Volume

 Volume of blood ejected in each ventricle

per heartbeat(Ave-70 mL/beat)

DENZELL JUDE FERNANDEZ|BATCH 2023|PROF TRISHA WACAS|TUESDAY 4