DRP's Notes Module 1 BBOC407 Biology For CSE

BBOC407 BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS (for CSE Stream)
2022 Admission Batch Onwards; 4th Semester B. E.

Visvesvaraya Technological University, Karnataka
Video Classes in YouTube Channel @MyIntuition4865
Module 1
CELL BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
***
Mention the significance of understanding cell biology. Discuss the potential interdisciplinary
applications of this knowledge in fields such as bioinformatics, computational biology, and
medical technology.
CO1, RBTL 3, 10 Marks
Marks Distribution
Introduction and Context (2 marks): Providing context and highlighting the importance of
understanding cell biology for a computer science student.
Discussion of Key Steps in Life Formation (6 marks): Elaborating on the eight key steps
involved in life formation, demonstrating a comprehensive understanding of cell biology.
Interdisciplinary Applications (2 marks): Discussing potential interdisciplinary applications
in bioinformatics, computational biology, and medical technology.
https://youtu.be/heymXd-m1sE
Introduction
Understanding the basics of cells, including their structure, functions, and biomolecules, is
essential for a student of bachelor of engineering in computer science as it provides
foundational knowledge in biological sciences, fostering a holistic understanding of life
sciences.
Additionally, insights into stem cells and biomolecules like enzymes, vitamins, and hormones
can be valuable, offering interdisciplinary perspectives and potential applications in areas
such as bioinformatics, computational biology, and medical technology, enhancing the
student's ability to integrate biological concepts into computer science advancements.
Cells are the fundamental units of life, representing the smallest structural and functional
entities of living organisms.
Life on Earth originates from the remarkable complexity and organization of cells.
The process of life formation can be simplified into several key steps:
1. Cell Formation:
 Life begins with the creation of cells, which are the fundamental units of life.
 Cells can be categorized as prokaryotic (lacking a true nucleus) or eukaryotic
(having a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles).
2. Cell Division:
 Cells possess the ability to divide through processes like mitosis and meiosis.
 This division is essential for the growth, development, and maintenance of
living organisms.
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Dr. Prasad P., Professor, Srinivas Institute of Technology, Valachil, Mangaluru - 574143 1
3. Multicellularity:
 Over time, cells evolve and organize into multicellular structures.
 Multicellularity leads to the formation of specialized cell types with distinct
functions, giving rise to tissues, organs, and organ systems.
4. Differentiation:
 Cells within multicellular organisms undergo differentiation, acquiring
specific structures and functions suited to their roles.
 This specialization enables cells to perform specific tasks within the organism.
5. Organism Formation:
 The collaboration of specialized cells, tissues, and organs results in the
formation of complete organisms.
 Various types of organisms, ranging from simple to complex, emerge based on
the organization and coordination of cells.
6. Reproduction:
 Organisms reproduce to pass on their genetic information to the next
generation.
 Reproduction can occur through various mechanisms, including sexual and
asexual reproduction.
7. Adaptation and Evolution:
 Over generations, living organisms undergo adaptation and evolution.
 Genetic material within cells can change through mutations and natural
selection, leading to the development of diverse species.
8. Ecological Interactions:
 Organisms interact with their environment and with each other in complex
ecosystems.
 These interactions contribute to the balance of life and the sustainability of
ecosystems.
***
Analyze the significance of cell structures in carrying out specific cellular functions, and how
this understanding can be applied to design innovative solutions for real-world
bioengineering challenges.
Mark Distribution
Introduction to Cell Structure (2 marks):
1 mark for clearly stating cells as basic units of life and mentioning the classification of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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1 mark for highlighting the structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells,
with examples.
Cell Components (3 marks):
1 mark for describing the function of the cell membrane.
1 mark for explaining the role of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
1 mark for mentioning the function of the cytoplasm and defining organelles.
Schematic Images (2 marks):
1 mark for providing a clear schematic image of a prokaryotic cell.
1 mark for providing a clear schematic image of a eukaryotic cell.
Functions of a Cell (3 marks):
1 mark for each correctly explained cellular function, including cellular respiration,
photosynthesis (in plant cells), DNA replication and cell division, and protein synthesis.
https://youtu.be/IdT-HwIGpUo
Structure and Functions of a Cell
Introduction to Cell Structure
 Cells are the basic units of life, classified as prokaryotic (lacking a true nucleus) or
eukaryotic (containing a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles).
 Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, have a simpler structure, while eukaryotic cells,
found in plants, animals, and fungi, exhibit greater complexity.
Cell Components
 Cell Membrane: Surrounds the cell, regulating the entry and exit of substances.
 Nucleus (in Eukaryotic Cells): Houses genetic material (DNA) and controls cell
activities.
 Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance within the cell where organelles are suspended.
 Organelles: Specialized structures with specific functions, e.g., mitochondria for
energy production.
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Schematic of A Prokaryotic Cell
Schematic Image of A Eukaryotic Cell
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Functions of a Cell
1. Cellular Respiration: Mitochondria generate energy (ATP) through cellular
respiration.
2. Photosynthesis (in Plant Cells): Chloroplasts convert sunlight into energy in the
form of glucose.
3. DNA Replication and Cell Division: Nucleus controls replication and division,
crucial for growth and repair.
4. Protein Synthesis: Ribosomes synthesize proteins using genetic information.
***
How do stem cell applications advance healthcare? Discuss challenges and ethical
considerations, offering critical insights into their potential impacts on medical practices and
society.
Marks Distribution
Importance of stem cells 1 mark
Types of stem cells 2 marks
Applications of stem cells (Any 5) 5 marks
Challenges & Ethical considerations 2 mark
https://youtu.be/L_ZNTjCLJQw
Stem Cells and their Application
Introduction
Stem cells are unique cells with the remarkable ability to develop into various specialized cell
types in the body. They play a crucial role in growth, tissue repair, and maintaining the body's
overall health.
Types of Stem Cells
1. Embryonic Stem Cells: Derived from embryos, these cells have the potential to
become any cell type in the body.
2. Adult or Somatic Stem Cells: Found in various tissues, they specialize in generating
cells specific to their tissue of origin.
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Embryonic stem cells
Three days after fertilization, a healthy embryo will contain about 6 to 10 cells. By the fifth
or sixth day, the fertilized egg is known as a blastocyst — a rapidly dividing ball of cells.
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Adult stem cells

Applications
1. Regenerative Medicine
 Tissue Repair: Stem cells are used to regenerate damaged or diseased tissues,
aiding in organ repair.
 Orthopedic Treatments: Applied in bone and joint disorders for enhanced
healing.
2. Treatment of Diseases
 Blood Disorders: Stem cells are used in treating conditions like leukemia and
anemia.
 Neurological Disorders: Research explores their potential for treating
conditions like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
3. Drug Development and Testing
 Stem cells serve as a valuable model for testing new drugs, predicting their
effects on human cells.
4. Understanding Disease Mechanisms
 Studying stem cells provides insights into the development and progression of
diseases.
5. Cell-Based Therapies
 Stem cells offer a foundation for developing cell-based therapies, addressing
various medical conditions.
6. Personalized Medicine
 Tailoring treatments based on an individual's genetic makeup, utilizing stem
cells for personalized therapies.
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Challenges
 Controlling Cell Differentiation: Ensuring precise control over the differentiation of
stem cells into specific cell types is a significant scientific challenge.
 Genetic Stability: Maintaining the genetic stability of stem cells during their
cultivation and manipulation is essential. Unwanted genetic mutations or
abnormalities can pose risks when the cells are used for therapeutic purposes.
 Tumor Formation: There is a concern about the potential for stem cells to form
tumors, particularly in the case of embryonic stem cells.
 Immunological Rejection: When using stem cells for transplantation, there is a risk
of the recipient's immune system recognizing the cells as foreign and mounting an
immune response. This necessitates strategies to address immunological compatibility
and reduce the risk of rejection.
Ethical Considerations
1. Source of Stem Cells:
 Concern: Using embryonic stem cells raises ethical questions because it
involves destroying embryos.
 Debate: People discuss the ethical aspects related to the sanctity of human
life.
 Challenge: Balancing scientific progress with ethical principles is an ongoing
challenge.
2. Informed Consent:
 Importance: It's crucial that people in stem cell research give informed and
voluntary consent.
 Communication: Transparently communicating risks, benefits, and the
experimental nature of treatments is an ethical must.
3. Global Regulations:
 Issue: Stem cell research lacks consistent global regulations.
 Variation: Oversight and ethical standards vary across regions.
 Need: Creating universal guidelines is vital for responsible and ethical
practices.
4. Commercialization and Access:
 Concern: Making stem cell therapies a business may raise worries about
affordability and access.
 Ethical Focus: Ensuring fair access without worsening social and economic
gaps is an ethical consideration.
***
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For Reference:
Biomolecules: Properties and Functions of Carbohydrates,
Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Lipids
https://youtu.be/vXK9M4Xtkz8
Introduction and Importance of Biomolecules
Introduction to Biomolecules:
 Biomolecules are essential molecules that make up the building blocks of life.
 These diverse compounds play crucial roles in the structure and functioning of living
organisms.
 Among the key biomolecules are carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids,
each contributing uniquely to the intricate tapestry of life.
Importance of Biomolecules:
1. Carbohydrates: They play a vital role in fueling various cellular processes,
supporting growth, and facilitating quick energy release.
2. Nucleic Acids: They are fundamental for inheritance, genetic diversity, and the
synthesis of proteins essential for life processes.
3. Proteins: They contribute to the regulation of biological processes, cellular structure,
and the catalysis of biochemical reactions.
4. Lipids: They are crucial for maintaining cell integrity, providing a protective barrier,
and serving as reserve energy sources.
[Note: Some basic information are given below

Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds that play a crucial role in biology and are an
important source of energy for living organisms. They are composed of carbon (C), hydrogen
(H), and oxygen (O) atoms and are classified based on their molecular structure and function.
General formula is Cn(H2O)n.
Monosaccharides
These are the simplest form of carbohydrates and include glucose and fructose. They are
easily soluble in water and serve as the primary source of energy for the body.
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Figure: Structural formula of glucose
Ring structural formula of glucose, fructose, and galactose
Disaccharides
These are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides and include sucrose, lactose,
and maltose. They are commonly found in sugar and are broken down into monosaccharides
during digestion.
Structural formula of sucrose, lactose, and maltose

Polysaccharides
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Ring structural formula and line structural formula of starch
Ring structural formula and line structural formula of cellulose (fiber)

These are long chains of monosaccharides linked together. They serve as storage molecules
for energy, such as glycogen in animals and starch in plants, and also provide structure and
support, such as cellulose in plant cell walls. In addition to their role as energy sources,
carbohydrates also play important roles in cellular processes, such as cellular signaling and
recognition, and in regulating gene expression.
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Ring structural formula and line structural formula of glycogen

Industrial Applications of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates have a wide range of applications in various industries, including:
 Food and Beverage: Carbohydrates are widely used as sweeteners, thickeners, and
stabilizers in food and beverage products. They are also used as energy sources in sports
drinks and energy bars.
 Pharmaceuticals: Carbohydrates are used as excipients in pharmaceutical formulations to
improve the stability, solubility, and bioavailability of drugs. They are also used as a
source of energy in medical nutrition products.
 Cosmetics: Carbohydrates are used in cosmetic products, such as moisturizers,
shampoos, and conditioners, to provide hydration and improve skin and hair health.
 Biotechnology: Carbohydrates are widely used in the production of biodegradable
plastics, biofuels, and other renewable energy sources.
 Research: Carbohydrates are widely used as research tools in the fields of immunology,
virology, and cellular biology. They are used as ligands in protein-carbohydrate
interactions and as probes to study cellular signaling pathways.
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are biopolymers that play a crucial role in the storage and transfer of genetic
information in all living organisms. There are two types of nucleic acids:
 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): DNA is the genetic material that carries the instructions
for the development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms. DNA is a
double-stranded helix structure composed of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar
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(deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or

thymine).
 Ribonucleic acid (RNA): RNA is involved in the expression of the genetic information
stored in DNA by carrying the message from the DNA to the ribosome, where it is used
to build proteins. RNA is a single-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides, which
consist of a sugar (ribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine,
cytosine, or uracil).
Schematic representation of DNA and RNA

Both DNA and RNA play essential roles in the functioning of cells and organisms, and their
structures and interactions with other molecules are the basis for many biological processes
such as replication, transcription, and translation.
Proteins
Proteins are large, complex molecules made up of chains of smaller building blocks
called amino acids. They play a vital role in the structure, function, and regulation of cells,
tissues, and organs.
There are 20 standard amino acids that serve as the building blocks of proteins.
Essential Amino Acids (9):
1. Histidine
2. Isoleucine
3. Leucine
4. Lysine
5. Methionine
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6. Phenylalanine
7. Threonine
8. Tryptophan
9. Valine
Non-Essential Amino Acids (11):
1. Alanine
2. Arginine
3. Asparagine
4. Aspartic Acid
5. Cysteine
6. Glutamic Acid
7. Glutamine
8. Glycine
9. Proline
10. Serine
11. Tyrosine
Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through the
diet, while non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by the body.
Lipids
Lipids are a group of organic compounds that include fats, oils, waxes, and some hormones.
Schematic representation of lipid molecule, bilayer formation, and miscelle formation.
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Molecular structure of phospholipid (cell membrane) and triglyceride (fat)

]
***
What are the primary functions of carbohydrates in living organisms, and can you provide
examples of their different properties that contribute to these functions?
Marks Distribution
Properties of Carbohydrates (Any 2) 2 Marks
Functions of Carbohydrates (Any 4) 3 Marks
Properties and Functions of Carbohydrates

Properties
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1. Chemical Composition:
 Composition: Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1.
 Monomers: The basic building blocks of carbohydrates are monosaccharides,
such as glucose and fructose.
2. Solubility:
 Water Solubility: Most carbohydrates are soluble in water due to their
hydrophilic nature.
3. Classification:
 Simple and Complex: Carbohydrates are classified into simple sugars
(monosaccharides and disaccharides) and complex carbohydrates
(polysaccharides).
Functions
1. Energy Source:
 Primary Role: Carbohydrates serve as a primary source of energy for living
organisms.
 Conversion: Monosaccharides are converted into ATP, the energy currency of
cells.
2. Energy Storage:
 Glycogen (in Animals): Excess glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in
animals, primarily in the liver and muscles.
 Starch (in Plants): Plants store surplus glucose as starch in various plant
tissues.
3. Structural Support:
 Cellulose (in Plants): Carbohydrates contribute to the structural support of
plant cell walls through the formation of cellulose.
4. Transport of Energy:
 Sucrose: Carbohydrates like sucrose facilitate the transport of energy in the
form of sugars within plants.
5. Quick Energy Release:
 Glucose: Rapid breakdown of glucose provides quick energy for cellular
processes.
6. Metabolic Regulation:
 Blood Sugar Regulation: Carbohydrates play a role in regulating blood sugar
levels, ensuring a steady energy supply.
***
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What is the primary function of nucleic acids in cellular processes, and how do they
contribute to the transmission of genetic information? Additionally, discuss one specific role
of nucleic acids in cellular regulation.
Properties of Nucleic Acids (Any 5) 2 ½ Marks
Functions of Nucleic Acids (Any 5) 2 ½ Marks
Properties and Functions of Nucleic Acids

 Understanding the properties and functions of nucleic acids is fundamental to
comprehending the mechanisms of heredity, genetic disorders, and cellular processes.
Properties of Nucleic Acids
1. Polymer Structure: Nucleic acids are polymers composed of nucleotide monomers
linked together.
2. Nucleotide Composition: Each nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule, a phosphate
group, and a nitrogenous base.
3. Sequence Specificity: The sequence of nitrogenous bases along the nucleic acid
chain is specific and carries genetic information.
4. Double Helix (DNA): DNA has a double-helix structure, where two strands wind
around each other.
5. Single-Stranded (RNA): RNA is usually single-stranded, with various types like
mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
6. Genetic Code: Nucleic acids encode the genetic information that determines the traits
and characteristics of living organisms.
7. Complementary Base Pairing: In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine
pairs with cytosine, forming complementary base pairs.
8. Role in Protein Synthesis: Nucleic acids facilitate protein synthesis by carrying and
translating genetic instructions.
9. Essential for Heredity: Nucleic acids are vital for the inheritance of genetic traits
from one generation to the next.
10. Cellular Regulation: They participate in regulating cellular processes, gene
expression, and various metabolic activities.
Functions of Nucleic Acids
1. Genetic Information Storage: Nucleic acids, particularly DNA, store and carry
genetic information that dictates the hereditary characteristics of living organisms.
2. Protein Synthesis: Nucleic acids, through the process of transcription and translation,
play a crucial role in the synthesis of proteins, the building blocks of cells.
3. Cellular Regulation: They participate in the regulation of various cellular processes,
controlling gene expression and influencing the overall functioning of cells.
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4. Hereditary Transmission: Nucleic acids are responsible for transmitting hereditary

traits from parents to offspring, ensuring the continuity of genetic information.
5. Transfer of Genetic Code: RNA, a type of nucleic acid, carries the genetic code
from DNA to the ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs.
6. Enzymatic Activities: Some nucleic acids, like ribozymes, exhibit enzymatic
activities, participating in biochemical reactions within cells.
7. Energy Transfer: Nucleic acids contribute to the transfer and storage of energy in
the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule crucial for cellular energy
currency.
8. Cellular Signaling: Certain nucleic acids are involved in cellular signaling pathways,
influencing responses to external stimuli and environmental changes.
9. Maintenance of Cell Structure: Nucleic acids contribute to the maintenance and
integrity of cell structures, influencing cell division and growth.
10. Synthesis of Biomolecules: They are involved in the synthesis of various
biomolecules, contributing to the overall structure and function of living organisms.
***
How do proteins, through their diverse functions such as enzymatic activity, structural
support, and hormonal regulation, contribute to the overall health and functioning of living
organisms?
Properties of Proteins (Any 5) 2 Marks
Functions of Proteins with Examples (Any 5) 3 Marks
Properties and Functions of Proteins

Properties of Proteins
1. Structure:
 Proteins exhibit a complex three-dimensional structure determined by their
amino acid sequence.
 They have primary, secondary (alpha helix, beta sheet), tertiary, and
quaternary structural levels.
2. Amino Acid Composition:
 Proteins are composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
 The specific arrangement of amino acids dictates the protein's structure and
function.
3. Solubility:
 Proteins can vary in solubility, with some being soluble in water (hydrophilic)
and others in lipids (hydrophobic).
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4. Denaturation:
 Proteins can undergo denaturation due to factors like heat, pH changes, or
chemicals, resulting in loss of structure and function.
5. Specificity:
 Proteins exhibit specificity in their interactions, with each type designed for a
particular function or molecular interaction.
6. Biological Functions:
 Proteins serve diverse biological roles, including enzymes for catalysis,
antibodies for immune response, and structural proteins for support.
7. Flexibility:
 Proteins can change their conformation to adapt to different biological
environments and perform their functions.
8. Binding and Recognition:
 Proteins can bind to other molecules, facilitating cellular processes such as
signaling and transport.
9. Catalytic Activity:
 Many proteins act as enzymes, accelerating biochemical reactions within cells.
10. Diversity:
 The diversity of proteins allows them to carry out a wide range of functions
critical to cellular life.
Functions of Proteins with Examples
1. Enzymatic Activity:
 Example: Catalase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen
peroxide into water and oxygen.
2. Structural Support:
 Example: Collagen provides structural support to connective tissues in skin,
bones, and tendons.
3. Transportation:
 Example: Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carries
carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
4. Defense and Immunity:
 Example: Antibodies defend against pathogens by recognizing and
neutralizing foreign substances.
5. Cell Signaling:
 Example: Insulin is a signaling protein that regulates glucose uptake by cells.
6. Motion and Contraction:
 Example: Actin and myosin are proteins involved in muscle contraction and
cell movement.
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7. Hormonal Regulation:
 Example: Insulin and glucagon are hormones that regulate blood sugar
levels.
8. Storage of Molecules:
 Example: Ferritin stores iron in a soluble and non-toxic form in cells.
9. Catalysis of Metabolic Reactions:
 Example: Lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of lipids during
digestion.
10. Regulation of Gene Expression:
 Example: Transcription factors regulate the expression of genes during
protein synthesis.
11. Sensory Response:
 Example: Rhodopsin is a light-sensitive protein involved in vision.
12. Blood Clotting:
 Example: Fibrinogen is a protein involved in the blood clotting cascade.
13. Buffering and pH Regulation:
 Example: Hemoglobin helps maintain the pH balance in red blood cells.
14. Energy Source:
 Example: In starvation, proteins can be broken down into amino acids for
energy production.
***
Video Classes Playlist:

https://studio.youtube.com/playlist/PLvwDlZ1XQPg7-
pj77o7BJxyu3vqq-R2v7/videos
PART 2: Continues …
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BBOC407 BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS (for CSE Stream)

2022 Admission Batch Onwards; 4th Semester B. E.

Schematic of A Prokaryotic Cell

Schematic Image of A Eukaryotic Cell

Embryonic stem cells

Adult stem cells

[Note: Some basic information are given below

Figure: Structural formula of glucose

Ring structural formula of glucose, fructose, and galactose

Structural formula of sucrose, lactose, and maltose

Ring structural formula and line structural formula of starch

Ring structural formula and line structural formula of cellulose (fiber)

Ring structural formula and line structural formula of glycogen

(deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or

Schematic representation of DNA and RNA

Schematic representation of lipid molecule, bilayer formation, and miscelle formation.

Molecular structure of phospholipid (cell membrane) and triglyceride (fat)

Properties and Functions of Carbohydrates

Properties and Functions of Nucleic Acids

4. Hereditary Transmission: Nucleic acids are responsible for transmitting hereditary

Properties and Functions of Proteins

Video Classes Playlist:

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