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Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 31 - The Politics of Boom and Bust 1920–1932

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
1. Warren G. Harding
ANSWER: Student answers will vary.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: GOP Reaction at the Throttle
The Republican "Old Guard" Returns
The Stench of Scandal
2. Charles Evans Hughes

POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens
3. Andrew Mellon
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The Republican Old Guard Returns
"Silent Cal" Coolidge
4. Herbert Hoover
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover
President Hoover's First Moves
Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists
Hoover Battles the Great Depression
5. Albert B. Fall
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The Stench of Scandal
6. Harry M. Daugherty
POINTS: 1
7. Frank B. Kellogg
POINTS: 1
8. Charles R. Forbes
POINTS: 1
Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 1
Name: Class: Date:

9. John W. Davis
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924
10. Calvin Coolidge

POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: "Silent Cal" Coolidge
11. Robert La Follette

POINTS: 1
12. Charles Dawes

POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Unraveling the Debt Knot
13. Douglas MacArthur

POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Routing the Bonus Army in Washington
14. Henry L. Stimson

POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Japanese Militarists Attack China
15. Al Smith
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover
Describe and state the historical significance of the following:

16. "Ohio Gang"
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The Republican "Old Guard" Returns
17. Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923)

Name: Class: Date:

POINTS: 1
18. steel strike of 1919

POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The Aftermath of War
19. American Legion

POINTS: 1
20. Washington Disarmament Conference

POINTS: 1
21. Four-Power Treaty

POINTS: 1
22. Nine-Power Treaty

POINTS: 1
23. Kellogg-Briand Pact

POINTS: 1
24. Fordney-McCumber Tariff

POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Hiking the Tariff Higher
25. Teapot Dome

POINTS: 1
26. McNary-Haugen Bill

Name: Class: Date:

POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Frustrated Farmers
27. Progressive party

POINTS: 1
28. Dawes Plan

POINTS: 1
29. Dawes Plan

POINTS: 1
30. "Hoovercrats"
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928
31. Hawley-Smoot Tariff

POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: President Hoover's First Moves
32. Black Tuesday

POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties
33. Agricultural Marketing Act

POINTS: 1
34. Muscle Shoals Bill

POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Hoover Battles the Great Depression
35. Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Name: Class: Date:

POINTS: 1
36. Norris–La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act

POINTS: 1
37. Bonus Army

POINTS: 1
38. Stimson doctrine

POINTS: 1
39. Manchuria
POINTS: 1
40. Good Neighbor Policy

POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy
41. Warren G. Harding's weaknesses as president included all of the following except a(n)
a. lack of political experience.
b. mediocre mind.
c. inability to detect moral weaknesses in his associates.
d. unwillingness to hurt people's feelings by saying no.
e. administrative weakness.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The "Republican" Old Guard Returns
42. Match each member of President Harding's cabinet below with his major area of responsibility.
A. Charles Evans Hughes 1. taxes and tariffs
B. Andrew Mellon 2. naval oil reserves
C. Herbert Hoover 3. naval arms limitation
D. Albert Fall 4. foreign trade and trade associations
Name: Class: Date:

E. Harry Daugherty 5. justice and law enforcement
a. A-5, B-3, C-2, D-4, E-1
b. A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2, E-5
c. A-2, B-4, C-3, D-5, E-1
d. A-4, B-5, C-1, D-3, E-2
e. A-1, B-2, C-5, D-3, E-4
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The Republican "Old Guard" Returns
43. Which one of the following members of President Harding's cabinet proved to be incompetent and corrupt?
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Calvin Coolidge
c. Andrew Mellon
d. Charles Evans Hughes
e. Albert Fall
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
44. Republican economic policies under Warren G. Harding

a. sought to follow strictly the traditional Old Guard Republican business doctrine of laissez-faire without any
active involvement by the federal government to advance corporations' bottom-line goal of progressively
increasing profits each year.
b. hoped to encourage the government actively to assist business along the path to profits.
c. sought to regulate the policies of large corporations.
d. aimed at supporting increased competition in business.
e. aided small business at the expense of big business.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
45. During the 1920s, the Supreme Court

a. often ruled against progressive legislation such as state child labor and minimum wage laws for women.
b. rigorously upheld the antitrust laws.
c. generally promoted government regulation of the economy.
d. staunchly defended the rights of organized labor.
e. consistently upheld progressive state laws under a broad reading of the Tenth Amendment.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
46. ____ was/were adversely affected by the dismantling of government regulations and the withdrawal of government
assistance by the federal government at the end of World War I.
Name: Class: Date:

a. The steel industry
b. The railroad industry
c. The shipping industry
d. Veterans
e. Organized labor
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
47. In Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923), the Supreme Court ruled that
a. federal child labor laws were unconstitutional.
b. women had the right to sue for equal pay for equal work.
c. anti-union "right to work" laws were constitutional.
d. women could no longer receive special health, safety, or minimum wage protections from such progressive
state laws governing the workplace because they now had the vote under the terms of the Nineteenth
Amendment.
e. federal maternity benefits designed for women did not constitute unequal treatment.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
48. The pivotal event that essentially crippled organized labor throughout the 1920s was
a. the Supreme Court's ruling against the union closed shop in the Adkins case.
b. the deportation of the most effective labor organizers to the Communist Soviet Union.
c. the split within the American labor movement between the American Federation of Labor and the Socialists.
d. the federal government's antilabor intervention that broke the 1919 steel strike.
e. repeal of the Clayton Act guaranteeing unions the right to organize.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
49. The nonbusiness group that realized the most significant, lasting gains from World War I was
a. labor.
b. blacks.
c. unions.
d. women.
e. veterans.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
50. Veterans' organizations like the American Legion successfully lobbied Congress to give them
a. higher pay for service in military reserve or national guard units.

Name: Class: Date:

b. special payments for those suffering the effects of shell shock or poison gas.
c. financial support for college education or job training.
d. guaranteed medical care in modern, efficient veterans' hospitals.
e. a bonus insurance policy to compensate them for lost wages during their military service.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The Aftermath of the War
51. One exception to President Warren G. Harding's policy of isolationism involved the Middle East, where the United
States sought to
a. support a homeland for Jews in Israel.
b. prevent the League of Nations from establishing British and French protectorates in the region.
c. stop the Soviet Union from dominating the area.
d. secure oil-drilling concessions for American companies.
e. curb the rise of Arab nationalism.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
52. The primary reason that President Warren G. Harding was willing to seize the initiative on the issue of international
disarmament was that
a. he feared renewed war in Europe.
b. he did not believe a strong and modern navy was necessary for the defense and security of the United States.
c. businesspeople were unwilling to help pay for a larger United States Navy.
d. he did not want the League of Nations to take the lead on this problem.
e. American public opinion overwhelming supported shrinking the U.S. Navy to prewar levels.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
53. The 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact

a. formally ended World War I for the United States, which had refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles.
b. set a schedule for German payment of war reparations.
c. established a battleship ratio for the leading naval powers.
d. condemned Japan for its unprovoked attack on Manchuria.
e. ostensibly and naively attempted to outlaw war as a legitimate means to resolve armed conflict arising from
geopolitical rivalries between and among nations.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
54. The Fordney-McCumber and Hawley-Smoot Tariff laws had the long-term effect of
a. bringing American farmers out of the agricultural depression of the early 1920s.

Name: Class: Date:

b. encouraging the United States to turn more to Asia than to Europe for imports.
c. shrinking international trade and making it impossible for Europe to repay American war loans.
d. lowering the prices Americans paid for domestic manufactured goods.
e. pressuring the Europeans to lower their own tariff rates in order to retain American trade.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
55. Which of the following was not a consequence of the American policy of raising tariffs sky-high in the 1920s?
a. European nations raised their own tariffs.
b. The postwar chaos in Europe was prolonged.
c. International economic distress deepened.
d. American foreign trade declined.
e. The American economy slipped into recession.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
56. The Teapot Dome scandal was centered around corrupt deals and bribes involving
a. naval oil reserves.
b. veterans' hospitals.
c. the illegal leasing of American Indian reservation land for oil, gas, and mineral exploration by corporations.
d. European war debts.
e. World War I veterans' benefits.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
57. The Teapot Dome political scandal of President Harding's administration resulted in the conviction and imprisonment
of his secretary of
a. the treasury.
b. state.
c. the navy.
d. commerce.
e. the interior.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
58. Which of the following descriptive attributes is least characteristic of President Coolidge?
a. Honesty
b. Frugality

Name: Class: Date:

c. Industrious
d. Wordiness
e. Cautious
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
59. During Coolidge's presidency, government policy was set largely by the interests and values of
a. farmers and wage earners.
b. the business community.
c. racial and ethnic minorities.
d. progressive reformers.
e. conservative New Englanders.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
60. After the initial shock of the initial Harding administration scandals, many Americans reacted to the acquittals of two
wealthy businessmen connected to the Teapot Dome scandal by
a. demanding that these two businessmen have their assets seized and be prosecuted civilly.
b. demonstrating a cynical acceptance of the easy ability of wealthy and politically connected Americans to
manipulate the courts to their legal advantage.
c. demanding the impeachment of the president.
d. suggesting that Harding resign the presidency so that Calvin Coolidge could take control.
e. calling for a thorough Congressional investigation.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
61. One of the major problems facing farmers in the 1920s was
a. overproduction.
b. the inability to purchase modern farm equipment.
c. passage of the McNary-Haugen Bill.
d. the prosecution of cooperatives under antitrust laws.
e. drought and insects like the boll weevil.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
62. The advent of the gasoline-powered tractor in the 1920s meant that
a. productivity went way up but so did debt.
b. farmers did not need to plow as much land to make the same profit.
c. farmers would have to spend time training hands on new equipment.

Name: Class: Date:

d. bigger crops could be grown on smaller areas.
e. None of these
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
63. The McNary-Haugen Bill passed by Congress and twice vetoed by President Coolidge was aimed to assist American
farmers by
a. providing federal farm subsidies and federal price supports for agricultural products and commodities to solve
the problem of overproduction on America's farms.
b. having the federal government buy farm surpluses and sell them abroad.
c. providing federal support for farm co-operatives as a way of eliminating middle men.
d. providing federal loans for agricultural equipment and seeds.
e. making the importation of cheaper agricultural commodities from Europe and Latin America economically
unfeasible by doubling and tripling the tariff on nearly all agricultural commodities from these regions.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
64. Which of the following represented political divisions that divided the Democratic party in the presidential election of
1924?
a. "Wets" versus "drys"
b. Immigrants versus old-stock Protestant Americans
c. Northern liberals versus southern conservatives.
d. Fundamentalists versus modernists
e. All of these choices are correct.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
65. Senator Robert La Follette's Progressive party advocated all of the following except
a. government ownership of railroads.
b. relief for farmers.
c. opposition to antilabor injunctions.
d. opposition to monopolies.
e. increased power for the Supreme Court.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
66. In 1924, the Democratic party convention defeated by only one vote a resolution condemning
a. the Ku Klux Klan.
b. immigration restrictions.
c. prohibition.
Name: Class: Date:

d. modern art.
e. Margaret Sanger's efforts to advance birth control for women.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
67. The Progressive party did not do well in the 1924 election because
a. it could not win the farm vote.
b. too many people shared in the general prosperity of the time to care about reform.
c. it was too caught up in internal discord.
d. the liberal vote was split between it and the Democratic party.
e. La Follette could not win the Socialists' endorsement.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
68. In the early 1920s, one glaring exception to America's general indifference to the outside world was its
a. decision to participate in the World Court of the League of Nations.
b. unilateral military intervention in Mexico to protect American oil interests threatened by actions by the
Mexican government.
c. involvement in the League of Nations' humanitarian operations.
d. decision to participate in a League of Nations military intervention in Abyssinia.
e. continuing attempt to oust the Communists from power in the Soviet Union.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Foreign-Policy Flounderings
69. America's European allies argued that they should not have to repay loans that the United States made to them during
World War I because
a. the United States had owed them about $4 billion before the war.
b. the amount of money involved was not significant.
c. they had paid a much heavier price in lost lives, so it was only fair for the United States to write off the debt.
d. the United States was making so much money from Mexican and Middle Eastern oil that it did not need extra
dollars.
e.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Foreign Policy Flounderings
70. As a result of America's insistence that its Allies' war debts be repaid in full, the
a. French and British demanded enormous reparations payments from Germany.
b. German government decided to deflate its currency substantially making savings and investments by Germans
economically unfeasible.
c. Allies borrowed money from Switzerland to repay the loans.
Name: Class: Date:

d. Allies imposed enormously high new taxes on their citizens.
e. Allies demanded that the United States lower its tariffs.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
71. America's major foreign-policy problem in the 1920s was addressed by the Dawes Plan, which
a. ended the big-stick policy of armed intervention in Central America and the Caribbean.
b. established a ratio of allowable naval strength between the United States, Britain, and Japan.
c. condemned the Japanese aggression against Manchuria.
d. aimed to prevent German rearmament and Germany's imperial desire to recapture the Alsace-Lorraine region
from France.
e. offered a solution to the tangle of war-debt and war-reparations payments that relied on the continual flow of
loose or "easy" American credit through the 1920s and early 1930s in order to succeed.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
72. All of the following were political liabilities for Democratic presidential candidate Al Smith in 1928 except his
a. Catholic religion.
b. support for the repeal of prohibition.
c. lack of executive political experience.
d. hostility of Fundamentalist Democrats to his political campaign.
e. radio speaking skill.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
73. One of Herbert Hoover's chief strengths as a presidential candidate was his
a. adaptability to the give-and-take of political accommodation.

b. considerable experience in running for political office.
c. personal charm and charisma.
d. ability to face criticism.
e. acumen for administration and his management skills.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
74. When elected to the presidency in 1928, Herbert Hoover

a. was militantly antiunion and against big government.
b. brought little administrative talent or experience to the job.
c. understood that his major challenge was to find a solution to the Great Depression.
d. combined small-town values with wide experience in modern corporate America.
Name: Class: Date:

e. had been a successful governor of California.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
75. The Federal Farm Board, created by the Agricultural Marketing Act, lent money to farmers primarily to help them to
a. organize producers' cooperatives.
b. learn a new and more profitable trade.
c. open new land to cultivation.
d. purchase expensive new farm machinery.
e. take land out of production.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
76. The economic mood in the United States just before the stock market crashed in 1929 could best be described as
a. anxious.
b. supremely confident and optimistic.
c. pessimistic.
d. fearful.
e. deeply ambivalent.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
77. The impact of the Great Depression on American resulted in all of the following except
a. jobless husbands felt guilt and shame for their families' hardships.
b. thousands of banks collapsed, taking with them people's life savings.
c. breadlines and soup kitchens emerged to feed the hungry.
d. thousands of people lost their homes to foreclosure.
e. salaries for those who held on to their jobs rose slightly.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
78. As a result of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930

a. American industry grew more secure.
b. duties on agricultural products decreased.
c. American economic isolationism ended.
d. Europe was able to lift itself out of economic depression for several years in the early mid-1930s.
e. the worldwide economic depression deepened considerably.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
Name: Class: Date:

79. In America, the onset of the Great Depression in 1930 caused

a. people to blame, at first, the economic system, not their own personal failings for their catastrophic economic
and social problems.
b. a decade-long decline in the birthrate.
c. an increase of foreign investment because prices were so low.
d. a shift from Wall Street investment to investment in small, local businesses.
e. a growing acceptance by business and Wall Street of the need for federal regulation of financial markets and
business practices.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
80. President Herbert Hoover believed that the Great Depression could be ended by doing all of the following except
a. providing direct aid to the people.
b. directly assisting businesses and banks.
c. keeping faith in the efficiency of the industrial system.
d. continuing to rely on the American tradition of rugged individualism.
e. lending federal funds to feed farm livestock.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
Rugged Times for Rugged Individuals
81. President Hoover's approach to the Great Depression was to

a. leave the economy alone to work itself out of trouble.
b. nationalize major industries.
c. encourage the states to stimulate spending.
d. work for the breakup of business monopolies.
e. offer federal assistance to businesses and banks but not individuals.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Rugged Times for Rugged Individuals
82. The term "Hoovervilles" refers to

a. industrial sections of cities where poor workers lived.
b. shantytowns filled with shacks created by homeless people during the Great Depression.
c. picket lines erected by the Bonus Army in their protest against Washington D.C.
d. breadlines and soup kitchens that fed the hungry during the Great Depression.
e. cities hardest hit by the Great Depression - with the highest unemployment and poverty rates.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
Name: Class: Date:

REFERENCES: Hooked on the Horn of Plenty
83. President Hoover was criticized for his handling of the Great Depression, but some historians consider this unfair for
all of the following reasons except
a. Hoover's moderate economic measures and measured economic policies probably paved the way for a much
more aggressive government intervention and direct government relief by his successor Franklin Roosevelt.
b. Hoover's willingness to sign the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act actually provided a much needed legal
boost to organized labor.
c. Hoover' creation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation actually presaged similar, if somewhat more
ambitious, New Deal efforts to lift business out of the Depression by his successor Franklin Roosevelt.
d. Hoover's willingness to abandon strict laissez-faire capitalism of the nineteenth century made Franklin
Roosevelt's New Deal programs and policies much more politically palatable.
e. Hoover's policies to relieve the suffering caused by the Depression enabled local and state governments to act
more efficiently to provide immediate and long-term help to unprecedented number of Americans in need.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
84. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation, established by Hoover to deal with the depression, was charged with
a. providing direct economic assistance to labor.
b. making loans to businesses, banks, and state and local governments.
c. outlawing yellow dog (antiunion) contracts.
d. providing money for construction of dams on the Tennessee River.
e. lending money for federal public works projects.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
85. The Bonus Expeditionary Force marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand
a. the removal of American troops from Nicaragua.
b. an expanded American army and navy.
c. immediate full payment of bonus payments promised to World War I veterans.
d. punishment for those who had forced unemployed veterans to leave Washington, D.C.
e. housing and health care assistance for veterans.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
86. The 1932 Stimson doctrine

a. reversed the United States' long-standing interventionist policy in Latin America.
b. committed the United States to join the League of Nations' effort to impose economic sanctions against Japan
for its invasion of Manchuria.
c. announced the United States' willingness to outlaw war as an instrument of national policy.

Name: Class: Date:

d. declared that the United States would not recognize any territorial acquisition achieved by force of arms.
e. declared Japan and Germany rogue states.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
Each of the following multiple choice questions has multiple correct responses. Select the correct
responses for each of the following questions.
87. In the 1920s, Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, while serving Presidents Harding and Coolidge, encouraged the
creation of trade associations to
a. force compliance with the existing antitrust laws.
b. encourage business competition.
c. promote the standardization of products.
d. help big business weaken the ability of organized labor to unionize and bargain effectively for wage and
benefits.
e. circumvent the antitrust laws.
ANSWER: c, d
POINTS: 1
88. At the 1921-1922 Washington Conference, the major signatories (the United States, Japan, Great Britain, France, and
Italy) agreed to the terms of the Five Power Naval Treaty which
a. limited the size of their naval forces.
b. fortifed their Far East possessions.
c. preserved the status quo in the Pacific.
d. abandoned the Open Door policy in China.
e. prevented Japanese expansion in Asia.
ANSWER: a, c
POINTS: 1
89. The causes of the Great Depression included

a. agricultural overproduction and debt.
b. unequal distribution of wealth
c. overextension of credit and an absence of any significant government regulation of financial markets.
d. anemic foreign trade.
e. economic troubles in Europe.
ANSWER: a, b, c, d, e
POINTS: 1
Hooked on the Horn of Plenty

Name: Class: Date:

90. President Hoover supported which of the following anti-Depression measures?
a. Federal government loans to banks, corporations, railroads, and local governments through the auspices of the
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
b. The Muscle Shoals Bill designed to dam the Tennessee River and provide low-cost electricity to poor residents
of the Tennessee Valley
c. The public dole system then being used in Britain
d. A limited number of federally financed public works projects such as the construction of a gigantic dam on the
Colorado River for irrigation, flood control, and electric power
e. Employment of young people in conservation projects
ANSWER: a, d
POINTS: 1
91. Compare the presidential leadership styles of Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover. What did they have in common, and
how did they differ? How did their personal qualities and presidential leadership styles contribute to their political
successes and help give rise to their political failures during their presidencies in the 1920s?
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Chapter 31: The Politics of Boom and Bust, 1920-1932, all header sections
92. What evidence indicated throughout the 1920s that the American economy was not as healthy as most American
believed during the decade? Why weren't these weaknesses identified by political leaders, Wall Street finance
professionals, and big businessmen? Why did the U.S. government fail to address these weaknesses once these economic
shortcomings became apparent and were pointed out by European allies such as Great Britain and France?

POINTS: 1
Hiking the Tariff Higher
The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties
Unraveling the Debt Knot
93. In what ways did the Five-Power Naval Treaty, the Kellogg-Briand Pact, the Dawes Plan, and Stimson doctrine each
fall short of ensuring American national security and peace and security in Europe and Asia? Do you agree with the
suggestion of the text's authors that America's failure to join the League of Nations and its pursuit of a "sentimental,"
rather than a realist, foreign policy constituted seeking the benefits of peace without incurring the financial, military,
diplomatic, and interventionist burdens a great power, such as the United States in the 1920s, should assume in order to
preserve peace and security in the world?
POINTS: 1
Foreign-Policy Flounderings
Japanese Militarists Attack China

Name: Class: Date:

94. Were the Harding administration scandals largely a product of individual presidential weakness an ineptitude and
corruption by Harding's political and business cronies, or did they reflect a post-World War I "anything goes" laissez-faire
political and business climate? Why did the Republican party suffer so little damage from the scandals?
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: The Aftermath of War
GOP Reaction at the Throttle
"Silent Cal" Coolidge
95. Outline the causes of the great crash of 1929. Why did it come so unexpectedly? Should the great crash of 1929
been so unexpected given the rampant speculation in international financial markets, the international debt situation, a
decade of relying on loose and easy American credit, the lack of any significant government regulation of securities
markets, and the ability to purchase stocks and other securities "on margin"?
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Foreign-Policy Flounderings
96. The text authors state that during the 1920s "isolation [from foreign involvement] was enthroned in Washington."
What evidence supports this view? What evidence would you cite to argue that American foreign policy was not really as
isolationist as it first appears?
POINTS: 1
Foreign Policy Flounderings
Japanese Militarists Attack China
Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy
97. Explain how American tariff policy and policy on war debts and reparations contributed to deepening the Great
Depression, even if they did not cause it. Why were most Americans and many prominent and influential American
political leaders so generally indifferent to the effects of their policies on Europe during these years? Why were millions
of Americans and their political leaders on the Right and on the Left unable to discern and appreciate that the economic
health and well-being of the United States was inextricably tied to that of key European nations such as Great Britain,
France, and Germany?
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Contending Voices: Depression and Protection
Foreign-Policy Flounderings

Name: Class: Date:

98. Explain Herbert Hoover's election victory in 1928. Consider the personal qualities and policies of the two candidates,
the state of the economy, and the public mood. What were the campaign issues? Was Smith's defeat attributable to anti-
Catholicism, or would even a different, Protestant Democratic candidate have gone down to defeat in 1928? For example,
could New York Democratic Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt beaten Hoover in 1928 given the political and economic
temperament of the times?
POINTS: 1
99. In what ways did Herbert Hoover, in his actions as Secretary of Commerce and as president, combine the values and
beliefs of an older, traditional nineteenth-century America with the experience and the outlook of the modern corporate
economy? Why was President Hoover's decision to maintain many of his traditional nineteenth-century American values
prove to be problematic when the cataclysmic depression had become a national calamity by 1930? How was Hoover's
business experience and acumen helpful and/or limiting in his efforts as president to battle the Great Depression?
POINTS: 1
Routing the Bonus Army in Washington
The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928
100. Historians have not looked too kindly on the presidents of the 1920s, usually judging them as mediocre. Do you
agree with this evaluation of their performances as president? On the other hand, why do you believe some revisionist
historians have taken a much more sympathetic and favorable view of the performance of Herbert Hoover as president?
Do you believe this relatively recent reappraisal of Hoover has some historical merit? Cite specific examples to support
your views.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Chapter 31: The Politics of Boom and Bust, 1920-1932, all header sections
101. In the years 1900-1920 progressivism enjoyed widespread support among the American public. Why were
progressives of the 1920s, including La Follette's Progressive party, so ineffective and uninfluential? What happened to
the once-powerful progressives and their ideals?
POINTS: 1
Frustrated Farmers
The Aftermath of the War
The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928
102. It has been said that the 1920s saw a shift from the old Republican philosophy of small government to a new belief
that government ought to actively aid big business. What evidence is there for this view? In what ways did Republican
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because his coat is white he is difficult to care for, which to a certain
extent, is the truth. His coat should be curly, but wiry in texture. In
action the dog is quick, proud and graceful.
The Italian Greyhound is another old breed; in fact he is one of the
oldest among the toys. He is in every sense of the word, a miniature
greyhound and good specimens are extremely graceful. Because of
his short coat and his generally slight appearance he is a dog that
will not permit of much exposure, though those who breed them say
that the Italian greyhound will stand the cold and the inclement
winter of the north as well as any of the toy breeds, which statement
is rather doubtful. For a clean, neat dog about the house, however,
he is very commendable. In the matter of intelligence he does not
grade up with some of the other varieties described, although he is
very alert and watchful.
The Toy Black and Tan Terrier is another breed that is rather difficult
to rear, although his short black and tan soft coat commends him as
an indoor dog, for he is clean at all times and only a slight brushing
once a day will keep him in condition. They have been breeding this
variety so small that most of the specimens seen at the present time,
have become apple-headed and they are as lacking in intelligence
as they are in appearance. However, a black and tan weighing over
ten pounds makes an excellent dog, many of them becoming keen
ratters, though it is to be understood that the small ones would not
do for that purpose. Personally, if I wished to have a black and tan at
all, I should take the Manchester, of which the toy black and tan is a
miniature. The breed is not very popular in this country or England at
the present time.
Among the toy terrier varieties must be included also, the Yorkshire,
the Maltese and the kindred varieties. These are very pretty
specimens for the fancier of oddities, but they require untold care to
keep them in condition, both as to coat and flesh, hence the time
spent upon them as house companions is scarcely worth the returns
that one obtains.
The Brussel Griffon is another foreign dog that seemed to evoke
considerable interest some years ago, but this breed also is an
oddity. He is a monkey-faced, hard-coated dog with the pronounced
whisker and the general wire appearance of broken-coated terriers.
His weight ranges to nine pounds as the maximum for “big” dogs,
while for the smaller varieties, it is six pounds. It may readily be seen
from this that the breed is more ornamental than useful, but a livelier,
more active little dog cannot be imagined than this diminutive griffon
whose place of origin is said to be Belgium.
THE SCHIPPERCKE, TOGO.

Another Belgian dog is the Schippercke, a terrier-like animal of about
ten pounds in weight. Very fiery and quick to take offense, he is not a
suitable dog for children, but as a watch dog he will give the alarm at
the slightest noise; furthermore, he is not averse to backing up his
bark with his bite. He is a very faithful dog, and once he becomes
attached to one person or a family, he will remain faithful unto death.
That is one of the features that appeals to most of us and one is apt
to forgive his shortcomings. Very few kennels are now breeding this
variety in America. The dog is black in color, with a wiry-like coat,
and a well pronounced mane. His nose is sharp, his eyes small and
black and his ears erect. The dog is a tailless variety; although only a
small percentage of the puppies are born with this mutilation. The
others have their tails removed, or gouged out when they are quite
young, in fact this should be done before they leave their dam. In
selecting a puppy it is well to take one with not a show of white hair
and see that the ears are small, the back short, the coat dense, the
eyes well set, and showing that “foxy” expression which is so
characteristic of this breed and the Pomeranian.
The Pug, once a very popular breed, has now practically gone out of
vogue, although indications point to its resuscitation. The breed,
speaking in broad terms, is not a particularly intelligent one, though
the dog’s short coat, his cleanly habits, and his generally odd
appearance stamped him one of the favorites of three decades ago,
and it is possible that he may return to favor once more.
CHAPTER II.
Suitable Breeds. Group Two—Terriers.
The terrier family is a large one in all its ramifications, and the
embryo dog lover, wishing to possess one of this variety will have a
wide field to go over. The terrier should have more action than the
toy varieties and if it is possible, a place should be provided where
he can romp out of doors for at least two or three hours a day. If that
is not feasible, then he must be taken to some park or open place
where he can run and exercise, for a terrier that is kept confined is
as entirely out of his environment as a fish would be out of water.
KEARN’S LORD KITCHENER.
Among the many breeds of terriers, there are a number which enjoy
equal popularity. The Boston Terrier is the great American product;
he is strictly an evolution of this country and has grown in popularity
in keeping with his qualities. The Boston is a clean, well-knit dog of
trappy appearance, with a short head that is a mean between the
bulldog and the terrier expression, if such a thing can be. He comes
in various weights up to twenty five pounds, and, as a matter of fact,
one finds them going as high as thirty and thirty-five, for the Boston
is a mixture and does not always throw true to type. The present
accepted dictum is, however, that the maximum weight should be
twenty-five pounds. At dog shows the weights are divided by classes
under fifteen pounds, fifteen pounds and under twenty, twenty
pounds and not exceeding twenty-five. The demand for the smaller
weights seems greatest, but one finds more uniformity in the medium
weights—that is, from fifteen to twenty pounds. The Boston terrier
may be good for no practical purposes, but he is alert and will prove
to be a fair guardian of the home. The appeal with this dog is his
absolute trimness, his clean cut appearance, and his short coat. For
people living in flats he is one of the most desirable dogs. In
purchasing one of this breed it is well to see the dog before paying
the money. While there are unscrupulous dealers of all breeds, it
seems that more irresponsible people have taken up the sale of this
breed than any other. I do not mean by this that there are not a large
number of very responsible breeders, but it is the dealer—the vendor
of dogs—whose word cannot always be taken at face value,
therefore, in buying any breed, see that you are obtaining what you
are paying for, and in buying a Boston, be sure of it from every
angle.
THE SMOOTH-COATED FOX TERRIER,
CH. SABINE RECRUIT.
Fox Terriers, both wire-haired and smooth, are also very popular in
this country, the former probably more so at the present time than
the latter, although the smooth is much more easily kept, is just as
keen and alert, makes a varmint dog the equal of any, and as a
house companion has many advantages over his wire-haired cousin;
the latter is a beautiful dog when his coat is kept just right, but if not,
he is an abomination. Incidentally it may be said that it is both a
science and an art to keep the coats of any of the broken-haired
varieties of terriers in good order.
THE WIRE-HAIRED FOX TERRIER,
CH. PRIDE’S HILL TWEAK ’EM.
In temperamental characteristics there is little difference, if any,
between the smooth and the wire-haired varieties, and if the dog is
to be kept in the house mostly, perhaps the former would prove more
satisfactory. Prices of both of these varieties have been soaring here
of late, but this refers only to the show specimens. It is always
possible to procure a “waster” either because he does not conform to
the show standard in the finer points, is oversize, or for some other
reason. The fox terrier, as in fact practically all terriers, except the toy
varieties and possibly Bostons, are men’s dogs, and they can furnish
considerable sport if they are trained on various kinds of “varmints.”
In this connection it might be said that they take to this class of work
very readily, as they have been specifically bred for this purpose
since the earliest days.
THE IRISH TERRIER, CELTIC DEMON.

The Irish Terrier, is a wire-coated dog, usually brick red or wheaten
in color. He is a handsome dog, but like the wire-haired fox terrier,
his coat must be kept right. For gameness, there are few terriers his
equal and he has been rightly named “Daredevil.” The Irish terrier is
a trifle larger in size than the fox terrier. He has all of that varminty
look, that fiery eye and alert expression, indicative of the dog of
quick action, and furthermore, he is a most intelligent animal and
makes one of the best dogs for the home that may be imagined.
Since the rise in popularity of some of the other smaller terrier
breeds, the Irish has fallen somewhat in the estimation of the
fanciers, but those who have bred him for years and have a
specimen or two about would not part with the fiery Irishman for all of
the other terriers combined.
The Irish terrier answers in many respects the call for an all-purpose
dog, except that he is not so large as the Airedale and therefore
could not hold his own in fighting big game, though for his inches, no
better dog ever lived, and I have, on one or two occasions, seen Irish
terriers in bear packs which proved to be just as valuable as some of
the larger breeds; they were certainly just as game, and being very
quick and shifty, they could do considerable damage and still come
away uninjured, where a larger dog might suffer the consequences
of his temerity. The Irish terrier is essentially the dog for those who
do not care to keep an Airedale, but want one as game and as
fearless as any dog that lives.
Still another breed that comes between the small terriers and the
Airedale is the Welsh Terrier. A dog that in many points resembles
the Airedale, particularly in texture and color of coat, although the
head is of somewhat different formation. Welsh terriers never
became common in this country. Possibly because of the rapid rise
of the Airedale and partly because he was not exploited like some of
the other breeds. For the person wanting but one dog, however, the
Welsh terrier is an excellent companion, a good watch dog with all
the terrier proclivities, such as going to earth for game, and just as
keen on rats and other small furred animals as the other varieties.
To the uninitiated the Welsh terrier is a miniature Airedale. In height
he should be about sixteen inches, but should not have the
appearance of being leggy, nor on the other hand, of standing too
low on the leg. The markings—that is, color and coat, are similar to
the Airedale; black or grizzle saddle, with tan head, legs and
underbody. Like in Airedales, the rich deep tan and jet black bodies
are most admired. His average weight should be about twenty-two
pounds, though a pound one way or the other is not a handicap.
While white is not desirable, a small spot on the breast or toes does
not disqualify.
A dog that attracted quite a bit of attention at the New York show of
1922, was the Kerry Blue Terrier. There were only half a dozen
specimens of the breed shown and as far as this country is
concerned, it is a new variety, although it is said that it is one of the
oldest of Irish breeds. The dog is essentially an Irish terrier in a blue-
gray wire coat. It is said that the modern brick colored or wheaten
Irish terrier is descended from the Kerry blue and that by generations
of selection in breeding the red coats were finally obtained, but it
seems that fashion is again going back to the original colors and that
is how it transpires that the Kerry blues are coming into vogue. This
terrier has all the good qualities of the more modern reds. To the dog
lover wishing to own a dog that is somewhat out of the ordinary, the
Kerry blue will appeal, though owing to the present scarcity, it is quite
likely that prices will run high.
THE WEST HIGHLAND WHITE TERRIER, MOROVA.
A very desirable small terrier which came into vogue twelve or fifteen
years ago, is the West Highland White Terrier, one of the border
varieties said to be of ancient origin, but brought to his present
perfection by scientific breeding and selection. The general
appearance of the West Highland white terrier, as we know the
breed today, is that of a small, game, hardy-looking terrier,
possessed of considerable self esteem, and like all good terriers,
has that “varminty” appearance that is such a distinguishing mark of
this group of dogs. He is a stockily built animal, showing strength
from every angle, short legs, deep in the chest, with ribs extending
well to the powerful loin; very strong in quarters and in fact, with all of
his strength, he impresses one as having considerable activity, which
he really has, for there is no quicker and more nimble terrier on four
feet than the West Highlander when it comes to a fight with rats or
other “varmints,” even much larger.
The color of the West Highlander is pure white; any other color, the
creamy or grey shade, is objectionable. The coat is also very
important and fanciers of the breed are more particular about this
feature than any other. As a matter of fact, a coat that meets with the
perfection that the standard calls for, is rare indeed. We hear much
of the so-called double-coat, but in this breed it is demanded. The
outer coat consists of harsh hair, about two inches long and
absolutely free from curl. The under coat, which resembles fur, is
short, soft and close. It is a real weather-resisting jacket such as we
want on Airedales and various other wire-coated terriers, but which
is found so seldom, even in this variety.
The West Highlander weighs from twelve to eighteen pounds;
bitches usually ranging from the minimum figure to sixteen pounds,
while the dogs average about two pounds more to the maximum
weight. In height they measure from eight to twelve inches at the
shoulder. For the prospective owner, who does not object to white
dogs nor to the long coat, the West Highlander white terrier will make
an excellent companion, though his comparative scarcity will
probably keep the prices at a high figure for some time to come.
A near relative to the West Highlander is the Cairn Terrier, a dog of
similar size and characteristics of the other Scottish varieties. The
dog is not very popular at this date, but being a newly cultivated,
though an old breed, the prices are still prohibitive. In all essentials,
however, the Cairn terrier will fill the same place as any of the small
terriers.
THE SCOTTISH TERRIER, CH. THE LAIRD.

The ever popular Scottish Terrier, or Scottie, as he is more
affectionately called, is virtually one of the near relatives of the two
breeds just described. He has been long and slow in coming to his
own in this country, but having once attained a foothold in America
he is likely to retain his place when many of the creations of faddists
are forgotten. He has been becoming more popular every year as a
show dog, though he never will attain the popularity accorded some
of the other terrier breeds. What is more significant, however, he is
rapidly making himself more and more endeared to the one-dog
owner. As a companion about the premises, the house or the
stables, the Scottie is par excellence. A first class vermin dog, an
alert watchman and game to the core, the Scottie will indeed fill the
requirements of anyone wishing to own one small dog, for size and
all other conditions must sometimes be taken into consideration.
The general appearance of the Scottie is that of a sharp, bright,
active dog. His expression is his distinguishing mark, for he is always
on the qui vive, ready, as it were, “for something to turn up.” The
head is carried well up. He appears to be higher on the leg than he
really is; this is due to his short, wiry coat, which is like bristles, and
about two inches long all over the body. He has a compact
appearance, nevertheless, his legs seem to be endowed with almost
an abnormal amount of bone. His back is short, his ribs well sprung,
his loin and quarters well filled up and in every essential, he is
powerfully put together. He carries his ears erect and they are
always alert. His eyes are small and of a very dark hazel color, his
tail, which is never docked, is about seven inches long and is carried
with a slight upward bend, which under excitement is apt to be
carried still more gaily. In height he should be from nine to twelve
inches and in weight the maximum is twenty pounds. Dogs going
over that are considered too large. Of recent years this breed has
been becoming more popular in all parts of the country and at the
present time good specimens may be bought at a very reasonable
figure; that is, puppies at weaning age, or a little later. Naturally,
more matured dogs, with the earmarks of becoming bench show
flyers would still command a price that the average one-dog owner
would not care to pay for a mere home companion. The breed is
very intelligent and easily broken to all the natural pursuits of the
terrier.
THE SEALYHAM TERRIER, BARBERRYHILL GIN RICKEY.
The Sealyham Terrier is another breed that has come into popularity
recently, and with an active club here in America to foster it, it has
made rapid strides during the past four or five years. In the eyes of
the tyro he is a short-legged, over-weighted wire-haired fox terrier,
although the standard emphasizes the fact that he should not
resemble the latter breed either in character, expression or shape
and such resemblance “should be heavily penalized.” As a matter of
fact, in head properties there is nothing to indicate the fox terrier in a
Sealyham of correct type. His head is of a different formation. The
skull is wide between the ears and as the dog is describes as being
the ideal combination of the Dandie Dinmont and the bull terrier of
twenty pounds in weight, this skull formation is supposed to be the
mien between the two. It is slightly domed and rounded, with
practically no stop and a slight indentation running down between
the brows. The jaws are long, powerful and level, much wider and
heavier than in the fox terrier. The nose is black and the nostrils wide
apart. The ears are of medium size and set low, carried closely
against the cheek, which characteristic is insisted upon since a
forward ear carriage would resemble a fox terrier too much. The coat
is dense and wiry; longer than that in which the wire-haired fox terrier
is usually shown, and it should be especially profuse on head, neck
and throat. The body is compact and the tail is docked and must be
carried gaily. The color should be a white ground although patches of
lemon, tan, brindle or badger-pied markings are permissible on head
and ears, though black spots are objectionable and while they do not
absolutely disqualify, dogs with such markings should be severely
penalized. The size of the dogs should be from nine to twelve inches
and bitches slightly less. Weight in this breed is not any particular
criterion and very frequently a ten-inch dog may be so compactly
and sturdily built that he might weigh twenty-four pounds, while a
larger one of rangier type could easily go considerably less. The
Sealyham’s sphere is similar to that of the other short-legged terrier
breeds; indeed, there are so many dogs of similar characteristics
that the question has frequently been asked, “Why is a Sealyham?”
THE DANDY DINMONT TERRIER, CH. BLACKET, JR.

The Dandie Dinmont antedates the Sealyham by many years and is
a dog which became famous in literature. It will be remembered by
those who read Walter Scott that the hero for which the breed was
named is Dandie Dinmont, one of the noted personages in “Guy
Mannering.” The quaint character is well drawn in this novel of Sir
Walter, but his dogs, Mustard and Pepper, and Old Mustard and Old
Pepper, etc., are even more minutely described. No doubt at that
time this type of terrier was quite common in the border country, but
it remained for dog fanciers to fix the name upon this particular
variety.
The size of the Dandie is eight to eleven inches at the shoulder and
the length of the dog measuring from the top of the shoulder to the
root of the tail should not be more than twice the dog’s height,
preferably one or two inches less. Weight ranges from fourteen to
twenty-four pounds, but the ideal weight is about eighteen pounds.
These weights are estimated for dogs that are in good working
condition. The color is mustard and pepper and it was because of
these uniform and pronounced colors that the quaint farmer in
Scott’s novel could not get away from the names; all of them, as
previously said, were Mustards and Peppers, either young or old.
The pepper in the present-day Dandie Dinmont ranges from dark
bluish to a silvery grey, but the intermediate shades are preferred.
The Mustards vary from reddish brown to a pale fawn, the head
being a creamy white. Nearly all specimens have a patch of white on
the breast.
The coat is the important point, and characterizes the Dandie
Dinmont. The hair should be about two inches long; that from the
skull to the root of the tail, a mixture of hard and soft hair, which
gives a crisp feel to the hand, but the hard hair should not be wiry as
in most broken-haired terriers; the coat is in every sense of the word
what is called piley. The hair on the under part of the body is softer
and lighter in color than on top. The skin on the under body should
accord with the color of the dog.
The Dandie Dinmont is an odd looking creature, but game to the
core and a vermin dog. He is also an excellent watch dog and does
not hesitate to attack an intruder who might presume to trespass
upon his master’s domain. To those who want a rather out of the
ordinary looking dog the Dandie Dinmont will be the answer, for he
will not only attract attention, but also fill every requirement.
The Bedlington is coated very much like the Dandie Dinmont, but
stands up higher on the leg. He is described as the smartest, the
largest and the gamest of the English terriers, but this was before the
advent of the Airedale. His height is from fifteen to sixteen inches at
shoulder, his back is slightly arched, while the dogs average in
weight about twenty-four pounds, the bitches going slightly less. The
origin of this dog is said to be in crosses in which the Dandie
Dinmont and probably the otter hound might have figured. In this
respect he approaches the Airedale in his early history. The
Bedlington never became popular in this country and as a matter of
fact, even in England he is not found in great numbers.
WAR CHIEF OF DAVISHILL.

The Airedale is the largest of the terrier varieties. Indeed, he is such
a large dog that he does not really belong in that class, for while
possessing most of all the other terrier attributes, he does not go to
earth for his quarry and this, in the strictest sense is what all terriers
are supposed to do. Be that as it may, the Airedale has become the
most popular of allround dogs, not only here in America, but in every
part of the world. Whether or not too much “refinement” in breeding
this dog for bench show purposes will eventually ruin him for the
allround utility dog that he is, still remains a mooted question, but
one thing is quite certain; he has found a place in the hearts of
sportsmen and this class will always breed types which will retain
their usefulness, hence the history of this breed here in America may
eventually parallel that of the English setter, in that there are two
types—one for actual use, the other for show only. It seems assured,
however, that the useful Airedale and the fined-down show dog are
growing wider apart each year. The reader who is especially
interested in the Airedale, is referred to my previous book, “The
Airedale for Work and Show.”
The Bull Terrier, a smooth coated white dog, makes an attractive
animal for the premises. He may not be so certain as a companion
for children unless brought up in their company from puppyhood, but
he is a good vermin dog and also a watchful guardian of the home. A
pure bred white bull terrier without the admixture of bulldog blood like
one finds so many among the brindled varieties, commands a good
price, but he is worth the money. Because of his pure white color he
may not be so easily kept immaculately clean, but having a short
coat, he is easily washed and in his case frequent bathing can do
little or no harm, which cannot be said of a number of breeds.

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Exploring American Histories Volume 2 A Survey with

Give Me Liberty An American History Volume 1 and 2 4th

Chapter 31 - The Politics of Boom and Bust 1920–1932

2. Charles Evans Hughes

Chapter 31 - The Politics of Boom and Bust 1920–1932

10. Calvin Coolidge

11. Robert La Follette

12. Charles Dawes

13. Douglas MacArthur

14. Henry L. Stimson

Describe and state the historical significance of the following:

17. Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923)

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Chapter 31 - The Politics of Boom and Bust 1920–1932

18. steel strike of 1919

19. American Legion

20. Washington Disarmament Conference

21. Four-Power Treaty

22. Nine-Power Treaty

23. Kellogg-Briand Pact

24. Fordney-McCumber Tariff

25. Teapot Dome

26. McNary-Haugen Bill

Chapter 31 - The Politics of Boom and Bust 1920–1932

27. Progressive party

28. Dawes Plan

29. Dawes Plan

31. Hawley-Smoot Tariff

32. Black Tuesday

33. Agricultural Marketing Act

34. Muscle Shoals Bill

35. Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Chapter 31 - The Politics of Boom and Bust 1920–1932

36. Norris–La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act

37. Bonus Army

38. Stimson doctrine

40. Good Neighbor Policy

Chapter 31 - The Politics of Boom and Bust 1920–1932

44. Republican economic policies under Warren G. Harding

45. During the 1920s, the Supreme Court

Chapter 31 - The Politics of Boom and Bust 1920–1932

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Chapter 31 - The Politics of Boom and Bust 1920–1932

53. The 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact

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Chapter 31 - The Politics of Boom and Bust 1920–1932

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Chapter 31 - The Politics of Boom and Bust 1920–1932

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Chapter 31 - The Politics of Boom and Bust 1920–1932

Chapter 31 - The Politics of Boom and Bust 1920–1932