What is a gerund and what is its function?

A gerund (pronounced JER-und) is a verb that’s acting as a noun. By that, we

mean that the verb—the word that describes the action that’s happening, like
“biking,” “thinking,” “running,” or “speaking”—becomes a thing, a concept that
can now be the sentence’s subject, direct object, indirect object, or the object
of a preposition.

It doesn’t stop being a verb, but the role it plays in a sentence shifts from
describing the action to being a focal point.

Here are two examples of sentences that contain gerunds:

 As a food blogger, eating (s) is an involved production for Shoshanna.

 Fazal turned off his phone and shut the door so he could focus
on studying (o).

As you see in these examples, gerunds are verbs in the present participle
form. This means they’re the root verb + “ing”:

 Seeing

 Cramming

 Wondering

But that’s not what makes them gerunds. To be a gerund, a verb has to act as
a noun in its sentence. Present participle verbs are not gerunds when they
describe the action in a sentence, like the verbs in these:
  She is seeing the painting for the first time.

 As I was walking to school, I tripped on uneven pavement.

Gerunds aren’t the only instance where a word (or group of words) plays a
role that’s typically taken on by another type of word. For example, an
adverbial clause is a clause that functions as an adverb. An adjective
phrase is a phrase that describes a noun the way an adjective typically does.

Gerund phrases

A gerund phrase is a phrase that contains a gerund and a modifier or an

object and, in some cases, both of these. Here are three examples of gerund
phrases:

 Apologizing to them

 Underground exploring

 Running with scissors

A gerund phrase, just like a gerund, acts as a noun in a sentence. Take a look
at how these gerund phrases play this role:

 Apologizing to them is important to me.

 My brother enjoys underground exploring with his friends.

 I don’t advise running with scissors at this time (or ever).

A phrase is a small group of words that communicates a concept but can’t be

an independent sentence on its own. There are lots of different kinds of
phrases in English, like verb phrases, adjective phrases, prepositional
phrases, and noun phrases.

Gerunds can also be used in conjunction with phrasal verbs, two-word

phrases that combine a verb and an adverb or preposition to communicate a
unique concept that can’t be expressed by either of the words individually.
Common phrasal verbs include:

 Figure out

 Check into

 Take over

And here are a few sentences that demonstrate how phrasal verbs and
gerunds can work together:

 Try as I might, I just can’t figure out programming.

 I’m worried my mother-in-law will take over cooking when she arrives.

Types of gerunds

There are six types of gerunds:

1 Subject: Biking is my newest hobby.

2 Subject complement: My preferred commuting method is biking.

3 Direct object: I love biking.

4 Indirect object: My sister gave biking a try.

5 Object complement: I see myself biking every day.

6 Object of a preposition: I blocked out a few hours this Sunday for biking.

Gerunds are almost as versatile as actual nouns. Just like nouns, they can be
replaced by pronouns:

 Biking is my newest hobby, so I blocked out a few hours on Sunday

for it.

Gerunds and infinitives

Gerunds aren’t the only kind of verb that act as nouns. When you need to use
a verb as a noun, you can also turn it into an infinitive.

An infinitive is the word “to” + a verb’s root. There are two ways you can use
an infinitive: as a noun that communicates a single concept and as an
adjective to describe a noun within the sentence. Here are a few examples,
with infinitives bolded:

 I brought us some lemonade to drink with lunch. (adjective)

 To err is human. (noun)

 I hope there are magazines to read in the waiting room. (adjective)

 We love to travel, but we couldn’t afford it last year. (noun)

As you can see, infinitives are similar to gerunds, but they aren’t exactly the
same. In a sentence where the infinitive acts as a noun, you can easily swap
in a gerund and it will still make sense:
  We love traveling, but we couldn’t afford it last year.

 Erring is human.

Causative Verbs – Rules, Structure &

List of Examples

| CANDACE OSMOND
| GRAMMAR
You might be here wondering, “What are causative verbs, Candace?” Well, I’m
going to explain it in a way that anyone can understand! Causative verbs are
verbs that indicate that one individual, object, or event causes another to do
something.

I’ll show you the meaning, functions, and examples of how to use causative
verbs in your sentences. You’ll also get a list of causative verbs in the English
language.

What is a Causative Verb?

Causative verbs or causatives are verbs used to indicate that an individual
causes another person to do something for another one. In other words,
someone or something is indirectly responsible for a specific action in the
form of verb used.

Let’s remember from my other guides that the usual meaning of verbs are
parts of speech that express time while showing an action, condition, or the
fact that something exists.

For example:

 Why did you let him eat sweets?

In the sentence I wrote, I have the speaker noting that the person they are
talking to is responsible for letting him eat sweets.

Here are more examples:

 Jane had Alexa clean the house.

 I had my car washed yesterday morning.
 I made my mother bake some cookies.
Causative Verb List
While you might not be familiar with a causative verb, you’ve probably used
them several times in your writing. There are four popular causative verb
examples in English.

 Have
 Get
 Make
 Let
Causative Verb Rules
Let’s look at how to form some causative sentences so you can better see the
causative meaning behind the use of these verb phrases.
Have
Have is a common causative verb that means to permit someone to do
something. In other words, you have someone do something. The correct
sentence structure is:

 Subject + have + person + root verb.

For example:

 I’ll have Jeremy buy the fruits tomorrow. (simple future tense)
 I have had my sister share her room with Paula. (present perfect
tense)
Get
Get has the same definition as have, but is less formal. It can also mean to
trick somebody. The correct sentence structure when using this causative
verb is:

 Subject + get + person + to + root verb.

For example:

 I got her to buy me tickets.

 She got her dad to enroll her at UCLA.
Make
Make does not have the same definition as have and get. It means to require,
demand, or force someone to do something. The correct sentence structure
here is:

 Subject + make + person + root form of the verb.

Here are some sentence samples.

 She made me go to the party even if I didn’t want to.

 My parents make me come home every summer break.
Let
This causative verb means to permit someone to perform a specific action. The
correct structure is:

 Subject + let + person + root verb.

Here are some examples.

 Do not let kids watch violent movies.

 Let me know if you need help with the homework.
 She lets me borrow her phone sometimes.
Examples of Causative Verbs Sentences

Here are more examples of sentences with causative verbs.

 The president had the vice president lead the new dam project.
 You had me calling Julienne every day.
 I got my parents to buy me a new bike for my birthday.
 She got the teacher to dismiss the class on time today.
 She let me visit my friend today.
 Why did they let the dogs run without a leash?
 My teacher made me do my homework early.
 Linda made me wash the dishes.
Causative Verbs in a Nutshell
Hopefully, this article helped you learn the definition, formulas, and uses of
causative common verbs. I hope it also made you recognize the causative
verb in this sentence! Have you?

Causative verbs belong to the class of verbs that shows someone being
responsible for a specific action. The four most common causative verbs
are make, get, have, and let.

Infinitive (Kata Kerja Dasar)

Pengertian Infinitive
Infinitive adalah kata kerja dasar yang belum mengalami perubahan bentuk, baik
karena perubahan waktu (tenses) atau penambahan akhiran huruf -s/es/ies”.

Kata kerja ini dalam beberapa referensi sering disebut dengan bentuk kata
kerja pertama yang disingkat dengan “V1” Misalnya: see (melihat); bear (mendengar);
look (melihat); go (pergi); to smoke (merokok), to read (membaca), to speak
(berbicara), etc.

Jenis-jenis Infinitive
Pada umumnya jenis-jenis infinitives (kata kerja dasar) dibagi atas 2 (dua) macam,
yaitu:

 Bare Infinitive/Infinitive without To (kata kerja Infinitif tanpa to)

 Infinitive with To (kata kerja Infinitif diikuti to)

1. Bare Infinitive (Infinitive without To)

Bare Infinitive atau Infinitive without To (kata kerja Infinitif tanpa to) yaitu kata kerja
dasar yang tidak diawali oleh kata to. Kata kerja ini disebut juga dengan kata kerja asli.

Misalnya: see (melihat); hear (mendengar); look (melihat); go (pergi); smoke

(merokok), read (membaca), speak (berbicara), etc.
Fungsi Bare Infinitive (Infinitive without To)
Berdasarkan struktur kalimat bahasa Inggris ada beberapa fungsi Bare Infinitives yang
dapat digunakan, yaitu:

a. Setelah kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verbs), kecuali to be (primary auxiliary),

seperti: can/could (bisa), shall/should (akan), will/would (akan), may/might
(boleh), etc.
Contoh:
o She can speak Mandarin and Japanese. (Dia (pr) bisa berbicara
bahasa Mandarin dan Jepang).
o I will go to Ambon. (Aku akan pergi ke Ambon).
b. Setelah beberapa kelompok kata kata tertentu, seperti: watch (menonton),
see (melihat), hear (mendengar), observe (mengamati), feel (merasa),
please (silakan), listen (mendengar), etc.
Contoh kalimat:
o Please come here quickly. (Silakan kemari dengan cepat).

o I saw the kittens run across the street. (Aku melihat anak-anak
kucing itu berlari menyeberang jalan).
Kalau kata kerja tertentu di atas (watch, see, hear, observe, feel, listen)
dipakai dalam kalimat pasif, maka to infinitive/infinitive dengan to harus
digunakan.
Contoh:

o He was seen to leave his apartment. (Dia (lk) terlihat meninggalkan

apartemennya).
o The building is felt to shake. (Gedung itu terasa berguncang)
c. Didahului oleh kata had better (lebih baik), had rather (lebih suka) dan would
rather (lebih suka).
Contoh kalimat:
o You had better go to my house. (Kamu lebih baik pergi ke
rumahku.)
o They would rather stay at home. (Mereka lebih suka tinggal di
rumah.)
d. Diawali oleh kata need dan dare pada kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya
(interrogatif sentence)
Contoh kalimat:
o I dare not tell it. (Aku tidak berani mengatakannya.)

o They need not stay at your house. (Mereka tidak perlu tinggal di
rumahmu.)
e. Setelah kata kerja kausatif (causative verbs), seperti: have (menyuruh), get
(menyuruh), let (memperbolehkan), want (menginginkan), help (membantu),
 etc.
Contoh:
o She lets me go. (Dia (pr) membiarkanku pergi.)

o He helps my brother hring the goods. (Dia (lk) membantu

saudaraku membawa barang-barang itu.)
Causatives : Have and Get

We use a causative verb when we want to talk about something that someone else did for
or for another person. It means that the subject caused the action to happen, but didn’t do
themselves.
Maybe they paid, or asked, or persuaded the other person to do it. For example, we can s
I cleaned my house. ( This means I cleaned it myself ) .
If I paid someone to clean it, of course I can say:- A cleaner cleaned my house.
But, another way is to use a causative construction. So I can also say:
– I had my house cleaned.
In a sense, using a causative verb is similar to using a passive. The important thing is that the hous
now clean. We don’t focus on who did the cleaning.
Have + object + past participle ( have something done )

We usually use ‘have something done’ when we are talking about paying someone to do
something for
us. It’s often used for services. The form is ‘subject + have + object + past participle’.- I
my car washed.
– John will have his house painted.

Get + object + past participle ( get something done )

We can also use ‘subject + get + object + past participle’. This has the same meaning as
‘have’, but is
less formal.
– The students get their essays checked.
– I’ll get my hair cut next week.
– He got his washing machine fixed.
Have someone do something ( have + person + infinitive )

We can also use the construction ‘subject + have + person + infinitive’. This has a very
similar
meaning to ‘have something done’, which we’ve already talked about, but this time we s
who did the
thing – we talk about the person who we asked to do the thing for us.- I had the electricia
look at my broken light.
– The doctor will have the nurse call the patients.
– The teacher had the students write the answers on the whiteboard.

Get someone to do something ( get + person + to + infinitive )

Finally, we can also use the construction ‘get + someone + to + infinitive’. Again, this m
that you
cause the other person to do the action, maybe by paying them to do it, or by asking them
do it, or
by persuading them to do it.- She gets her son to do his homework by promising him ice
cream when he’s finished.
– I got the cleaner to clean under the cupboards.
Sometimes, this construction has the feeling that we needed to convince someone to do something,
while the other constructions on this page are neutral.

×
 f. Causatives

g. Causative Verbs In English: Let,

Make, Have, Get, Help
The English verbs let, make, have, get, and help are called causative verbs because they
cause something else to happen.Here are some specific examples of how causative verbs
work in English sentences.
h.
i. How To Use Causative Verbs In English

j. LET = Permit Something To Happen

k. Grammatical structure :

l.LET + PERSON / THING + VERB

( base form )
m. Examples:

I don’t let my kids watch violent movies.

Mary’s father won’t let her adopt a puppy because he’s allergic to dogs.

Our boss doesn’t let us eat lunch at our desks; we have to eat in the cafeteria.

Oops! I wasn’t paying attention while cooking, and I let the food burn.

Don’t let the advertising expenses surpass $1000.

Remember: The past tense of let is also let; there is no change!
o.

Note: The verbs allow and permit are more formal ways to say “let.” However, with allo
and permit, we use to + verb:

I don’t allow my kids to watch violent movies.

Our boss doesn’t permit us to eat lunch at our desks.

p. MAKE = Force Or Require Someone To Take An Action

q. Grammatical structure :

r. MAKE + PERSON + VERB ( base

form )
s. Examples :

After Billy broke the neighbor’s window, his parents made him pay for it.

My ex-boyfriend loved sci-fi and made me watch every episode of his favorite show.

The teacher made all the students rewrite their papers, because the first drafts were not
acceptable.

Note: When using the verbs force and require, we must use to + verb.

The school requires the students to wear uniforms.

“Require” often implies that there is a rule.

The hijacker forced the pilots to take the plane in a different direction.
“Force” often implies violence, threats, or extremely strong pressure

t. Causatives

u. HAVE = Give Someone Else The

Responsibility To Do Something
v. Grammatical structure :

HAVE + PERSON + VERB ( base form )

HAVE + THING + PAST PARTICIPLE OF VERB

Examples of grammatical structure #1:

I’ll have my assistant call you to reschedule the appointment.

The businessman had his secretary make copies of the report.

Examples of grammatical structure #2:

I’m going to have my hair cut tomorrow.

We’re having our house painted this weekend.

Bob had his teeth whitened; his smile looks great!

My washing machine is broken; I need to have it repaired.

Note: In informal speech, we often use get in these cases:

I’m going to get my hair cut tomorrow.

We’re getting our house painted this weekend.

Bob got his teeth whitened; his smile looks great!

My washing machine is broken; I need to get it repaired.

x. GET = Convince/Encourage
Someone To Do Something
y. Grammatical structure :

z. GET + PERSON + TO + VERB

aa. Examples:

How can we get all the employees to arrive on time?

My husband hates housework; I can never get him to wash the dishes!

I was nervous about eating sushi, but my brother got me to try it at a Japanese restaurant.

The non-profit got a professional photographer to take photos at the event for free.

bb. HELP = Assist Someone In Doing Something

cc. Grammatical structure :

HELP + PERSON + VERB ( base form )

HELP + PERSON + TO + VERB

 After “help,” you can use “to” or not – both ways are correct. In general, the form withou
“to” is more common:

He helped me carry the boxes.

He helped me to carry the boxes.

Reading before bed helps me relax.

Reading before bed helps me to relax.

2. To Infinitives
To Infinitives adalah kata kerja dasar yang di awali oleh kata “to” dan biasanya
berfungsi sebagai kata benda atau kata kerja biasa yang bisa diikuti oleh objek.

Kata kerja ini sering disebut dengan istilah Infinitive with To (kata kerja Infinitif dengan
to).

Misalnya: to see (melihat); to hear (mendengar); to look (melihat); to go (pergi); to

smokr (merokok), to read (membaca), to speak (berbicara), etc.

Fungsi-fungsi To Infinitives
Dalam pemakaiannya dalam kalimat ada beberapa fungsi To Infinitives (infinitive with
to) yang penggunaan atau pemakaiannya sebagai berikut:

a. Subject of Sentence (subjek kalimat).

Contoh:
o To swim is a good exercise. (Berenang itu sebuah latihan yang
baik.)
o To say is easy. (Mengatakan itu mudah.)
b. Subjective Complement (pelengkap subjek).
Dalam hal ini to infinitives sering digunakan bersamaan dengan to be, seperti:
am, is, are, was, were yeng berfungsi untuk menyatakan suatu perintah,
keinginan atau keharusan.
Contoh:
 o I amto clean my room now. (Aku ingin membersihkan kamarku
sekarang.)
o He is to go right now. (Dia (lk) harus pergi sekarang.)
c. Complement to Verb (pelengkap terhadap kata kerja).
Contoh:
o promise to see him at the cafetaria. (Aku berjanji menemuinya di
kafetaria)
o She appears to be a clever woman. (Dia (pr) kelihatannya menjadi
seorang wanita yang pandai.)
d. Objective Complement (pelengkap objek).
Contoh:
o I order you to leave my sister. (Aku menyuruh kamu meninggalkan
saudariku.)
oHe wants you to help him. (Dia (lk) menginginkan kamu
membantunya.)
e. Object to Preposition (objek terhadap kata depan)
Contoh kalimat:
o He is about to go to New Zealand. (Dia (lk) baru saja mau pergi ke
Selandia Baru.)
o They desire nothing but to succeed. (Mereka tidak menginginkan
apa-apa kecuali berhasil.)
o I do nothing except sing. (Aku tidak melakukan apa-apa kecuali
bernyanyi.)
f. Adjective (kata sifat)
ada beberapa macam fungsi To Infinitive sebagai kata sifat dalam bahasa
inggris, seperti yang saya sebutkan diawah ini:a. To Infinitives diartikan pasif
yaitu: untuk di…, atau diartikan aktif untuk: untuk…
Contoh:
o He bought a magazine to read. (Dia (lk) membeli sebuah majalah
untuk dibaca)
o I have a few words to say to you. (Aku mempunyai beberapa kata
untuk kukatakan padamu)
o This view is wonderful to see. (Pemandangan ini sangat bagus untuk
dilihat.)
b. Memberikan sifat terhadap kata kerja dalam pengertian tujuan (maksud),
sebab atau hasil.
Contoh:

o He came to see the ballet performance. (Dia (lk) datang untuk

melihat pertunjukan balet).
o I wept to see that accident. (Aku menangis karena melihat
kecelakaan)
 o The man worked only to be defeated at least. (Laki-laki itu bekerja
keras sayang akhirnya dikalahkan)
Dari beberapa contoh kalimat diatas dapat dikatakan fungsi infinitive dengan
to sebagai kata keterangan tambahan yang menerangkan kata kerja.

c. Memberi sifat kata benda dalam pengertian tujuan atau maksud.

Contoh:

o An apartment to let. (Sebuah apartemen yang disewakan) berfungsi

sebagai attribut.
o This apartment is to let. (Apartemen ini disewakan.). berfungsi
sebagai predikat.
Fungsi To Infinitive pada kali ini adalah menjadi attribut atau predikat dalam
sebuah kalimat bahasa inggris.

d. Memberi sifat kata sifat dalam pengertian hal atau maksud.

Contoh:

o Slow to speak and quick to hear. (Lambat berbicara dan cepat

mendengarkan.)
oShy to sing and brave to dance. (Malu bernyanyi dan berani
berjoget.)
g. Bentuk ekslamasi/seruan.
Contoh kalimat:
o Foolish fellow! To suppose that he could be pardoned! (Orang
bodoh! Siapa kira bahwa dia dapat diampuni!)
o To think that he has died! (Siapa kira bahwa dia (lk) telah mati!)
h. To Infinitives digunakan bersamaan dengan kata too yang berarti:
Terlalu….sehingga tidak…..
Rumus: Too + Adjective + To Infinitives
Contoh kalimat:
o He is too sleepy to study in the afternoon. (Dia (lk) terlalu
mengantuk sehingga tidak dapat belajar di siang hari.)
o She is too shy to talk to you. (Dia (pr) terlalu pemalu sehingga tidak
berani berbicara denganmu.)
i. To Infinitives sering digunakan bersamaan dengan kata enough yang berarti:
Cukup …, untuk…
Rumus To Infinitives: “Adjective Adverb + Noun + To Infinitives” atau:
“Enough + Noun + To Infinitives”.
contoh:
o He is old enough to understand this problem. (Dia (lk) cukup umur
untuk memahami masalah ini.)
 o They worked hard enough to build the building. (Mereka bekerja
cukup giat untuk membangun gedung itu.)
o I have enough sugar to make tea. (Aku mempunyai cukup gula
untuk membuat teh.)
o She has enough room to sleep. (Dia (pr) mempunyai cukup kamar
untuk tidur.)
j. Di belakang kata tanya (question word), seperti: when, where, how, whom,
whose, what dan which.
Contoh kalimat:
o We don’t know what to do. (Kita tidak tahu yang akan dikerjakan)

Jake doesn’t know how to drive that car. (Jake tidak tahu
o
bagaimana caranya mengendarai mobil itu.)
k. Di belakang beberapa kata kerja dengan pola kalimat.
Rumus: Subject + Verb + Pronoun/Noun + To Infinitive
Contoh:
o I want you to call me up tomorrow. (Aku ingin kamu menelponku
besok)
o He invited us to come to the barbecue tomorrow afternoon. (Dia (lk)
mengundang kita untuk datang ke barbekyu besok siang)
l. Di belakang kata sifat dalam kalimat.
Contoh kalimat:
o I am sorry to hear the bad news. (Aku sedih mendengarkan berita
buruk itu.)
o They are glad to mee tyou here. (Mereka senang bertemu kamu di
sini.)

Jenis-jenis To Infinitive
Selain ada Jenis-jenis Infinitive kita juga juga dapat membagi jenis To Infinitive
menjadi empat macam, yaitu:


o Present To Infinitive

o Continuous To Infinitive

o Perfect To Infinitive

o Passive To Infinitive

A. Present To Infinitive
Untuk membuat kalimat bentuk Present To Infinitive, maka dengan menambahkan kata
di depan kata “to”.
Contoh kalimat:


o
 I decided not to go to the tennis court. (Aku memutuskan
tidak pergi ke lapangan tenis)
 She told me not to close the window. (Dia (pr)
memberitahuku untuk tidak menutup jendela itu.)
It is right not to help others. (Tidak benar jika tidak
membantu yang lain.)
Kata not dalam bentuk kalimat To Infinitive tidak sama dengan kata not dalam bentuk
kalimat negatif.

Contoh kalimat To Infinitive:


o
 It is better not to go. (Lebih baik tidak pergi.)
 Tell her not to come. (Beritahu dia jangan datang.)
She asked me not to watt. (Dia (pr) meminta agar aku

tidak menunggu.)
Contoh kalimat Negative To Infinitive:


o
 It isn’t better to go. (Tidak lebih baik pergi.)
 Don’t tell me to come. (Jangan menyuruhku datang.)
 She didn’t ask me to wait. (Dia (pr) tidak memintaku
menunggu.)

B. Continuous To Infinitive
Ada 2 (dua) macam jenis Continuous To Infinitive, yaitu: Present Continuous To
Infinitive dan Perfect Continuous To Infinitive.


o
1. Present Continuous To Infinitive.
Bentuk Present Continuous To Infinitive adalah bentuk To
Infinitive yang menunjukkan bahwa suaru peristiwa atau
perbuatan telah terjadi dan masih berlansung terus.
Contoh:
  The man seems to be recovering from his illness.
Kelihatannya pria itu semakin membaik dari
sakitnya.)
 The boy is likely to be waiting for you at the
school. (Anak laki-laki itu rupanya sedang
menunggu kamu di sekolah.)
2. Perfect Continuous To Infinitive.
Bentuk Perfect Continuous To Infinitive adalah bentuk To
Infinitive yang menunjukkan bahwa suatu peristiwa atau
perbuatan sudah selesai dilakukan.
Contoh:
 He suspects us to have been auarreling. (Dia (lk)
menduga bahwa telah terjadi pertengkaran di
antara kita.)
 We are happy to have been working with you.
(Kita gembira bahwa kami telah bekerja dengan
kamu.)

C. Perfect To Infinitive
Perfect To Infinitive adalah bentuk To Infinitive yang menunjukkan bahwa suatu
peristiwa atau perbuatan yang dinyatakan oleh To Infinitive terjadi atau dilakukan lebih
awal daripada peristiwa atau perbuatan yang dinyatakan oleh Finite Verb (kata kerja
terbatas).

Contoh Kalimat:


o
 I am sorry to have kept you waiting. (Aku menyesal telah
membiarkanmu menunggu.)
 She seems to have heard about it. (Dia (lk) kelihatannya
sudah mendengar tentang hal itu.)

D. Passive To Infinitive
Bentuk Passive To Infinitive dapat dibagi menjadi 2 (dua) jenis, yaitu: Simple Passive
To Infinitive dan Perfect Passive To Infinitive.


o
1. Simple Passive To Infinitive.
Rumus Simple Passive To Infinitive: To + be + Verb-3
Contoh:
  He doesn’t think that there is anything to be
said. (Dia (lk) tidak menyangka bahwa ada
sesuatu yang akan dikatakan).
 She should to be punished for being rude. (Dia
(pr) harus dihukum atas ketidaksopanannya.)
2. Perfect Passive To Infinitive.
Rumus: To + Have + Been + Verb-3
Contoh Kalimat:
 This book is said to have been translated into
many languages. (Buku ini katanya sudah
diterjemahkan ke dalam beberapa bahasa).
 This work ought to have been finished when our
boss arrived. (Pekerjaan ini semestinya sudah
diselesaikan ketika bos kita datang.).