Imp.

Parameters:
1. Nozzle angle = 190
2. Blade inlet angle = 21.5 0
3. Blade outlet angle = 21.50
4. Nozzle diameter = 8.77 mm
5. Mean Impeller diameter = 320 mm
6. Fuel injection spray angle= 450 (It is now fitted in boiler and another
spare spray nozzle has angle of 600 )
7. Number of Nozzles = 02

READINGS TO BE TAKEN READINGS ON ……………… AT Dr. BATU

BOILER AND CALORIMETER

Sr No PARAMETERS 1 2
01 Boiler Steam pressure P1
02 Boiler steam Temperature Ts
03 Oil pressure P2
04 Initial Level in Fuel Tank L1 mm
05 Level in Fuel Tank L2 mm
06 Time in sec for change from L1 to L2 .t2
07 Initial reading in water meter w1 lt
08 Final reading in water meter w2lt
09 Time in sec from w 1 to w2 t1
10 Temperature of flue gases from boiler and entering
economizer T1
11 Temperature of flue gases from economizer and to
atmosphere T2
13 Feed water temperature entering Economoser T3 in o C
14 Temperature of water entering Boiler from economizer T4
15 Steam pressure entering Calorimeter P5 in kg/cm2
16 Steam pressure after throttling P6in kg/cm2
17 Steam Temperature entering calorimeter T5 in oC
18 Steam Temperature after throttling T6 in oC
19 Moisture collected from separator m ml
20 Condensate collected from Throttling unit M ml
21 % open of Blower %
READINGS FOR STEAM TURBINE
Sr PARTICULARS 1 2 3 4
No
01 Steam pressure Entering Turbine P7 kg/cm2
02 Steam pressure Leaving Turbine P8 kg/cm2
03 Condensate out pressure P9 mm of hg
04 Steam flow meter Upstream pressure P3 kg/cm2
05 Steam flow meter downstream pressure P4 kg/cm2
06 Condensate collected V ml
07 Time to collect V cc t3 sec
08 Turbine speed N rpm
09 Generator Voltage V volts DC
10 Generator current I amps DC
11 Steam Temperature Entering Turbine T 7 in oC
12 Steam Temperature leaving Turbine T8 in oC
13 Water Temperature condenser inlet T9 in oC
14 Water Temperature condenser outlet T10oC
15 Condensate outlet temperature T11oC
16 Room temperature T12oC
Calculations Boiler
01. Weight of water evaporated per hour Ww kg/hr

Ww = (10 x 3600)/t2 = (10 x 3600)/ 56 =643 kg/hr

02. Weight of fuel consumed per hour Wf kg/hr

Wf =(a x b x L x ρf x 3600)/(t1 x 1000) kg/hr

Wf =( 40x 40 x 0.2 x 0.85 x 3600)/( 22 x1000) = 56 kg/hr

Where a = 40 cm, b = 40 cm , ρf =0.85 kg/lit, L= 2 mm = 0.2 cm, t2= 22 sec

03. Amount of Steam generated in kg/ kg of fuel, We

We = Ww/ Wf kg/kg of fuel

We = 643/56 = 11.48 kg /kg fuel

04. Dryness Fraction X1 in separating calorimeter

X1 = (M / ( M+m)

= (1200) /( 1200 +800) = 0.6

05. . Dryness fraction of steam at Throttling calorimeter X2

a. At inlet pressure P1= 1.5 kg/sq.cm

from steam table find out hf2&hfg2 in kj/kg

hf2= 467.13 kj/kg& hfg2 =2226 kj/kg

b. for throttling pressure P2= 0.5 from steam table

hg3=2646 in Kj/kg

c. As hf2 + (X2 xhfg2) = hg3

467.13 +(X2 x 2226) = 2646

Hence X2 = (2646 - 467.13)/2226 =2179/2226 =0.97

 06.. Actual Dryness Fraction X = X1 x X2

Actual Dryness Fraction X = 0.6 x 0.97 = 0.582

. 07. Input power to Boiler Ibp in KW

Ibp = (Wfx CV)/3600 kw

Ibp = (Wfx CV)/3600 kw = ( 56 x 41,000 )/3600 = 637 kw

08. Output from Boiler Bbp in Kw

a. Enthalpy at outlet condition of temp& pressure h1 kj/kg at 7 kg/cm2 &

1380 C & X= 0.582

From steam table find out values for hf1, hfg1 and from calorimeter x = 0.582

For pressure 7 + 1 = 8 kg/cm2 absolute pressure

hf1 = 721.3 , and hfg1 = 2047.8

h1 = hf1 + (X + hfg1)

= 721.3 +( 0.582 X 2047.8) = 1913.2 kj/kg

b) Enthalpy at inlet pressure zero & temp. 49 0C

at temp. 49 0C, Being water Dryness fraction Not applicable

h2 = 180.05 KJ/kg

Boiler out put Bbp = Ww (h1 – h2 )/3600 Kw

= 643 x (1913.12 – 180.05)/3600 = 309.54 kw

09. Boiler Efficiency ηth %

ηth= (output/Input) x 100%

= (Bhp/ Ihp) x 100

 ηth = (309.45/637) x100 = 48.5 %

Heat Balance(Energy Balance) test on Boiler

A. CREDIT SIDE : in minute bases

01. Heat supplied by fuel. Hi

Hi = (Wf x Cv)/60

=( 56 x 41,000)/60

= 38267.00 kJ/min

B. DEBIT SIDE:

01. Heat utilised in raising steam Hb kj/min

Hb= 643 x (1913.12 – 180.05 )/60 = 18,574.00 kj/min

02. Heat lost in flue gases Hf kj/min

a. Weight of Air per minute in kg/min Wa

Wa = [air flow rate in cfm)/(3.28)3 x 30 % Opening} x ρa kg/min

= [1200 / (3.28)3] x 0.6 x 1.27

= 26 kg/min

b. Weight of fuel Wf kg/min

Wf =56/60 = 0.94 kg/min

c. Weight of flue gases Wg = Wt of fuel + Wt of air

= 0.94 +26 kg/min

= 26.94 kg/min

Hf = Wg x Cpg x (T2 - Tr) Cpg = Specific heat at 197oC

= 26.94 x 1.05 x (388 - 34) = 1.05

Hf = 10,014 Kj/min

C Unaccounted & radition losses Hu = Hi - [Hb + Hf]

= 38267 - [18,574+ 10014] = 9679 kj/min

PERCENTAGE CALCULATIONS

01. Heat Input Hi = 38,267 kj/min = 100%

02. Heat Utilised by water Hb = (18,574/38,267) x 100

 = 48.53 %

03. Heat by flue gases Hf = (10014/38,267) x 100%

= 26.17 %

04. Heat Unaccounted Hu =( 9679/38,267) x 100

= 25.3 %

HEAT BALANCE SHEET

CREDIT SIDE DEBIT SIDE

Sl.No Particulars Kj % Sl.No Particulars Kj %

01 Heat Input Hi 38,267 100 01 Heat utilized Hb 18,574 48.53

02 Heat in flue gases Hf 10,014 26.17

03. Unaccounted losses Hr 9679 25.3

38,267 100 38,267 100

STEAM TURBINE TEST RIG- CALCULATIONS

OBSERVATIONS :

01. DC generator efficiency ɳg = 75 % = 0.75

CALCULATIONS :
01. Turbine Output BP in Kw

BP = [ V x I ] / (ɳg x 1000) Kw

BP = 0 , 1.01 kw , 1.33 kw , 1.4416 kw

02. . Blade Velocity Vb in m/sec

Vb = ( π x D x N ) / 60 = (3.142 x 0.32 x N) /60 m/sec

Where D = Mean Diameter of Impeller = 320 mm = 0.32 m

Vb = 51.94 m/s 52.438 m/s 43.72 m/s 38.41 m/sec

03. . Area of Jet Aj in sq.m

Aj = ( π /4 ) x d2 = ( π /4 ) x (0.00877)2 sq.m

= 0.0000603 m2

Where d = dia of nozzle = 8.77 mm = 0.00877 m

As number of nozzles are 3 and hence total area will be

Aj = 0.0001811 m2

04. . Steam flow rate – With Condenser Experiment Qs Cu.m /sec

01. Condensate collected V ml

02. Time t3 in sec for collection of condensate V ml

 Qs = [( V / t3 ) /1000] x 3600 Kg /hr

a. Qs = [(900/8)/1000] x 3600 = 405 kg/hr

b. Qs = [(1000/7.5)/1000] x 3600 = 480 kg/hr
c. Qs = [(1000/ 5)/1000]x3600 = 720 kg/hr
d. Qs = [(1000/5)/1000]x3600 = 720 kg/hr

05. Steam Flow rate Qs in kg/sec

a. 0.1125 kg/sec
b. 0.133 kg/sec
c. 0.2 kg/sec
d. 0.2 kg/sec

06. Steam Flow rate in m3/sec

Qsv = (Qs x Vs) /3600 m3/sec

Where Qs in kg/sec,

Specific Volume at 1.8 bar , Vs=1.07 m3/kg

a. Qsv =0.1125 x 1.07 = 0.1204 m3/sec

b. Qsv = 0.133 x 1.07 = 0.142 m3/sec
c. Qsv = 0.2 x 1.07 = 0.214 m3/sec
d. Qsv = 0.2 x 1.07 = 0.214 m3/sec
e.
07. . SPECIFIC STEAM CONSUMPTION SSC kg/kw hr
SSC = Qs/BP

a. 405/0 =œ
b. 480/1.01 = 475.24 kg/kw hr
c. 720/1.33 = 542 kg/kw hr
 d. 720/1.44 = 500 kg/kw hr
e.
08. . Velocity of Jet Vj in m/sec

V = Qsv / Aj m/sec

Where Qsv = Flow rate of steam in m3/sec

Aj = Nozzle(jet) area in m2

By substituting all values , we get Jet VelocityV1 in m/sec

a. Vj = 0.1204/0.0001811 = 664 m/sec ,

b. = 0.142/0.0001811 = 784 m/sec,
c. = 0.214/0.0001811 = 1181 m/sec,
d. = 0.214/0.0001811 = 1181 m/sec

RESULT TABLE : CALCULATION

Sr Parameter 1 2 3 4
No
01 Inlet pressure of steam to turbine P5
kg/cm2
02 Brake Power BP in kw
03 Steam Consumed Qs in kg/hr
04 Steam Consumed Qs in kg/sec
05 Steam Consumed in m3/sec
06 Velocity of jet at turbine Entry V1 m/sec
07 Specific Steam Consumption SSC kg/kwh
08 Blade velocity Vb in m/sec

PLOT GRAPH of BP Vs All Parameters

VELOCITY DIAGRAM :

Draw Velocity Diagram for all 4 readings from 1 to 4

With data of V1, Vb, inlet α,out let β angle,nozzle γ angl

And determine values of Vw1, Vw2, , V2. Vr1, Vr2, Vf1 , Vf2 in m/sec along with All
other Velocities

Nozzle angle = 19 degrees, Blade inlet angle = 21.5 degrees,

Blade outlet angle =21.5 degrees

VELOCITY DIAGRAM for Reading 2 is shown below

RESULT TABLE : VELOCITY DIAGRAM for reading 2

From Velocity Diagram with the scale 1 mm = 5 m/sec

Find the values and Final Data available is

Blade Velocity Vb = 52.44 m/s

Inlet Blade Angle β1 = 21.5 o

Outlet Blade Angle β2 = 21.5 o

Nozzle Inlet Angle α = 19 o

Velocity of Jet Vj =784 m/sec

Velocity of whirl at inlet Vw1 =735 m/sec

Velocity of whirl at outlet Vw2 =655 m/sec

Vr1 = 775 m/sec

Vr2 = 775 m/sec

V2 = 730 m/sec

09. . Blade efficiency b

b = { 2 (Vw1 + Vw2) Vb } / ( V1 )2 x 100 %

where Vb = Linear velocity of moving blade m/sec= 52.44 m/sec

b = { 2 (735 + 655)x 52.44 } / ( 784 )2 x 100 %

= 26.71 %

10. Power Produced by Turbine – at 1.8 kg/sq.cm Theoretical P kw

Pi = [ { Qs x (Vw1 + Vw2) Vb] /1000 kw

= [ { 0.133 x (735 +655 )x 52.44] /1000

= 9.69 kw

Where Qs is in kg/sec

11. STEAM TURBINE EFFICIENCY ɳT %

ɳT = (BP/Pi ) x 100 %
 = (1.01/9.69) x 100 = 11.2 %

12. Force on Blade Fb kgf

Fb = [Qs/g] { Vw1- Vw2} kgf

= (0.133/9.81) x ( 735 – 655)

= 1.08 kgf

Where Qs = Steam flow rate in kg/sec

g = 9.81 m/sec2

and Vw1 and Vw2 from Calculation Table

13. Plant Efficiency P %

p = Power utilized by Steam plant /

Power produced by Boiler

= {BP / B bp} x 100 %

= (1.01/6370 x 100 = 0.16%