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Physical Education 3
Ball Games and Sports
Module 1.0

BASKETBALL AND VOLLEYBALL SPORTS MANAGEMENET

• Basketball

In contrast to other sports, basketball has a clear origin. It is not the evolution from
an ancient game or another sport and the inventor is well known:
Dr. James Naismith.

Naismith was born in 1861 in Ramsay township, Ontario, Canada. He graduated as a

physician at McGill University in Montreal and was primarily interested in sports
physiology.

In 1891, while working as a physical education teacher at the YMCA International

Training School (today, Springfield College) in the United States, Naismith was faced
with the problem of finding in 14 days an indoor game to provide "athletic distraction"
for the students at the School for Christian Workers.
After discarding the idea of adapting outdoor games like soccer and lacrosse, Naismith
recalled the concept of a game of his school days known as duck-on-a-rock that
involved accuracy attempting to knock a "duck" off the top of a large rock by tossing
another rock at it.

Starting from there, Naismith developed a set of 13 rules that gave origin to the game
of basketball. Of course it was not exactly as we know it today. The first game was
played with a soccer ball and two peach baskets nailed 10-feet high used as goals, on
a court just half the size of a present-day court. The baskets retained their bottoms
so balls scored into the basket had to be poked out with a long dowel each time and

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dribbling (bouncing of the ball up and down while moving) was not part of the original
game.

The sport was an instant success and thanks to the initial impulse received by the
YMCA movement, basketball's popularity quickly grew nationwide and was introduced
in many nations. Although Naismith never saw the game develop into the spectacular
game we know these days, he had the honor to witness basketball become an Olympic
sport at the 1936 Games held in Berlin.

Basic Basketball Rules

• Can't take more than two steps.
• Can't have more than 5 players out on a court.
• Can't have more than 5 fouls per person.
• Can't dribble for more than 5 seconds when closely guarded by the
opponent. When taking the ball out of bounds you only have 5 seconds
to take it out. You have 8 seconds to get it across half court or else it is
a turnover and the ball goes to the other team.
• 4 quarters per game, 8 minutes per quarter. 2 minutes for the first
overtime.
• You can have 5 time outs per game, 230 second time outs and 3-1
minute time Outs.

A violation occurs when the player breaks one of the rules of

Basketball. A violation results in the awarding of the ball to the
opponent.
• Traveling: Taking more than 'a step and a half' without dribbling the ball
is traveling. Moving your pivot foot once you've stopped dribbling is also
traveling.
• Carrying/palming When a player dribbles the ball with his hand too far
to the side of or, sometimes, even under the ball.
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 • Double Dribble: Dribbling the ball with both hands on the ball at the
same time or picking up the dribble and then dribbling again is a double
dribble.

A foul is an illegal action that can be committed by player from one

team against a player from the opposing team. There are two types of
fouls - defensive and offensive.

• Defensive fouls occur when the offensive player is fouled by the

defender. Defenders may not block, push, trip, strike or hold the player
in possession of the ball.
• Offensive fouls occur when the offensive players charges or runs into a
stationary defender.
• The team that is fouled either gets possession of the ball or shoots free
throws if a player is fouled in the process of shooting.

5 Basic Elements in Basketball

Basketball is a fast-paced game that requires the knowledge and instinct to

perform quickly and properly. The sport of basketball requires five basic skills.
While some players might be more experienced with some skills than others, it is
best to have at least some ability in all five areas.

1. Dribbling
Dribbling is an important skill for all basketball players. This skill will allow you to
move up and down the court, maneuver past defenders and execute plays. Proper
dribbling requires ball-handling skills and knowledge of how to spread your fingers
for ball control. It is also best if you know how to dribble equally well with both
hands.

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 2. Shooting
To score points in basketball, you need to shoot the ball into the hoop. This
requires the ability to properly hold and throw the ball into the air toward the
basket while avoiding defenders. A proper shot requires precise aiming, arm
extension and lift from the legs. There are different types of shots you need to
learn, including jump shots, layups, and free throws.

3. Running
Running is a big part of basketball. In a full-court game, you will find yourself
running back and forth as the game quickly transitions between offense and
defense. When you have the ball, running will help you to avoid defenders and get
to the basket quicker. On defense, you often will find yourself needing to run after
the opponent, especially during fast breaks.

4. Passing
Passing is another skill that when mastered can help you become a complete
basketball player. Basketball is a team sport that involves finding a teammate who
is open for a shot. The ability to pass the ball to this player can make the difference
between scoring and not scoring. Really great passers are an important part of a
basketball team and usually the ones who set up scoring plays.

5. Jumping
Jumping is another skill that can define how good a basketball player is. Jumping
is involved in offense during the jump ball in the beginning, while taking shots and
sometimes while trying to catch a pass. On defensive, you will need the ability to
jump when trying to block a shot or a pass. Being able to out jump your opponent
for a rebound is also important.

Other form of Strategy:

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1. Rebounding- Rebounding is where you get a chance to compete for
possession of the basketball.
2. Blocking out- In basketball, a block or blocked shot occurs when a
defensive player legally deflects a field goal attempt from an offensive
player. The defender is not allowed to make contact with the offensive
player's hand (unless it is in contact with the ball) or a foul is called. Block
Out or Box Out - Getting your body between the basketball player and the
basket to get a rebound.
3. Blocked Shot - When a defensive basketball player contacts the basketball
while another player is shooting the ball.
4. Screening- In basketball, the offensive player setting the pick must remain
stationary at the moment of contact with the defender; a screen is illegal if
the screener moves in order to make contact and obtains an advantage;
the result is an offensive foul.
5. The pick and roll (also called screen and roll or shortened to screen roll,
any of which may be hyphenated) in basketball is an offensive play in which
a player sets a screen (pick) for a teammate handling the ball and then slips
behind the defender (rolls) to accept a pass.
6. Fast break -a play or method of play that brings the ball from one end of
the court to the other quickly, usually by one or two quick passes in an
attempt by the offensive team to score before the defensive team can get
into position.
7. Delay- Delay of game is an action in a sports game in which a player or
team deliberately stalls the game, usually with the intention of using the
delay to its advantage. Designed to use up the time. However the attacking
team must shoot the within a certain time. Otherwise the defending team
will be awarded the ball.
8. Zone defense is a type of defense, used in team sports, which is the
alternative to man-to-man defense; instead of each player guarding a

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 corresponding player on the other team, each defensive player is given an
area known as a "zone" to cover.
9. Man-to-man defense is a type of defensive tactic used in team sports
such as American football, association football, basketball, and netball, in
which each player is assigned to defend and follow the movements of a
single player on offense.

Score points by shooting the ball through the hoop.

In basketball, an offensive player can score between 1 and 3 points with a shot,
depending on where the shot is taken on the floor. The winner of the game is
whoever scores the most points by the end of the game.
• Outside of the arc, any jump shot is worth 3 points. Some outdoor
courts and smaller courts won’t have this line.
• Inside of the arc, every shot is worth 2 points.
• If you get fouled while shooting, you shoot free throws. Every free
throw is worth 1 point. You get 2 free throws for a 2-point shot, or 3
free throws for a 3-point shot. If you make the shot where you’re
fouled, it counts for 2 or 3 points and then you get 1 extra free throw.

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 Strategies
Ways to Improve Your Basketball Skills

1. Prioritize ball control. Developing stronger dribbling skills is the easiest way
to become a better basketball player.
2. Identify and improve your weak spots. To become a better player, you
need to focus on improving your weaknesses. Identify and improve your
weak spots. To become a better player, you need to focus on improving your
weaknesses.
3. Practice at game speed. If you excel during daily practice sessions but
dribble poorly and take bad shots in a real game, there's a good chance
you're not practicing at game speed. When practicing your basketball skills
alone, pretend that defensive players are guarding you to help you mimic the
pace of a game.
4. Improve your physical fitness. Basketball players need good endurance to
run the court for an entire game. Even if you master fundamental basketball
skills, you can’t use these skills to help your team if you're struggling to keep
up after five minutes of play.
5. Work on your lower body shooting mechanics. A great shooter relies on
solid mechanics, and every part of their body must work together to form the
foundation of their shots. Every good shot begins in the lower body. Begin by
pointing your toes in the same direction, first squaring them with the rim, and
then working through practice to find the most natural stance for your body.

Physical Education 3
Ball Games and Sport
Module 1.1

VOLLEYBALL

HISTORY:

• Volleyball was created in 1985 by William G. Morgan, an instructor at the YMCA in

Holyhoke, Massachusetts. He decided to blend elements of basketball, baseball,
tennis and handball to create what he called “mintonette”. As observers watched
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 the game, they noticed that players were “volleying” the ball back and forth. Thus,
its name was changed to volleyball. The first game was played at Springfield
College in 1896.
• In 1928 it became apparent that official rules were needed, and the USVBA (United
States Volleyball Association) was formed.
• Today both men and women play professional volleyball, and more than 46 million
Americans enjoy playing the game as pare of leisure time activity.
Basic Volleyball Rule

• Server must serve from behind the restraining line (end line).
• Ball may be served underhand OR overhand.
• Ball must be clearly visible to opponents before serve.
• Served ball may graze the net and drop to the other side for a point.
• First game serve is determined by a tossed, each subsequent game shall be served
by the previous game loser.
• Serve must be returned by a bump only, no setting or attacking a serve.

Scoring
 Rally scoring will be used. (There will be a point scored on every score of the ball).
 Offense will score on a defensive miss or out of bounds hit.
 Defense will score on an offensive miss, out of bounds hit, or a serve into the net.
 Game will be played to 25 points.
 Must win by 2 points.

Rotation
• Team will rotate one position each time they win the serve.
• Players rotate in a clockwise manner (see rotation diagram).
• There shall be 4 – 6 players on each side.

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Game Play
• Maximum of 3 hits per side.
• Player may not hit the ball twice in succession (a block is NOT considered a hit).
• Ball may be played off the net during a volley and on a serve.
• A ball touching a boundary line is good.
• A legal hit is contact with the ball by a player’s body above and including the waist
which does not allow the ball to visibly come to a rest.
• If two or more players contact the ball simultaneously, it is considered one play
and the players involved may not participate in the next play.
• A player must not block or attack a serve.
• Switching positions will be allowed strictly for front line players. (After the serve
only).

Basic Violation
• Stepping on or over the line on a serve
• Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully
• Hitting the ball illegally (carrying, palming, throwing, etc.)
• Touching the net with any part of your body while the ball is in play
• Reaching over the net, except in these conditions:
o When executing a follow through

o When blocking a ball which is in the opponents court but is being returned
(Block cannot contact the ball until AFTER the opponent attempting to
return the ball makes contact
• Reaching under the net
• Failure to serve in the correct order
• Blocks or spikes from a position in which is clearly not behind the 10-foot line while
in the back row position.

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Basic Skills in Playing Volleyball

1. Service
Serving is one of the most crucial skills in volleyball, as it is how the ball is brought into
play. A good serve can also put your opponent out of position, which will result in your
team likely winning the point. Serves can either focus on power, accuracy, or both. Since
players rotate through serving, it is important that all players are able to serve correctly.
Serving in volleyball can be both overhand or underhand, so it is important to practice
both types.

2. Passing
After serving, passing (also known as bumping when an underhand pass) is the most
vital volleyball skill. Passing involves being the first person to come into contact with the
ball after it crosses over the net. Passing can be underhand, which involves using the
forearms as a bridge to bump the ball upward, or overhand. Passing is crucial, as it sets
up we next stage of a volley, which is the attack.

3. Setting
Setting in volleyball is the second hit after a bump or dig that sets up a teammate for a
spike. Setting is crucial in volleyball, as a good set can enable your opponent to win the
point with a well-placed spike, while a bad set will put your team out of position and
possibly cost you the point. Volleyball players must practice setting the ball in training,
which can be done individually or with teammates.

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 4. Hitting
Once the first and second players on a volleyball team have contacted the ball by passing
or setting, it is up to the rest of the players to set up an attack in order to send the ball
back over the net. The most common way to do this is by hitting, which is a sharp, usually
overhand blow to the ball designed to send it over the net. Hits come in various forms,
but they require good passes and sets to make them work, and timing is crucial.

Spiking is a form of mid-air, overhead hitting that is very common volleyball. Spiking
involves a volleyball player making their team's third contact with the ball by taking a few
steps forward, jumping into the air as the second player sets the ball into position, and
then driving it over the net with a hard, overhand strike that aims it towards the court on
the other side. An effective spike can be lethal to the opposing team, as they are very
hard to defend, which is why spiking is such a vital skill.

5. Digging
Digging in volleyball is a crucial defensive technique that involves a player bumping a ball
below their waist, closer to the floor than a regular bump. Digging is one of the more
advanced skills in volleyball, but is extremely important. A player that is a solid digger
will be able to keep rallies going for longer and also can lead to another player performing
a set, which will result in their team winning more points.

6. Blocking
The key defensive tactic in volleyball, blocking involves players on the receiving side of
the net attempting to prevent the ball from coming down on their side. To block, players
on the defending side jump vertically in front of the net when they sense that the ball is
about to be hit over by the other team. They extend their arms vertically upwards, using
their hands to form a wall that the ball can rebound off of. Blocking can be extremely
effective against hits, and sometimes even against spikes, so it is a crucial skill to master.
However, when blocking, it is vital to avoid touching the net, as this may result in a foul

The Court:

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Different roles in playing Volleybal

1. The setter serves as the team’s playmaker, setting up the ball for
attackers and directing the offense.
2. The outside hitter, positioned on the left side, is responsible for
receiving serves and executing powerful attacks.
3. The middle blocker, located at the center of the court, focuses on
blocking opponents’ attacks and performing quick offensive plays.
4. The opposite hitter, situated on the right side, takes on hitting and
blocking responsibilities while also acting as a backup setter.
5. The libero, a specialized defensive player, excels in serve reception
and digging but cannot attack or block.
6. Finally, the defensive specialist is a versatile back-row player,
concentrating on serve reception, digging, and serving.

Together, these positions work in harmony to create a cohesive unit capable

of executing stunning plays and outsmarting the opposition.

With a deeper understanding of each role, aspiring volleyball players can

hone their skills, improve their teamwork, and elevate their game to new
heights.

Prepared by:
Ms. Andrea Shane Aguillon
Mr. Gerold G. De La Peña
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