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Scott-Brown’s EIGHTH EDITION
Otorhinolaryngology
Head and Neck
Surgery
K17879_Volume III_Book.indb 1 5/25/18 8:57 PM

VOLUME 1
Basic Sciences, Head and Neck Endocrine Surgery,
Rhinology
VOLUME 2
Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base
VOLUME 3
Head and Neck Surgery, Plastic Surgery

Scott-Brown’s EIGHTH EDITION
Otorhinolaryngology
Head and Neck
Surgery
VOLUME 3
Editors
John C Watkinson MSc (Nuclear Medicine; London) MS (London) FRCS (General Surgery) FRCS(ENT) DLO
One-Time Honorary Senior Lecturer and Consultant ENT/Head and Neck and Thyroid Surgeon, Queen Elizabeth Hospital
University of Birmingham NHS Trust and latterly the Royal Marsden and Brompton Hospitals, London, UK
Currently Consultant Head and Neck and Thyroid Surgeon, University Hospital, Coventry and Warwick NHS Trust; and
Honorary Consultant ENT/Head and Neck and Thyroid Surgeon, Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH)
Honorary Senior Anatomy Demonstrator, University College London (UCL)
Business Director, Endocrine MDT, The BUPA Cromwell Hospital, London, UK.
Raymond W Clarke BA BSc DCH FRCS FRCS(ORL)
Consultant Paediatric Otolaryngologist, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
Senior Lecturer and Associate Dean, University of Liverpool, UK.
Section Editors
Terry M Jones BSc FRCSEd FRCS(ORL-HNS) MD SFHEA FASE(RCS) FAcadTM
Professor of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
Honorary Consultant Otolaryngologist / Head and Neck Surgeon, Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
Vinidh Paleri MBBS MS(ENT) FRCS(Glas) FRCS(Eng) FRCS(ORL-HNS)
Consultant Head & Neck and Thyroid Surgeon, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
Professor of Robotic and Endoscopic Head and Neck Surgery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
Visiting Professor, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
Nicholas White BSc(Hons) MD MPH(HTA) FRCS(Plast) FFFMLM
Consultant Plastic and Craniofacial Surgeon, Birmingham Children’s Hospital and Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, UK
National Clinical Lead, Medical Directorate, NHS Improvement, London, UK.
Tim Woolford MD FRCS(ORL-HNS)
Consultant Ear, Nose & Throat Surgeon, Manchester Royal Infirmary, UK Honorary Clinical Professor, Edge Hill University, UK.

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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Watkinson, John C., editor. | Clarke, Ray (Raymond), editor.

Title: Scott-Brown’s otorhinolaryngology and head and neck surgery : basic sciences, endocrine surgery, rhinology / John Watkinson, Ray Clarke.
Other titles: Scott-Brown’s otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery | Otorhinolaryngology and head and neck surgery.
Description: Eighth edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2018] | Preceded by Scott-Brown’s otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery.
7th ed. c2008. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017032760 (print) | LCCN 2017033968 (ebook) | ISBN 9780203731031 (eBook General) | ISBN 9781351399067 (eBook PDF) |
ISBN 9781351399050 (eBook ePub3) | ISBN 9781351399043 (eBook Mobipocket) | ISBN 9781138094611 (hardback : alk. paper).
Subjects: | MESH: Otolaryngology--methods | Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases--surgery | Head--surgery | Neck--surgery | Otorhinolaryngologic
Surgical Procedures—methods.
Classification: LCC RF20 (ebook) | LCC RF20 (print) | NLM WV 100 | DDC 617.5/1--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017032760
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Contents
Contributors ....................................................................... ix 15: Rehabilitation after total laryngectomy ...................... 263
Foreword .......................................................................... xix Yvonne Edels and Peter Clarke
Preface ............................................................................. xxi 16: Management of hypopharyngeal cancer ................... 273
A Tribute to Bill Scott-Brown ...........................................xxiii Prathamesh S. Pai, Deepa Nair, Sarbani Ghosh Laskar
Acknowledgements .........................................................xxiv and Kumar Prabhash
Volume 1 – Table of Contents.......................................... xxv 17: Neck metastases from an unknown primary ............. 295
Volume 2 – Table of Contents..........................................xxix Ricard Simo, Jean-Pierre Jeannon and Maria Teresa
Abbreviations.................................................................xxxiii Guerrero Urbano
18: Metastatic neck disease ............................................ 305

Section 1 Head and Neck Vinidh Paleri and James O’Hara
1: History.............................................................................. 3 19: Principles and practice of radiotherapy in head

Patrick J. Bradley and neck cancer ........................................................ 335
Sara Meade and Andrew Hartley
2: Aetiology of head and neck cancer ............................... 17
Pablo H. Montero, Snehal G. Patel and Ian Ganly 20: Quality of life and survivorship in head and
neck cancer ............................................................... 343
3: Epidemiology of head and neck carcinoma .................. 27 Simon Rogers and Steven Thomas
Kristen B. Pytynia, Kristina R. Dahlstrom and
Erich M. Sturgis 21: Palliative care for head and neck cancer ................... 361
Catriona R. Mayland and John E. Ellershaw
4: Staging of head and neck cancer .................................. 35
Nicholas J. Roland 22: Transoral laser microsurgery ...................................... 369
Mark Sayles, Stephanie L. Koonce, Michael L. Hinni
5: The changing face of cancer information ...................... 49 and David G. Grant
Richard Wight
23: Anatomy as applied to transoral surgery ................... 383
6: Introducing molecular biology of head and Mark Puvanendran and Andrew Harris
neck cancer ................................................................... 55
Nikolina Vlatković and Mark T. Boyd 24: Principles of chemotherapy ....................................... 393
Charles G. Kelly
7: Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus malignancy ............... 73
Cyrus Kerawala, Peter Clarke and Kate Newbold 25: Cysts and tumours of the bony facial skeleton ......... 399
Julia A. Woolgar and Gillian L. Hall
8: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma ........................................... 93
Raymond King-Yin Tsang and Dora Lai-Wan Kwong 26: Head and neck pathology.......................................... 423
Ram Moorthy, Adrian T. Warfield and Max Robinson
9: Benign salivary gland tumours .................................... 115
Jarrod Homer and Andrew Robson 27: Open conservation surgery for laryngeal cancer ....... 449
Volkert Wreesmann, Jatin Shah and Ian Ganly
10: Malignant tumours of the salivary glands .................. 131
Vincent Vander Poorten and Patrick J. Bradley 28: Measures of treatment outcomes .............................. 461
Helen Cocks, Raghav C. Dwivedi and
11: Tumours of the parapharyngeal space....................... 157 Aoife M.I. Waters
Suren Krishnan
29: Applications of robotics in head and neck practice .... 473
12: Oral cavity tumours including lip reconstruction........ 171 Chris Holsinger, Chafeek Tomeh and Eric M. Genden
Tim Martin and Omar A. Ahmed
30: Biologically targeted agents in head and
13: Oropharyngeal tumours ............................................. 207 neck cancers ............................................................. 483
Terry M. Jones and Mererid Evans Kevin J. Harrington and Magnus T. Dillon
14: Tumours of the larynx................................................. 237 31: Prosthetic management of surgically acquired oral
Vinidh Paleri, Stuart Winter, Hannah Fox and and facial defects ...................................................... 499
Nachi Palaniappan Chris Butterworth
v

vi Contents
32: Multidisciplinary team working .................................. 509 51: Pharyngitis ................................................................. 791
Andrew Davies, Nigel Beasley and David Hamilton Sharan Jayaram and Conor Marnane
33: Nutritional considerations .......................................... 517 52: Cricopharyngeal dysphagia ....................................... 811
Rachael Donnelly, Susannah E. Penney, Siân Lewis, Nimesh N. Patel and T. Singh
Lesley Freeman and Pippa Mather
53: Oesophageal diseases............................................... 829
34: Speech voice and swallow rehabilitation Shajahan Wahed and S. Michael Griffin
after chemoradiation .................................................. 531
Justin W.G. Roe and Katherine A. Hutcheson 54: Neurological disease of the pharynx ......................... 845
Kim Ah-See and Miles Bannister
35: Surgical anatomy of the neck .................................... 541
Laura Warner, Christopher Jennings and 55: Rehabilitation of swallowing disorders ..................... 851
John C. Watkinson Maggie-Lee Huckabee and Sebastian Doeltgen
36: Clinical examination of the neck ................................ 565 56: Chronic aspiration ..................................................... 859
James O’Hara Guri S. Sandhu and Khalid Ghufoor
37: Imaging of the neck ................................................... 569 57: Temporomandibular joint disorders .......................... 871
Ivan Zammit-Maempel Andrew J. Sidebottom
38: Neck trauma .............................................................. 597 58: Anatomy of the larynx and tracheobronchial tree ...... 883
Andrew J. Nicol and Johannes J. Fagan Nimesh N. Patel and Shane Lester
39: Benign neck disease .................................................. 607 59: Physiology of the larynx............................................. 897
Ricard Simo, Jean-Pierre Jeannon and Enyinnaya Ofo Lesley Mathieson and Paul Carding
40: Neck space infections................................................ 623 60: Voice and speech production .................................... 905
James W. Moor Paul Carding and Lesley Mathieson
41: Anatomy and embryology of the mouth 61: Assessment and examination of the larynx ............... 911
and dentition .............................................................. 633 Jean-Pierre Jeannon and Enyinnaya Ofo
Barry K.B. Berkovitz
62: Evaluation of the voice............................................... 925
Julian A. McGlashan
42: Benign oral and dental disease.................................. 657
Konrad S. Staines and Alexander Crighton
63: Structural disorders of the vocal cords...................... 943
Yakubu Gadzama Karagama and Julian A. McGlashan
43: Salivary gland anatomy .............................................. 677
Stuart Winter and Brian Fish
64: Functional disorders of the voice............................... 963
Paul Carding
44: Physiology of the salivary glands ............................... 683
Mriganke De and T. Singh 65: The professional voice ............................................... 969
Declan Costello and Meredydd Harries
45: Imaging of the salivary glands ................................... 691
Daren Gibson and Steve Colley 66: Speech and language therapy for voice disorders .... 973
Marianne E. Bos-Clark and Paul Carding
46: Non-neoplastic salivary gland diseases..................... 709
Stephen R. Porter, Stefano Fedele and 67: Phonosurgery............................................................. 981
Valeria Mercadante Abie Mendelsohn and Marc Remacle
47: Anatomy of the pharynx and oesophagus ................ 737 68: Movement disorders of the larynx ............................. 995
Joanna Matthan and Vinidh Paleri Declan Costello and John S. Rubin
48: Physiology of swallowing ........................................... 757 69: Acute infections of the larynx .................................. 1003
Joanne M. Patterson and Stephen McHanwell Sanjai Sood, Karan Kapoor and Richard Oakley
49: Causes and assessment of dysphagia 70: Chronic laryngitis ..................................................... 1011
and aspiration ............................................................ 769 Kenneth MacKenzie
Helen Cocks and Jemy Jose
71: Contemporary management of
50: Functional investigations of the upper laryngotracheal trauma ............................................ 1023
gastrointestinal tract .................................................. 781 Carsten E. Palme, Malcolm A. Buchanan, Shruti Jyothi,
Joanne M. Patterson and Jason Powell Faruque Riffat, Ralph W. Gilbert and Patrick Gullane

Contents vii
72: Upper airway obstruction and tracheostomy .......... 1037 85: Nasal reconstruction ................................................ 1177
Paul Pracy and Peter Conboy Ullas Raghavan
73: Physiology of sleep and sleep disorders ................ 1049 86: Pinnaplasty .............................................................. 1193
John O’Reilly Victoria Harries and Simon Watts
74: Obstructive sleep apnoea: Medical management ....... 1061 87: Blepharoplasty ......................................................... 1199
Dev Banerjee Brian Leatherbarrow
75: The surgical management of snoring and 88: Surgical rejuvenation of the ageing face .................. 1235
obstructive sleep apnoea......................................... 1071 Gregory S. Dibelius, John M. Hilinski and
Bhik Kotecha and Mohamed Reda Elbadawey Dean M. Toriumi
76: Laryngotracheal stenosis in adults .......................... 1081 89: Non-surgical rejuvenation of the ageing face .......... 1247
Guri S. Sandhu and Reza Nouraei Lydia Badia, Peter Andrews and Sajjad Rajpar
77: Reflux disease .......................................................... 1093 90: History of reconstructive surgery ............................. 1255
Mark G. Watson and Kim Ah-See Ralph W. Gilbert and John C. Watkinson
78: Paralysis of the larynx .............................................. 1101 91: Grafts and local flaps in head and neck cancer ...... 1261
Lucian Sulica and Babak Sadoughi Kenneth Kok and Nicholas White
79: Outpatient laryngeal procedures.............................. 1111 92: Pedicled flaps in head and neck reconstruction...... 1283
Matthew Stephen Broadhurst Ralph W. Gilbert and John C. Watkinson
93: Reconstructive microsurgery in head and

Section 2 Plastic Surgery neck surgery ............................................................ 1299
John C. Watkinson and Ralph W. Gilbert
80: Rhinoplasty following nasal trauma ......................... 1127
Charles East 94: Benign and malignant conditions of the skin........... 1321
Murtaza Khan and Agustin Martin-Clavijo
81: Pre-operative assessment for rhinoplasty ............... 1133
Hesham Saleh and Catherine Rennie 95: Facial reanimation surgery ....................................... 1337
Demetrius Evriviades and Nicholas White
82: External rhinoplasty ................................................. 1143
Santdeep Paun 96: Partial and total ear reconstruction.......................... 1345
Cher Bing Chuo
83: Revision rhinoplasty ................................................. 1161
Claudia Rudack and Gerhard Rettinger 97: A combined prosthetic and surgical approach ....... 1357
Hitesh Koria, M. Stephen Dover and Steve Worrollo
84: Aesthetic dorsal reduction rhinoplasty .................... 1169
Julian M. Rowe-Jones Index .............................................................................. 1373

Contributors
Kim W Ah-See MD FRCS FRCS(ORL–HNS) Mark T Boyd BSc PhD SFHEA FRSB
Professor and Consultant ENT Head and Neck Surgeon Professor of Molecular Oncology
Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine
Aberdeen Royal Infirmary University of Liverpool
Aberdeen, UK. Liverpool, UK.
Omar A Ahmed FRCSEd(Plast) Patrick J Bradley MB BCh BAO DCH MBA FRCS(ed, Eng Ir)
Consultant Plastic, Reconstructive, and Head & FHKCORL FRCSLT(Hon) FRACS
Neck Surgeon Honorary Professor
Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. Nottingham University Hospitals
Queens Medical Centre
Peter Andrews FRCS(ORL–HNS) Nottingham, UK.
Consultant ENT Surgeon
Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital Matthew Stephen Broadhurst BMBS FRACS
London, UK. (Otorhinolaryngology) Laryngeal Surgery (Harvard Medical School)
Director, Queensland Voice Centre
Miles Bannister BSc(Hons) MBChB(Hons) DOHNS Director, Queensland Centre for Otolaryngology
FRCS(ORL-HNS) Spring Hill, Queensland, Australia.
Specialist Registrar
Aberdeen Royal Infirmary Malcolm A Buchanan BSc(Hons) MBChB PhD FRCS
Aberdeen, UK. (ORL–HNS)
Department of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery
Lydia Badia FRCS(ORL–HNS) Westmead Hospital
Consultant ENT Surgeon University of Sydney, Australia.
Harley Street
London, UK. Chris Butterworth BDS(Hons) MPhil FDSRCS(Eng)
FDS(Rest Dent) RCS(Eng)
Dev Banerjee MBChB BSc(Hons) MD FRCP FRACP Consultant in Oral Rehabilitation
Consultant Sleep Physician Merseyside Head and Neck Cancer Centre
Woolcock Institute of Medical Research Honorary Senior Lecturer in Maxillofacial Prosthodontics
University of Sydney; and School of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine
Department of Thoracic and Sleep Medicine University of Liverpool, UK.
St Vincent’s Hospital
Sydney, Australia. Paul Carding FRCSLT2
Deputy Head of School and Professor of Speech Pathology
Nigel Beasley FRCS(ORL-HNS) MBBS BSc National Course Coordinator in Speech Pathology
Consultant ENT Surgeon (Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne)
Deputy Medical Director School of Allied Health l Faculty of Health Sciences
Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust Brisbane Campus, Australia.
Nottingham, UK.
Cher Bing Chuo MB BCh BAO MRSC MSc FRCS (Plast)
Barry KB Berkovitz BDS MSc PhD FDS(Eng) Consultant Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon
Emeritus Reader in Dental Anatomy Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, UK.
King’s College London, UK; and
Visiting Professor Peter Clarke BSc FRCS
Oman Dental College Consultant Head and Neck Surgeon
Muscat, Oman. The Royal Marsden Hospital and Imperial College
Healthcare Trust
Marianne E Bos-Clark MSc Honorary Senior Lecturer
Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust Imperial College
Exeter, UK. London, UK.
ix

x Contributors
Peter Conboy FRCS(ORL-HNS) Sebastian H Doeltgen PhD

Consultant Otolaryngologist Head & Neck Surgeon Senior Lecturer
University Hospitals of Leicester Head of Teaching Section (Speech Pathology)
Leicester UK. Head of Swallowing Neurorehabilitation Research
Laboratory
Helen Cocks MD FRCS(ORL-HNS) College of Nursing and Health Sciences,
Consultant Otorhinolaryngologist Head and Neck Surgeon Flinders Universiy
City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust Adelaide, Australia.
Sunderland, UK.
Rachael Donnelly MSc RD
Steve Colley FRCR Acting Head of Nutrition and Dietetics
Consultant Head & Neck Radiologist Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust
Queen Elizabeth Hospital London, UK.
University Hospitals
Birmigham, UK. Stephen M Dover FDSRCS FRCS
Consultant Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon
Declan Costello MA MBBS FRCS(ORL-HNS) Department of Maxillofacial Surgery
Consultant ENT Surgeon specializing in voice disorders University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, UK.
Birmingham, UK.
Raghav C Dwivedi MS(ENT) PhD FRCS(ORL-HNS)
Alexander Crighton BDS MB ChB(Edin) FDS(OM) RCSEd Senior Clinical Fellow in ENT & Head Neck Surgery
FDS RCPS Queen Alexandra Hospital
Consultant in Oral Medicine, NHS Greater Glasgow Portsmouth Hospital NHS Trust
and Clyde; and Portsmouth, UK.
Honorary Senior Lecturer in Medicine in Relation to
Dentistry, University of Glasgow Charles East FRCS
Glasgow Dental Hospital & School Consultant Surgeon
Glasgow, UK. University College London Hospitals NHS Trust; and
Honorary Senior Lecturer, University College London
Kristina R Dahlstrom PhD London, UK.
Instructor
Department of Head and Neck Surgery Yvonne Edels FRCSLT
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Macmillan Consultant Speech and Language Therapist
Houston, Texas, USA. Imperial College Healthcare Trust
Charing Cross Hospital
Andrew Davies MB BS MSc MD FRCP London, UK.
Consultant in Palliative Medicine
Royal Surrey County Hospital; and Mohamed Reda Elbadawey MBChB MSc FRCS(Ed) MD
Visiting Reader FRCS(ORL-HNS)
University of Surrey Consultant Otolaryngologist
Guildford, UK. Freeman Hospital, UK; and
Associate Clinical Lecturer
Mriganke De FRCS University of Newcastle, UK; and
Consultant Head & Neck Surgeon Associate Professor of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and
Department of ENT Surgery Neck Surgery
Royal Derby Hospital, UK. Tanta University, Egypt.
Magnus T Dillon MBBS MRCP PhD John E Ellershaw MA FRCP

Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Honorary Professor Molecular and Clinical
London, UK. Cancer Medicine
Director of Marie Curie Palliative Care Institute
Gregory S Dibelius MD Liverpool, UK.
Facial Plastic & Reconstructive Surgeon
Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Mererid Evans PhD MRCP FRCR
University of Illinois Honorary Professor of Clinical Oncology
Chicago, USA. University of Liverpool; and
Consultant Clinical Oncologist
Velindre Cancer Centre
Cardiff, Wales, UK.

Contributors xi
Demetrius Evriviades FRCS(Plast) PGDip Daren Gibson MRCS DLO FRCR FRANCR
Consultant Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon Consultant Radiologist
University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust Fiona Stanley Hospital
Birmingham, UK. Perth, Western Australia.
Johannes J Fagan FCS(SA) MMed(Otol) Ralph W Gilbert MD FRCSC

Division of Otolaryngology Department of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery
University of Cape Town University of Toronto
Cape Town, South Africa. Toronto, Canada.
Stefano Fedele DDS PhD David G Grant MB ChB

Senior Lecturer in Oral Medicine Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery
UCL Eastman Dental Institute Queen’s Medical Centre
London, UK. Nottingham University Hospitals’ NHS Trust
Nottingham, UK.
Brian Fish FRCS(CSIG) FRCS(ORL-HNS)
Consultant ENT / Head and Neck / Thyroid Surgeon S Michael Griffin FRCS FRCS(Ed) FRCS(HK)(Hon)
Addenbrooke’s Hospital Professor of Gastrointestinal Surgery
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust Consultant Oesophago-Gastric Surgeon
Cambridge, UK. Royal Victoria Infirmary
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
Hannah Fox MBBS BSc(Hons) FRCS(ORL-HNS) DOHNS PGC
Med Ed PGC Med Lead Patrick Gullane CM OOnt MB FRCSC FACS(Hon) FRACS(Hon)
Consultant Head and Neck Surgeon FRCS(Hon) FRCSI
Freeman Hospital Wharton Chair in Head & Neck Surgery
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. Professor Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck
Surgery
Lesley Freeman SRD PG Dip Dietetics, PG Dip Cancer Care for Professor of Surgery
Allied Health Professionals University of Toronto, Canada.
Head and Neck Oncology Dietitian
Freeman Hospital Newcastle-upon-Tyne; and Gillian L Hall FRCPath FDS
Head and Neck Oncology Dietitian Consultant Histopathologist
Darlington Memorial Hospital Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS
Darlington, UK. Foundation Trust
Manchester Royal Infirmary
Ian Ganly MD PhD Manchester, UK.
Associate Attending Surgeon
Head and Neck Service David Hamilton FRCS(ORL-HNS)
Department of Surgery Consultant Otorhinolaryngologist, Head and
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Neck Surgeon
New York, USA. Freeman Hospital
Eric M Genden Sr MD MHA
Professor and Chairman Meredydd Harries FRCS MSc
Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery; Consultant Laryngologist
and Brighton NHS Trust
Professor of Neurosurgery Brighton, UK.
Professor of Immunology
Senior Associate Dean for Clinical Affairs Victoria Harries MBBS MRCS(ENT)
The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Specialist ENT Registrar
New York, USA. Bristol Royal Infirmary
Severn Deanery
Khalid Ghufoor BSc(Hons) MBBS FRCS(CSiG) FRCS(ORL-HNS) Bristol, UK.
ENT-Head and Neck Consultant Surgeon
Associate Clinical Director & Network Lead Kevin J Harrington PhD FRCP FRCR
Department of ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Professor of Biological Cancer Therapies
St Bartholomews and The Royal London Hospital Team Leader, Targeted Therapy Team
University College London Hospital The Institute of Cancer Research
The Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital London, UK.
London, UK.

xii Contributors
Andrew Harris PhD FRCS(ORL-HNS) Christopher Jennings FRCS

ENT / Head and Neck & Reconstructive Surgeon Consultant ENT Surgeon
Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust University Hospitals Birmingham
Bradford, UK. Birmingham, UK.
Andrew Hartley MRCP FRCR Terry M Jones BSc FRCS(Ed) FRCS(ORL-HNS) MD SFHEA
Consultant Clinical Oncologist FASE(RCS) FAcadTM
Queen Elizabeth Hospital Professor of Head and Neck Surgery
Birmingham, UK. Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine,
University of Liverpool, UK; and
John M Hilinski MD Honorary Consultant Otolaryngologist / Head and
Consultant Facial Plastic Surgeon Neck Surgeon
San Diego, California, USA. Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Liverpool, UK.
Michael L Hinni MD
Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Jemy Jose MS FRCS(ORL-HNS)
Mayo Clinic Consultant Otolaryngologist Head and Neck Surgeon
Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust
Hull, UK.
Chris Holsinger MD
Professor and Chief of Head and Neck Surgery Shruti Jyothi BSc MBBS
Stanford University Medical Center Specialist Registrar Otolaryngology
Stanford, USA. Royal North Shore Hospital
St Leonards
Jarrod Homer BMedSci(Hons) BMBS FRCS FRCS(ORL-HNS) MD New South Wales, Australia.
Consultant Head and Neck Surgeon / Otolaryngologist
Manchester Head and Neck Centre Yakubu Gadzama Karagama DLO MSc Voice Research
Manchester Royal Infirmary FRCS (ORL & HN) PGCertMed
Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust Consultant ENT Surgeon & Laryngologist; and
Manchester, UK. Honorary Senior Lecturer
University of Manchester; and
Maggie-Lee Huckabee PhD Honorary Senior Lecturer
Professor, Department of Communication Disorders Edge Hill University; and
The University of Canterbury; and Honorary Fellow
Director, the Rose Centre for Stroke Recovery Royal Northern College of Music Manchester
and Research at St Georges Medical Centre Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery
Christchurch, New Zealand. Manchester University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
Manchester, UK.
Katherine A Hutcheson PhD
Associate Professor Karan Kapoor FRCS
Department of Head & Neck Surgery Head & Neck Fellow
Section of Speech Pathology and Audiology Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center London, UK.
Houston, Texas, USA.
Charles G Kelly MSc FRCP FRCR FBIR DMRT
Sharan Jayaram FRCS(ORL–HNS) MS DNB Consultant Clinical Oncologist
Consultant Otolaryngologist Head & Neck Surgeon Northern Centre for Cancer Care
North Manchester General Hospital Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust; and
Honorary Senior Lecturer Cyrus Kerawala FDSRCS FRCS
Edge Hill University Consultant Maxillofacial / Head and Neck Surgeon
Lancashire, UK. Head and Neck Unit
The Royal Marsden Hospital
Jean-Pierre Jeannon FRCS(ORL-HNS) London, UK.
Consultant Otolaryngologist Head & Neck Surgeon
Clinical Director of Surgical Oncology Murtaza A Khan MBBS MRCP(UK) MRCP Dermatology
Guy’s & St Thomas NHS Hospital; and Consultant Dermatologist
Associate Professor / Reader Mediclinic Al Noor Hospital
Guy’s, King’s and St Thomas’ Medical and Dental School Abu Dhabi, UAE.
London, UK.

Contributors xiii
Raymond King-Yin Tsang MBChC FRCSEd FHKCORL FHKAM Brian Leatherbarrow FRCS FRCOphth
Clinical Assistant Professor Consultant Ophthalmic, Oculoplastic & Orbital Surgeon
Division of Otorhinolaryngology and Division of Head Manchester; and
and Neck Surgery Honorary Consultant
Department of Surgery Manchester Royal Eye Hospital
The University of Hong Kong; and Manchester, UK.
Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
Chief of ENT Shane Lester FRCS(ORL-HNS) Dip Med Ed
University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Consultant ENT Head and Neck Surgeon
People’s Republic of China. Department of Otolaryngology
James Cook University Hospital
Kenneth Kok MBChB MRCS MSc(Hons) FRCS(Plast) Middlesbrough, UK.
Consultant Plastic & Reconstructive Surgeon
Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre University Hospital Siân Lewis MSc RD
Birmingham NHS Trust Dietetic Operational Lead
Birmingham, UK. Cwm Taf University Health Board
Royal Glamorgan Hospital
Stephanie L Koonce MD Llantrisant, Wales.
Department of General Surgery
Mayo Clinic Kenneth MacKenzie MBChB FRCS(Ed)
Jacksonville, Florida, USA. Consultant Otolaryngologist Head and Neck Surgeon
Glasgow Royal Infirmary; and
Hitesh Koria BSc(Hons) PDip(Maxfac) PDip(Ortho) MIMPT Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer
Principal Maxillofacial Prosthetist University of Glasgow; and
Department of Maxillofacial Surgery Visiting Professor
University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust University of Strathclyde
Birmingham, UK. Glasgow, UK.
Bhik Kotecha MBBCh MPhil FRCS(Eng) FRCS(Ed) Conor Marnane BSc(Hons) MB BCh PG Cert Med Ed
FRCS(ORL-HNS) DLO FRCS(Eng) FRCS(Ed) FRCS ORL
Honorary Clinical Professor Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; and Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board
Consultant ENT Surgeon Port Talbot, Wales.
Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital
Queens Hospital Agustin Martin-Clavijo PhD MRCP
Romford, UK. Consultant Dermatologist
Queen Elizabeth Hospital
Suren Krishnan OAM FRACS Birmingham, UK.
Chairman
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Tim J Martin MBChB BDS MSc FRSRCS FRCS FRCS(OMFS)
Neck Surgery Consultant Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon
Royal Adelaide Hospital; and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Honorary Professor University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
Deakin University; and Birmingham, UK.
Clinical Associate Professor University of Adelaide,
Adelaide, South Australia. Pippa Mather BSc RD
Principal Head and Neck Oncology Dietitian
Dora Lai-Wan Kwong MBBS MD FRCR FHKCR FHKAM Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust
Professor and Head of Department London, UK.
Department of Clinical Oncology
The University of Hong Kong Lesley Mathieson FRCSLT
Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong. Honorary Research Adviser
Speech and Language Therapy Department
Sarbani Ghosh Laskar MD(Radiation Oncology) Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital
Professor and Consultant Radiation Oncologist London, UK.
Department of Radiation Oncology
Tata Memorial Hospital Joanna Matthan MA(Eng) MBBS PGDipClinEd FHEA
Homi Bhabha National Institute Lecturer in Anatomy
Mumbai, India. Newcastle University
Faculty of Medical Sciences
School of Medical Education

xiv Contributors
Catriona R Mayland MBChB MD FRCP Deepa Nair MS

Consultant and Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer in Professor and Surgeon
Palliative Medicine Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology
Palliative Care Institute Advanced Centre for Treatment Research &
University of Liverpool Education in Cancer (ACTREC)
Liverpool, UK. Tata Memorial Centre
Homi Bhabha National Institute
Julian A McGlashan MBBS FRCS(ORL) Mumbai, India.
Special Lecturer and Consultant
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Kate Newbold MRCP FRCR MD
Queen’s Medical Centre Campus Consultant Clinical Oncologist
Nottingham University Hospitals Head and Neck Unit
Nottingham, UK. The Royal Marsden Hospital
London, UK.
Stephen McHanwell BSc PhD MI Biol CI Biol
Professor of Anatomical Sciences; and Andrew J Nicol MBChB FCS
Director of Unit for Educational Research Development Associate Professor, Trauma Surgeon and Head of
and Practice Trauma Centre
Newcastle University Groote Schuur Hospital
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. University of Cape Town
Cape Town, South Africa.
Sara Meade MBChB MRCP MsC FRCR
Consultant Clinical Oncologist and Honorary Lecturer Reza Nouraei BChir PhD FRCS
The Cancer Centre Consultant Laryngologist & Tracheal Surgeon
University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust The Robert White Centre for Airway Voice and
Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK. Swallowing
Department of Ear Nose & Throat Surgery
Abie Mendelsohn MD FACS Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Poole, UK.
Department of Head & Neck Surgery
Los Angeles, USA. Richard Oakley FDSRCS FRCS
Consultant Otorhinolaryngologist–Head &
Valeria Mercadante BSc PhD Neck Surgeon
Postgraduate Researcher in Oral Medicine Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals
UCL Eastman Dental Institute London, UK.
London, UK.
Enyinnaya Ofo FRCS(ORL–HNS) PhD
Pablo H Montero MD Consultant Otorhinolaryngologist–Head and
Head and Neck Fellow Neck Surgeon
Head and Neck Service St George’s University and Kingston Hospitals NHS
Department of Surgery Foundation Trusts; and
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Honorary Senior Lecturer
New York, USA. St George’s University of London Medical School
London, UK.
James W Moor FRCS(ORL–HNS)
Consultant ENT / Head and Neck Surgeon James O’Hara FRCS(ORL–HNS)
Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Consultant Otorhinolaryngologist–Head and
Honorary Senior Lecturer Neck Surgeon
University of Leeds The Freeman Hospital
Leeds, UK. Newcastle-upon-Tyne; and
Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer
Ram Moorthy FRCS(ORL–HNS) Newcastle University
Consultant ENT / Head & Neck Surgeon Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
Wexham Park Hospital
Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust John O’Reilly MA MB FRCP
Slough, UK. Consultant Physician
Liverpool Sleep and Ventilation Centre
Liverpool, UK.

Contributors xv
Prathamesh S Pai MS(ENT) DNB, DORL MNAMS Stephen R Porter MD PhD FDS RCS FDS RCSE
Professor and Consultant Surgeon Institute Director and Professor of Oral Medicine
Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology UCL Eastman Dental Institute
Tata Memorial Centre London, UK.
Mumbai, India. Jason Powell MClinRes PhD MRCS
NIHR Clinical Lecturer
Vinidh Paleri MBBS MS(ENT) FRCS(Glas) FRCS(Eng) Newcastle University
FRCS(ORL–HNS) Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Speciality
Consultant Head & Neck and Thyroid Surgeon Registrar
The Royal Marsden Hospital, London; and Health Education North East
Professor of Robotic and Endoscopic Head and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
Neck Surgery
The Institute of Cancer Research, London; and Kumar Prabhash MD
Visiting Professor Professor and Consultant Medical Oncologist
Northern Institute for Cancer Research Department of Medical Oncology
Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. Tata Memorial Centre
Nachi Palaniappan MD MRCP FRCR Mumbai, India.
Consultant Clinical Oncologist
Velindre Cancer Centre Paul Pracy FRCS(ORL–HNS)
Cardiff, UK. Consultant Otorhinolaryngologist–Head and
Neck Surgeon
Carsten E Palme MBBS FRACS University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
Department of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery Queen Elizabeth Hospital
Westmead Hospital Birmingham, UK.
University of Sydney, Australia.
Mark Puvanendran FRCS(ORL-HNS)
Nimesh N Patel FRCS(ORL) MSc(Newc) MSc(Oxf) Consultant Otorhinolaryngologist, Head, Neck and
DIU de Chirurgie Robotique Thyroid Surgeon
Consultant Otorhinolaryngologist/Head, Neck and Broomfield Hospital
Thyroid Surgeon Essex, UK.
University Hospital Southampton
Southampton, UK. Kristen B Pytynia MD MPH
Associate Professor Head and Neck Surgery
Snehal G Patel MD MD Anderson Cancer Center
Associate Attending Surgeon Houston, USA.
Head and Neck Service
Department of Surgery Ullas Raghavan FRCS(ORL–HNS)
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Consultant ENT and Facial Plastic Surgeon
New York, USA. Doncaster and Bassetlaw Teaching Hospitals
Doncaster, UK.
Joanne M Patterson FRCSLT
Macmillan Speech and Language Therapist Sajjad Rajpar MRCP
Sunderland Royal Hospital Consultant Dermatologist
Honorary Senior Lecturer University Hospital Birmingham
Newcastle University Birmingham, UK.
Marc Remacle MD PhD
Santdeep Paun FRCS(ORL-HNS) David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Consultant Facial Plastic Surgeon Department of Head & Neck Surgery
St Bartholomew’s Hospital & The Royal London Los Angeles, USA.
Hospitals
London, UK. Catherine Rennie FRCS(ORL-HNS)
Specialist Registrar
Susannah E Penney MBChB DOHNS FRCS(ORL-HNS) Otolaryngology Department
Consultant in Ear Nose and Throat Surgery Charing Cross Hospital
Manchester Royal Infirmary Manchester, UK. Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust
London, UK.

xvi Contributors
Gerhard Rettinger Prof Dr Dr h c Babak Sadoughi MD FACS

Head ENT University Department Assistant Professor
Ulm, Germany. ENT Otolaryngologist
Department of Otorhinolaryngology
Faruque Riffat BSc(Med) MBBS(Hons 1) MS(ORL) FACS Weill Medical College of Cornell University
FRACS(ORL-HNS) New York, USA.
Department of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery
Westmead Hospital Hesham Saleh FRCS(ORL–HNS)
University of Sydney, Australia. Consultant Rhinologist / Facial Plastic Surgeon and
Honorary Senior Lecturer
Max Robinson PhD FRCPath Otolaryngology Department
Senior Lecturer in Oral Pathology Charing Cross Hospital
Newcastle University Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. London, UK.
Andrew Robson FRCS(ORL) Guri S Sandhu MD FRCS(ORL-HNS) Hon FRAM

ENT Consultant Consultant Otorhinolaryngologist–Head and
Director of Education ENTUK Neck Surgeon
North Cumbria University Hospitals NHS Trust Imperial College London; and
Cumbria, UK. Honorary Senior Lecturer
University College Hospital
Justin WG Roe BA(Hons) PGDip MSc PhD Cert MRCSLT London, UK.
Joint Head-Department of Speech and Language Therapy
The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Mark Sayles MB BChir PhD
Clinical Service Lead - Speech and Language Therapy Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery
(Airways / ENT) Queen’s Medical Centre
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust; and Nottingham University Hospitals’ NHS Trust
Honorary Lecturer Nottingham, UK.
Department of Surgery and Cancer
Imperial College London Jatin Shah MD PhD
London, UK. Head and Neck Service
Department of Surgery
Simon Rogers BDS MBChB(Hons) FSD RCS(Eng) FRCS(Eng) Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre
FRCS(Max) MD New York, USA.
Professor and Consultant Maxillofacial Surgeon
Aintree University Hospital Andrew J Sidebottom BDS(Hons) FDSRCS MBChB(Hons)
Liverpool, UK. FRCS FRCS(OMFS)
Consultant Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon
Nicholas J Roland MD FRCS Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; and
Consultant Head and Neck Surgeon Honorary Assistant Professor (Clinical)
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Nottingham, UK.
Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Liverpool, UK. Ricard Simo FRCS(ORL–HNS)
Consultant Otorhinolaryngologist Head and Neck Surgeon
Julian M Rowe-Jones FRCS(ORL) Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust;
Consultant ENT / Facial Plastic Surgeon and
The Nose Clinic Honorary Senior Lecturer
Guildford, UK. Guy’s, King’s and St Thomas’ Medical and Dental School
London, UK.
John S Rubin MD FRCS FACS
Consultant ENT Surgeon T Singh MBChB BSc(Hons) MMedSci MS MD PhD FRCS
University College London Hospitals NHS Trust; and Eng(GEN Surg) FRCS(Eng) (OTO) FRCS(Eng) (ORL-HNS)
Visiting Honorary Professor MRCGP DFFP FHEA PGCert
University of London School of Health Sciences ENT Surgeon
Honorary Senior Lecturer, UCL Southampton General Hospital
London, UK. Southampton, UK.
Claudia Rudack MD PhD Sanjai Sood FRCS(ORL-HNS)

Chair and Professor Consultant Otorhinolaryngologist-Head &
ENT Department Neck Surgeon
University Hospital Bradford Teaching Hospitals
Münster, Germany. Bradford, UK.

Contributors xvii
Konrad S Staines BChD FDSRCS(Eng) MOMed RCS(Edin) Adrian T Warfield FRCPATH

Consultant & Senior Lecturer in Oral Medicine Consultant Histo-Cytopathologist, University Hospital
University Hospital Bristol NHS Foundation Trust Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust; and
Bristol Dental School Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer
Bristol, UK. University of Birmingham
Birmingham, UK.
Erich M Sturgis MD MPH FACS Head and Neck Surgery
Professor in Head and Neck Surgery Laura Warner FRCS(ORL-HNS)
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Training Interface Group Fellow, Head and Neck Surgery
Houston, Texas. Freeman Hospital
Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals
Lucian Sulica MD Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
Sean Parker Professor of Laryngology
Director, Sean Parker Institute for the Voice Aoife M I Waters MRCS DO-HNS
Department of Otolaryngology ENT Registrar
Weill Cornell Medical College Freeman Hospital
New York, USA. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
Steven Thomas PhD FRCS John C Watkinson MSc(Nuclear Medicine; London)

Professor / Consultant Maxillofacial Surgeon MS(London) FRCS(General Surgery) FRCS(ENT) DLO
University of Bristol One-Time Honorary Senior Lecturer and Consultant
University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust ENT/Head and Neck and Thyroid Surgeon, Queen
Bristol, UK. Elizabeth Hospital
University of Birmingham NHS Trust and latterly the
Chafeek Tomeh MD MPH Royal Marsden and Brompton Hospitals, London, UK
Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Specialist Currently Consultant Head and Neck and Thyroid
Head and Neck Surgical Oncology Surgeon, University Hospital, Coventry and Warwick
Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center NHS Trust; and
Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Honorary Consultant ENT/Head and Neck and Thyroid
Surgeon, Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH)
Dean M Toriumi MD Honorary Senior Anatomy Demonstrator, University
Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery College London (UCL)
University of Illinois Business Director, Endocrine MDT, The BUPA Cromwell
Chicago, Illinois, USA. Hospital, London, UK.
Maria Teresa Guerrero Urbano PhD FRCR MRCPI LMS Mark G Watson FRCS
Consultant Clinical Oncologist and Honorary Consultant ENT / Head and Neck Surgeon
Senior Lecturer Doncaster Royal Infirmary
Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Doncaster; and
and King’s College London President-Elect
London, UK. British Laryngological Association
London, UK.
Vincent Vander Poorten MD PhD MSc
Associate Professor of Otorhinolaryngology Simon Watts FRCS
Head and Neck Surgery and Epidemiology Consultant ENT and Facial Plastic Surgeon
Section Head of Head and Neck Oncology Department Royal Sussex County Hospital NHS Trust
of Oncology Brighton, UK.
KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Nicholas White BSc(Hons) MD MPH(HTA) FRCS(Plast) FFFMLM
Nikolina Vlatković BSc PhD Consultant Plastic and Craniofacial Surgeon
Senior Lecturer Birmingham Children’s Hospital and Queen Elizabeth
Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine Hospital
University of Liverpool Birmingham, UK; and
Liverpool, UK. National Clinical Lead
Medical Directorate
Shajahan Wahed FRCS MD NHS Improvement
Consultant Oesophagogastric Surgeon London, UK.
Northern Oesophagogastric Unit
Royal Victoria Infirmary; and
Associate Lecturer
Northern Institute for Cancer Research
Newcastle University

xviii Contributors
Richard Wight FRCS(ORL) Steve Worrollo FIMPT

Consultant Otorhinolaryngologist–Head and Consultant Maxillofacial Prosthetist
Neck Surgeon Department of Maxillofacial Surgery
James Cook University Hospital University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
South Tees Hospitals NHSFT Birmingham, UK.
Middlesbrough, UK.
Volkert Wreesmann MD PhD
Stuart Winter MD FRCS(ORL-HNS) Head and Neck Service
Consultant Otorhinolaryngologist–Head and Department of Surgery
Neck Surgeon Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre
Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust New York, USA.
Honorary Senior Lecturer, University of Oxford
Oxford, UK. Ivan Zammit-Maempel MBChB(Hons) MRCP FRCR
Consultant Radiologist
Julia A Woolgar BDS FRCPath FDS RCS(Eng) PhD Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Emeritus Senior Lecturer in Oral Pathology Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
University of Liverpool
Liverpool, UK.

Foreword
The eighth edition of Scott-Brown signals the beginning of never have imagined. It lays the groundwork for the
a new and exciting era for ear, nose and throat surgeons, current generation to make their contribution that
and also the end of 10 years of very hard work undertaken will, no doubt, be prompted by technological develop-
by John Watkinson and Ray Clarke, the Editors-in-Chief, ments, an evidence base of what is wise and what is not,
their team of subeditors and, not least, the publishers. together with the experience gained by teamwork with
Whatever subspeciality the current generation of trainees other clinicians in today’s multidisciplinary approach
decides to follow, they will all have to read and refer to to patient care.
Scott-Brown in order to complete their education and gain Simply looking at the table of contents it is clear to see
accreditation. It will be a constant companion and guide that our role in endocrine surgery has increased dramati-
throughout their professional lives. cally over the last 10 years. The thyroid and parathyroids
When asked to write the foreword for this edition, I was now account for 30 chapters. How would Scott-Brown
immediately reminded that I had read John Ballantyne have viewed that when the tonsils and adenoids justify just
and John Groves’s third edition as a trainee, bought the one chapter each, and the sore throat has a mere passing
fourth edition as a senior registrar, written chapters for reference? Times have certainly changed and ENT surgery
Alan Kerr and Philip Stell in the fifth edition, edited the has grown up. We have reflected on our past practices,
Basic science volume of the fifth edition and was ultimately and the evidence base for our management protocols that
Editor-in-Chief of the seventh edition. As each edition takes was emphasized in the previous edition of Scott-Brown
about 10 years to produce, that makes me very old indeed. has been taken to heart.
John and Ray have one final task as Editors-in-Chief: to I hope that this edition will find its way into every medi-
recommend their successors to the publishers. That was cal library in the world and onto every ENT surgeon’s
made easy for me as both of them had proved themselves bookshelf. It will serve and guide surgeons throughout the
more than capable with the previous edition, and the English-speaking world, whether they live in high- or low-
eighth edition is now their masterpiece. They can enjoy the income countries. It is said that the tragedy of getting old
next 10 years as thousands of surgeons worldwide recog- is that we feel young. Reading these volumes makes me
nize and thank them for their industry. wish that I had my time all over again.
This edition reflects the continued expansion of our
speciality into fields that Scott-Brown himself could Michael Gleeson
xix

Preface
When we were asked to head up the editorial team for time zones with a few keystrokes. The bulky packages con-
this, the eighth edition of Scott-Brown, we were mindful taining grainy photographic prints and the reams of paper
of Michael Gleeson’s towering achievement in bringing the with closely-typed and heavily scored text that accumu-
seventh edition to fruition. Michael delivered a much-loved lated on authors’ and editors’ desks are a distant memory.
text – conceived in the early post-war years when antimi- References, guidelines and systematic reviews are all avail-
crobials, the operating microscope and the National Health able online; the editorial ‘red pen’ has been replaced by a
Service were all in their infancy – in an entirely new format cursor on the screen. This ‘new age’ has enabled us to look
that befitted modern surgical scholarship. Authors, editors ever further for expertise. We are proud to have enlisted the
and readers alike had become acutely conscious of the need support of authors from more than 20 countries for this
to quote high-quality evidence to guide clinical decisions; edition. Scott-Brown always enjoyed particular affection
the concept of grading clinical recommendations – and, by and respect in Asia, Australia, Africa and the Middle East.
implication, acknowledging gaps in the evidence base of our It has been a joy to welcome authors in increasing numbers
practice – was born. Recognizing the enormity of Michael’s from many of these parts of the world. We are now a truly
contribution led us into the trap that has befallen every editor global specialty and the eighth edition fully reflects this.
who has come before us; we grossly underestimated the task What has not changed is the huge time commitment authors
ahead. We had misjudged the pace of change. What began and editors need to make. That time now has to be fitted into
as an ‘update’ of some outdated chapters became a com- an increasingly pressurized work environment. Revalidation,
plete rewrite to reflect the advances that marked the decade mandatory training, more intense regulatory scrutiny, expand-
between editions, but we were determined to keep the text ing administrative burdens and ever-expanding clinical com-
to a manageable size. In the end, we have 330 chapters, but mitments leave little time for scholarship. Our section editors
with a slightly smaller page count than the seventh edition. are all busy clinicians. They have generously given their time,
The basic science knowledge that underpins our clinical first instructing authors, cajoling them and then editing their
practice is no longer focused just on anatomy and physiol- chapters, virtually all of which have been completely rewritten
ogy; genetics, molecular biology, new techniques for auditory since the last edition. Each author was chosen because of his or
implantation, information technology, new medical therapies her specific clinical and scientific expertise and none has disap-
for many old disorders together with seismic changes in endo- pointed. Authors and section editors receive no reward other
scopic technology and in medical imaging have transformed than the satisfaction of knowing that they have made a contri-
our specialty. Today’s head and neck surgery would have bution to teaching and learning in a specialty that has given us
been unrecognizable to the early authors and editors. Surgical all so much professional satisfaction. We are profoundly grate-
oncologists have recourse to completely different treatment ful to them and hope that their endeavours spur the next gen-
strategies than did their predecessors and now work as part eration of otolaryngologists to carry on this noble tradition.
of multidisciplinary teams. They deal with different disease Scott-Brown simply wouldn’t happen without this generous
patterns and vastly changed patient expectations. Thyroid and dedicated commitment, unstintingly and graciously given.
and parathyroid surgery has become almost exclusively the It is impossible to produce a book like Scott-Brown with-
domain of the otolaryngologist. Surgery of the pituitary fossa out the contribution of many individuals working behind
has come within our ambit, as has plastic and reconstructive the scenes. We would like to express our gratitude to our
surgery of the head and neck as well as aesthetic facial surgery. Publishers, Taylor and Francis, and to the staff who have
Neurotology, audio-vestibular medicine, rhinology and paedi- worked on this project from its early days in 2011 to publica-
atric otolaryngology are accepted subspecialties, each with its tion in 2018. In particular we would like to mention Cheryl
own corpus of knowledge and skills and each warranting a size- Brandt who with good humour and patience helped to reel in
able section of this text. Contemporary otolaryngology is now many of the 330 chapters. Miranda Bromage joined the team
a collection of subspecialty interests linked by common ‘stem’ in 2016 and her publishing experience and enthusiasm for
training and a shared passion for looking after patients with medical education have helped guide this new edition through
disorders of the upper respiratory tract and the head and neck. its final phases to publication. Finally, we are indebted to
There is a view that a single text – even a multivolume Nora Naughton who has dedicated so much more than just
tome of this size – cannot cover the entire knowledge base her extensive publishing skills to this project. Nora’s meticu-
of modern clinical practice. The subspecialist will, of course, lous attention to detail, combined with her warmth and wis-
need recourse to supplementary reading. The pace of change dom have encouraged us all at the end of this endeavour.
shows no sign of slowing down, but there is still a need for a We are truly ‘passing on the torch’ of a huge amount of
comprehensive working text embracing the whole spectrum accumulated knowledge and wisdom; it is this that gives
of our workload. That was the task we set our authors and us, the Editors-in-Chief, the greatest pleasure.
section editors; we think they have done our specialty proud. Read on and enjoy, our thoughts are yours.
In the new ‘digital’ editorial world authors create manu-
scripts on personal computers. They transmit chapters, RWC
figures, amendments and revisions across continents and JCW
xxi

I wish to acknowledge the love, happiness and inspiration that have been passed on to me by both my
parents and grandparents. I recognise and value the friendship of my dear friend Ray Clarke who has
been with me all the way on this rewarding and worthwhile endeavour. I would specifically like to thank
Esme, Helen and William, without whom none of this would have been achievable. Their love and support
has helped guide me through the years leading up to the publication of this tome, and my final thanks go to
Angela Roberts and Sally Holden for their typing and editing skills.
JCW 2018
Thanks to my wife Mary for her patience and support. My parents, Emmet and Doreen Clarke, both sadly
died during the preparation of this book. They would have been proud to have played a part in such a
scholarly enterprise.
RWC 2018
Black Hut on the River Test – Pastel by W G Scott-Brown – circa 1970. Reproduced by kind permission of Mr Neil Weir,
who was presented with the original by the artist.

A Tribute to Bill Scott-Brown
They were made available to young physicians to help them
travel to overseas centres specifically to study tuberculosis,
then rampant and one of the commonest causes of death in
young adults. The young Scott-Brown visited the leading
pioneers of the day in Berlin, Vienna, Budapest, Stockholm,
Copenhagen, Madrid and Venice. Here he developed his
considerable endoscopy skills. He reported that his first
bronchoscopies were done on a Venetian street entertainer
who, for a few coins, would inhale sundry objects that the
doctors would then dexterously retrieve from his main stem
and segmental bronchi – without of course any anaesthesia!
Times were lean on Scott-Brown’s return. Margaret
(‘Peggy’) was now a popular and well-established GP
who supported him as his private practice developed.
Eventually he secured appointments at East Grinstead, the
Royal National and Royal Free Hospitals. He had a thriv-
ing Harley Street practice and was the favoured otolaryn-
gologist of the aristocracy. His reputation was such that he
become laryngologist to the Royal family, was appointed
Commander of the Victorian Order and was a particu-
lar favourite of the then Princess Royal, HRH Mary the
Countess of Harewood.
Walter Graham (‘Bill’) Scott Brown. 1897–1987 By 1938 he was wealthy enough to purchase a farm
in Buckinghamshire where he bred prize-winning short-
Walter Graham (‘Bill’) Scott-Brown was twenty-three when horn cattle. Ironmongery and blacksmith work were hard
he arrived at Corpus Christi College Cambridge in 1919. to come by during the war years, so Scott-Brown prided
One of the generation of young men whose entry to univer- himself on his ability to make his own agricultural imple-
sity and the professions was delayed by their participation ments, cartwheels and farm wagons in a makeshift forge
in the First World War, he had joined the Gunners in 1915 he himself established on the farm. He would while away
as an 18-year-old. He considered himself blessed to have endless hours here at weekends following a busy week in
survived – although wounded – when so many of his con- London. An accomplished fly fisherman, he was part of
temporaries never returned from the Front. In those early the exclusive Houghton Club whose members fished the
post-WW1 years the medical school at St Bartholomew’s River Test in Hampshire, where he numbered aristocrats
(‘Barts’) in London was keen to attract ‘gentlemen’. To this including the Prince of Wales among his circle.
end a series of scholarships – ‘Shuter’s scholarships’ – was Scott-Brown’s celebrated textbook came about in the
established to lure those with humanities degrees from early 1950s, when he became ill with jaundice and heart
Oxford and Cambridge into medicine. It was via this scheme trouble. He was advised to rest, and took 6 months off
that the young Scott-Brown qualified MB, BCh in 1925. By work. Not satisfied with editing what has become the
now married to Margaret Bannerman, one of the very few standard UK textbook, he took up painting as well. He
women medical graduates of her generation, the two estab- became a celebrated artist whose work is still prized in
lished a general practice in Sevenoaks, Kent. His work here many private collections. One of his pastels is reproduced
involved looking after children with poliomyelitis, which on the preceding page.
was then commonplace, and his MD thesis was on polio- Bill Scott-Brown lived to be 90. He died in July 1987,
related bulbar palsy. It earned him the Copeman Medal for six weeks after his beloved Peggy and just as the fifth edi-
research from the University of Cambridge. While work- tion of the celebrated textbook that still bears his name
ing in general practice, Bill pursued his interest in the then was going to press. His legacy lives on in the pages of this
fledgling specialty of otolaryngology, securing fellowships book, and we are proud to continue the tradition of schol-
from London and Edinburgh. Postgraduate training was arship and learning which he established all those years
haphazard; there were no structured programmes or even ago.
junior posts, so the young Scott-Brown was fortunate to We would like to thank Martin Scott-Brown for his
be awarded a Dorothy Temple Cross Travelling Fellowship. help in compiling the biography above.
Mrs Florence Temple Cross had set up these awards (now
administered by the Medical Research Council) in mem- John C. Watkinson and Raymond W. Clarke
ory of her daughter, who died in 1927 aged thirty-two. London, 2018
xxiii

Acknowledgements
We acknowledge our debt of gratitude to the many authors who have contributed to previous editions of Scott-Brown’s
Otorhinolaryngology, and in particular to authors from the seventh edition, published in 2008. We are also grateful to
Neil Bateman who helped with the initial planning of the Paediatrics section.
Chapter 7, Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus malignancy, Chapter 58, Anatomy of the larynx and tracheobronchial
contains some material from ‘Nasal cavity and paranasal tree, contains some material from ‘Anatomy of the larynx
sinus malignancy’ by Brent A McMonagle and Michael and tracheobronchial tree’ by Nigel Beasley. The material
Gleeson. The material has been revised and updated by has been revised and updated by the current authors.
the current authors.
Chapter 61, Assessment and examination of the larynx,
Chapter 42, Benign oral and dental disease, contains some contains some material from ‘Assessment and examina-
material from ‘Benign oral and dental disease’ by Crispian tion of the upper respiratory tract’ by Jean-Pierre Jeannon
Scully and Jose-V Sebastian Bagan. The material has been and Marcelle Macnamara. The material has been revised
revised and updated by the current authors. and updated by the current authors.
Chapter 48, Physiology of swallowing, contains some Chapter 63, Structural disorders of the vocal chords, con-
material from ‘Physiology of swallowing’ by Paula Leslie tains some material from ‘Disorders of the voice’ Julian
and Stephen McHanwell. The material has been revised McGlashan. The material has been revised and updated
and updated by the current authors. by the current authors.
Chapter 50, Functional investigations of the upper gastro- Chapter 67, Phonosurgery, contains some material from
intestinal tract, contains some material from ‘Functional ‘Phonosurgery’ Meredydd Harries. The material has been
investigations of the upper gastrointestinal tract’ by Lisa revised and updated by the current authors.
J Hirst. The material has been revised and updated by the
current authors.
xxiv

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TAMALES
Tamales are a mixture of meat or fowl made hot with chiles and
wrapped in corn-husks. In preparing the dough or nixtamal, unless
scalded meal is used for a substitute, it is necessary to prepare the
shelled corn with lime-water. The Mexicans grind the corn prepared
in this way, on the metate, and instead of a mortar use the molcajete
and lejolote.
To prepare the corn, cover it with water, add the lime-water and
boil until the husks slip off easily between the fingers, then wash in
cold water until perfectly white. The lime-water is made by adding an
ounce of common lime to a quart of water; stir well and let settle;
when clear, drain off the water for use. One quart of lime-water
prepared in this way will do for a pound of corn. For the wrapping,
cut off the inside leaves of the corn-husks about an inch from the
stalk end and boil in clear water until perfectly clean. Tear a few in
narrow strips to use for tying the ends; dry the rest and rub them
over with a cloth dipped in hot lard.
FARSANTA
Use equal quantities of cold boiled chicken and veal, and half as
much ham, all chopped. Mix together and moisten with good gravy.
Season with salt, cayenne and a little chopped parsley. Make a
dough by pouring a cupful of boiling water on a quart of fine, fresh
corn-meal; work in a big lump of butter and add water until like
biscuit dough. Have ready, as directed, a pile of the soft inner leaves
or husks of green corn. Take a lump of dough about the size of an
egg; pat it out flat, put a tablespoonful of the meat on it and roll for
the inner husk. Then put on the outer husks with a thin piece of
dough in each. Tie the ends and boil in water containing a few red
peppers and a clove of garlic.
GENUINO
Boil three quarts of whole corn in ash lye until the hulls come off;
soak in clear water until the lye is all out, then grind. Remove the
seeds and veins from six chile peppers, boil soft and then put
through a colander to separate from the skin. Boil a chicken tender
and set aside half of the well-seasoned broth; the rest, with the
chicken, thicken with part of the ground corn and add the pepper-
pulp and three tablespoonfuls of fine marjoram. For the batter, take
the remainder of the broth and ground corn and mix into it a
tablespoonful of olive-oil; season with salt and make the dough just
thick enough to spread. These proportions will make fifteen tamales.
HACIENDA
Grind two quarts of hulled corn through a meat-chopper and mix to
a paste with two tablespoonfuls of melted butter, salt and cayenne.
Divide a large, fat chicken and stew until tender, in water containing
a clove of garlic and a pinch, each, of salt, comino seed and
marjoram. Scald two dozen dry chiles, remove the seeds and veins,
scrape the pulp from the skin, add this to the chicken-stew and
thicken slightly with flour. Shape the corn-husks with scissors and
soak in warm water for an hour. Remove, dry and rub each one with
hot fat. Fill one with the chicken-stew, spread four others with the
corn-paste; fold over the one containing the chicken and roll the
others around. Tie the ends with a strip of the husk and steam for
two hours.
HOT TAMAL
For the dough, add to one pint of corn-meal, one tablespoonful,
each, of salt and lard, and enough boiling water to make a thick
dough. Prepare the corn-husks as directed. For the filling boil one
pound of beef and pour over it hot beef fat; cut into small bits and
season with salt and chile sauce. Put a layer of the dough in the
husk, over this a tablespoonful of the prepared meat; roll like a
cigarette, with a layer of dough between each husk. Tie each end
and steam two hours.
LAREDO’S CELÉBERRIMO
Boil a pound of pork until two-thirds cooked; then grind it rather
fine. Add a small amount of garlic, also a small quantity of seeded
raisins and prepared almonds. Soak two and a half ounces of chiles
in hot water; take out the seeds and veins, wash them well and grind
fine, adding enough of the stock in which the meat was boiled to
make a sauce, and strain. For the dough use the ground corn
prepared with lime-water; add six ounces of fresh lard to the pound,
salt to taste and moisten with the meat stock. Have the husks
prepared, spread each with a thin layer of dough, and for the center
one, a tablespoonful of the pork and a tablespoonful of the chile
sauce. Roll carefully, tie the ends and steam over the liquid in which
the meat was boiled.
MESA REDONDA
Cover a four-pound chicken with hot water and add four onions, a
clove of garlic chopped fine, a stick of cinnamon, ten whole allspice,
ten cloves, three red chile peppers and a teaspoonful of salt. Simmer
until the chicken is tender, then remove and cut into small pieces.
Strain the liquor, put the chicken meat into it, add enough yellow
corn-meal to make a thick mush and boil ten minutes. Have ready
the green corn cut from a dozen ears and two pounds of raisins,
seeded, and mix these into the mush, with a half-teaspoonful of
cayenne. Fill the center husk with a piece of the chicken and some of
the mush, roll the others around, each spread with a tablespoonful of
the mush. Tie at each end and boil an hour.
VIAJERO
Scald a quart of good Southern white corn-meal, making it moist,
but not soft. Have a chicken boiled until tender and separated into
parts; season the broth with the pulp of two dozen chile peppers, a
quart of whole olives, two pounds of raisins, a cupful of sweet lard,
salt and a suspicion of garlic; add enough corn-meal to thicken like
gravy. Lay one of the prepared husks flat, put a piece of chicken on it
and two tablespoonfuls of the thickened gravy; fold the husk over
with the chicken inside, and roll around this six more husks,
spreading each with two tablespoonfuls of the scalded meal. Tie
each end securely with a narrow strip of the husk and steam three
hours or longer.
OLLA PODRIDA
AJOQUESO
Boil three Spanish peppers and pass the pulp through a sieve. Fry
a small onion and a clove of garlic, chopped fine, in hot olive-oil; add
the pepper-pulp, a small piece of butter, salt, a dash of tabasco and
a cupful of grated cheese. Stir, as it heats, and add thin cream until it
will pour nicely. Serve immediately on hot toasted biscuits.
ALMIBAR
Put two cupfuls of brown sugar in a saucepan, add a half-cupful of
milk, and boil gently until a little put in cold water can be rolled into a
ball between the fingers. Stir steadily while boiling; add a lump of
butter the size of an egg; when this is melted remove from the fire
and beat until the mixture begins to look creamy and slightly
granulated. Stir in quickly a pound of English walnuts shelled and
broken, beat for a moment and then turn into buttered tins to harden.
AZUCARILLO
Cream a quarter of a cupful of butter with a half-cupful of
powdered sugar; add gradually a quarter of a cupful of milk and
seven-eighths of a cupful of flour. Flavor with vanilla and spread very
thin, with a broad knife, on a buttered inverted dripping-pan; sprinkle
with blanched and chopped almonds, crease in three-inch squares,
and bake until delicately browned. While warm cut the squares apart
and roll slightly.
BLANQUILLOS
Chop two large onions fine and fry in hot olive-oil; add two large
peeled and sliced tomatoes and a teaspoonful of ground dry chile.
Cook twenty minutes and just before serving put in a half-dozen
hard-boiled eggs cut in quarters. Pour over toast.
CAFÉ CON LECHE

Set the drip coffee-pot where it will keep hot. Put a cupful of
ground coffee into the strainer and pour two tablespoonfuls of boiling
water in the top; in five minutes, pour in a little more water, adding a
little at a time until you have used four cupfuls, but never pour in
water a second time until the grounds have ceased to bubble. In
serving, fill the cup only half full of coffee and add the rest in boiling
milk. On top put a tablespoonful of hot cream.
CRIOLLO GUISADO
Get ten of the Mexican tortillas, cut them in small pieces and fry in
hot lard; in another pan, fry a large onion and a clove of garlic
chopped fine; just as it browns, add the fried tortillas, and brown
together for a few minutes; then add a pound and a half of mild
cheese, grated, and a cupful of chopped olives. When all are fried
together nicely, season with salt and pour over it a chile sauce, and
put in a deep dish and bake for fifteen minutes. Serve as soon as
taken from the oven.
EMPAREDADO
Beat into a cupful of cold mashed potatoes one of thick sour
cream or milk, and add two beaten eggs. Sift into a cupful of flour a
half-teaspoonful, each, of soda and salt, and beat this lightly into the
potatoes and milk. Drop the batter in big spoonfuls on a hot griddle
and bake on both sides. Put grated ham, chopped olives and a little
parsley on one cake, and place the other on top to form a sandwich.
Serve hot and pass with them chile sauce.
ENSALADA
Slice two Spanish onions in thin rings, cut two fresh chiles across
in rings, removing the seeds, and slice three ripe, firm tomatoes. Put
these in alternate layers in a shallow bowl, sprinkle parsley and
bread-crumbs over the top and cover with a dressing made of three
parts oil to one of vinegar, seasoned with salt. Serve ice cold.
LLENAR MEJICANO
Cut a pound of mild cheese into tiny bits. Prepare a cupful of
olives stoned and chopped fine, one large onion chopped fine, and
ten chile-prunes (that is, the dried shells of the chiles, without the
seeds), toasted and crushed fine. To these add a pinch of marjoram
crushed fine, a tablespoonful of olive-oil and a teaspoonful of cider-
vinegar. Mix all well together, let stand an hour and then put between
thin slices of bread and butter.
MEJICANO-AMERICANO
Cream a quarter of a pound of butter, adding by degrees the
beaten yolks of six eggs; beat together until thick and creamy, then
sift in ten ounces of flour, stirring all the time. Whisk up the whites of
the six eggs, and gently, but thoroughly, stir these in, adding
sufficient milk to make a medium thick batter; flavor with vanilla.
Bake in waffle-irons, well greased and hot. Butter each waffle as it
comes from the iron, and dust with fine sugar mixed with a little
powdered cinnamon.
MIGAS
Soak slices of stale bread and squeeze dry. Put plenty of fresh
lard in a frying-pan and when boiling hot put in an onion chopped
fine, some ground chile and a pinch of sweet marjoram. Lay the
slices of bread in this with plenty of fresh crumbled goats’ cheese,
and fry for ten minutes, stirring to cook on all sides. Remove to a hot
plate and cover with fresh grated cheese, stoned ripe olives and
hard-boiled eggs chopped fine.
MOLLETE
Beat together a cupful of cold boiled squash, one of milk, and two
eggs. Sift together a cupful of corn-meal, one of flour, a half-
teaspoonful of salt and two of baking-powder. Mix all together into a
smooth batter and bake on both sides in little cakes on a hot griddle.
Serve hot with sugar sprinkled on each.
PAN RELLENO
Chop onion very fine and mix with mild cheese cut in small pieces
in the proportion of one-third onion to two-thirds cheese; add a few
ripe olives stoned and cut in half, and a pinch of oregano. Mix this
together with a dressing made of oil and vinegar: two-thirds oil and
one-third vinegar. Cut off the top of a small loaf of French bread the
long way, dig out the center and fill with the cheese mixture. Put the
crust back on top and cover with the mixture and bake in a rather
quick oven.
POLENTA
Into three pints of boiling water put a teaspoonful of salt and a
tablespoonful of butter. When boiling, sift in slowly, stirring constantly,
about a pint of Indian meal and boil a half-hour. Have ready, hot, a
cupful of good gravy, and one of tomato sauce, made with chile. Put
a layer of the cooked Indian meal in the bottom of a baking-dish,
then the sauce and gravy, sprinkled with a little grated cheese. Fill
the dish with these alternate layers and bake for half an hour. Serve
hot with a little extra chile.
PUEBLECILLO
Sauter little half-inch squares of chicken or calves’ liver in olive-oil
over a brisk fire; when nicely browned, add some thick tomato sauce
and some leftover gravy. Into this cut up half-inch lengths of cooked
macaroni, mushrooms, and a few olives cut small. Season highly
and work in a big lump of butter. Serve on toasted squares.
TORTAS SERRANO
Beat six eggs together until light; add a half-cupful of flour and an
onion chopped fine. Stir in lightly one teaspoonful of baking-powder
and a pinch of salt. Cut a half-pound of mild cream cheese into thin
squares and add to the egg mixture. Have ready a kettle of hot lard.
Take up one piece of cheese at a time with as much of the egg
mixture as the spoon will hold, and drop into the fat and fry until
brown. Serve with hot chile sauce.
TORTILLA DE HUEVOS
Chop a small clove of garlic and fry in olive-oil; add a cupful of
mushrooms, cut small, and a half-cupful of stewed tomatoes.
Season with salt and pepper. Make a plain omelet and just before
folding it over, spread this on top. Serve immediately.
INDEX
SOUP
Almendra (Almond), 3
Caldo de Pescado (Fish), 3
Chile Bisque, 4
Cordero (Lamb), 4
Gitano (Beans and Codfish), 5
Mexican Noodle, 5
Rancheros (Vegetable), 5
FISH
Cangrejuelos (Shrimps), 9
Caracoles con Perejil (Snails), 9
Langosta à la Catalans (Lobster), 10
Pilchers (Sardines), 10
MEAT
Buey Ahumando y Huevos (Dried Beef and Eggs), 13
Chile con Carne (Pork), 13
Chonzo (Beef and Pork), 13
Chuletas de Ternero (Veal Cutlets), 14
Estofado (Beef), 14
Guiso (Beef), 15
Jamon con Pimientos (Ham), 15
Lengua de Buey Concida (Beef’s Tongue), 16
Loma de Vaca (Beef), 17
Patitas con Mani (Pigs’ Feet), 17
Puerco en Estofado (Pork), 18
Pulchero Grueso (Boiled Meat and Vegetables), 18
Tia Juana (Tripe), 19
Tripe Spanish, 19
FOWL
À la Moda (Chicken and Macaroni), 23
Chile Chicken, 23
Gallina con Garbanzos (Chicken and Peas), 23
Ganso en Aceitunas (Goose), 24
Mexican Turkey, 24
Mole de Guajolote (Turkey), 25
Pollo Guisado (Chicken), 26
Polluelo en Estofado (Chicken), 26
VEGETABLES
Arroz en el Horno (Rice), 29
Beans Mexican, 29
Chile Reinas (Peppers), 30
Cidracayote (Summer Squash), 30
Ejotes con Vino (String-Beans), 31
Estilo Seco (Beans), 31
Entradas (Macaroni), 32
Frijoles (Beans), 32
Frijoles con Queso (Beans with Cheese), 33
Fuente Italiano (Spaghetti), 33
Green Chiles, 33
Habas España (Beans), 34
Macarrones (Macaroni), 34
Mañana-land (Rice), 35
Papas Rellenas (Potatoes Stuffed), 35
Pimientos (Peppers), 36
Plato Fuerte (Peppers with Sardines), 36
Rellenos (Peppers), 36
Rellenos de Queso de Gruyère (Peppers and Swiss
Cheese), 37
Stuffed Chiles, 37
Suculento (Corn and Summer Squash), 38
MEAT DUMPLINGS
Albondigas, 41
Albondiguillas, 41
Artificial Turtle, 42
Buñelos, 42
Huevos de Carne, 42
DESSERTS
Camote y Piña (Candied Sweet Potatoes and Pineapple),
47
Dulce (Baked Raisins), 47
Mantecado (Ice-Cream), 47
Postre de Manzanas (Apples), 48
Realengo (Fruit Soufflé), 49
Torto Frutas (Pie), 49
ENCHILADAS
Sauces for Enchiladas

Chile, 55
Cold Colorado, 55
Mexican Chile, 56
Salsa Nuez (Nut), 56
Tomato, 57
Tortillas
Hecho en Casa, 58
Tortillas de Patátas, 58
Enchiladas
Americano, 59
Doméstico, 60
Mexican, 60
Nativo, 61
Quesadillas, 62
TAMALES
Farsanta, 67
Genuino, 67
Hacienda, 68
Hot Tamal, 69
Laredo’s Celéberrino, 69
Mesa Redonda, 70
Viajero, 71
OLLA PODRIDA
Ajoqueso (Cheese), 75
Almibar (Candy), 75
Azucarillo (Wafers) 76
Blanquillos (Eggs), 76
Café con Leche (Black Coffee with Milk), 76
Criollo Guisado (Tortillas Fried), 77
Emparedado (Hot Cakes), 77
Ensalada (Salad), 78
Llenar Mejicano (Filling for Sandwiches), 78
Mejicano-Americano (Waffles), 79
Migas (Fried Bread), 79
Mollete (Cakes), 80
Pan Relleno (Stuffed Bread), 80
Polenta (Baked Mush), 81
Pueblecillo (Liver and Macaroni), 81
Tortas Serrano (Cheese in Batter), 82
Tortilla de Huevos (Omelet), 82
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ONE
HUNDRED & ONE MEXICAN DISHES ***
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Plastic Surgery-Craniofacial, Head and Neck Surgery-

Scott Brown s otorhinolarnygology and head and neck

Head and Neck Surgery P. Ashley Wackym

Master Techniques in Otolaryngology Head and Neck

Head, Neck and Thyroid Surgery: An Introduction and

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© 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-09461-1 (Hardback; Volume 1)

Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Names: Watkinson, John C., editor. | Clarke, Ray (Raymond), editor.

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

and the CRC Press Web site at

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18: Metastatic neck disease ............................................ 305

1: History.............................................................................. 3 19: Principles and practice of radiotherapy in head

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93: Reconstructive microsurgery in head and

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Peter Conboy FRCS(ORL-HNS) Sebastian H Doeltgen PhD

Magnus T Dillon MBBS MRCP PhD John E Ellershaw MA FRCP

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Johannes J Fagan FCS(SA) MMed(Otol) Ralph W Gilbert MD FRCSC

Stefano Fedele DDS PhD David G Grant MB ChB

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Andrew Harris PhD FRCS(ORL-HNS) Christopher Jennings FRCS

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Catriona R Mayland MBChB MD FRCP Deepa Nair MS

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Gerhard Rettinger Prof Dr Dr h c Babak Sadoughi MD FACS

Andrew Robson FRCS(ORL) Guri S Sandhu MD FRCS(ORL-HNS) Hon FRAM

Claudia Rudack MD PhD Sanjai Sood FRCS(ORL-HNS)

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Konrad S Staines BChD FDSRCS(Eng) MOMed RCS(Edin) Adrian T Warfield FRCPATH

Steven Thomas PhD FRCS John C Watkinson MSc(Nuclear Medicine; London)

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Richard Wight FRCS(ORL) Steve Worrollo FIMPT

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