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Scott-Brown’s EIGHTH EDITION
Otorhinolaryngology
Head and Neck
Surgery
VOLUME 2
Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base
VOLUME 3
Head and Neck Surgery, Plastic Surgery
Otorhinolaryngology
Head and Neck
Surgery
VOLUME 3
Editors
John C Watkinson MSc (Nuclear Medicine; London) MS (London) FRCS (General Surgery) FRCS(ENT) DLO
One-Time Honorary Senior Lecturer and Consultant ENT/Head and Neck and Thyroid Surgeon, Queen Elizabeth Hospital
University of Birmingham NHS Trust and latterly the Royal Marsden and Brompton Hospitals, London, UK
Currently Consultant Head and Neck and Thyroid Surgeon, University Hospital, Coventry and Warwick NHS Trust; and
Honorary Consultant ENT/Head and Neck and Thyroid Surgeon, Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH)
Honorary Senior Anatomy Demonstrator, University College London (UCL)
Business Director, Endocrine MDT, The BUPA Cromwell Hospital, London, UK.
Raymond W Clarke BA BSc DCH FRCS FRCS(ORL)
Consultant Paediatric Otolaryngologist, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
Senior Lecturer and Associate Dean, University of Liverpool, UK.
Section Editors
Terry M Jones BSc FRCSEd FRCS(ORL-HNS) MD SFHEA FASE(RCS) FAcadTM
Professor of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
Honorary Consultant Otolaryngologist / Head and Neck Surgeon, Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
Vinidh Paleri MBBS MS(ENT) FRCS(Glas) FRCS(Eng) FRCS(ORL-HNS)
Consultant Head & Neck and Thyroid Surgeon, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
Professor of Robotic and Endoscopic Head and Neck Surgery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
Visiting Professor, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
Nicholas White BSc(Hons) MD MPH(HTA) FRCS(Plast) FFFMLM
Consultant Plastic and Craniofacial Surgeon, Birmingham Children’s Hospital and Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, UK
National Clinical Lead, Medical Directorate, NHS Improvement, London, UK.
Tim Woolford MD FRCS(ORL-HNS)
Consultant Ear, Nose & Throat Surgeon, Manchester Royal Infirmary, UK Honorary Clinical Professor, Edge Hill University, UK.
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all reasonable efforts have been made to publish
reliable data and information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that
may be made. The publishers wish to make clear that any views or opinions expressed in this book by individual editors, authors or contributors
are personal to them and do not necessarily reflect the views/opinions of the publishers. The information or guidance contained in this book
is intended for use by medical, scientific or healthcare professionals and is provided strictly as a supplement to the medical or other professional’s
own judgement, their knowledge of the patient’s medical history, relevant manufacturer’s instructions and the appropriate best practice guidelines.
Because of the rapid advances in medical science, any information or advice on dosages, procedures or diagnoses should be independently verified.
The reader is strongly urged to consult the relevant national drug formulary and the drug companies’ and device or material manufacturers’ printed
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14: Tumours of the larynx................................................. 237 31: Prosthetic management of surgically acquired oral
Vinidh Paleri, Stuart Winter, Hannah Fox and and facial defects ...................................................... 499
Nachi Palaniappan Chris Butterworth
v
32: Multidisciplinary team working .................................. 509 51: Pharyngitis ................................................................. 791
Andrew Davies, Nigel Beasley and David Hamilton Sharan Jayaram and Conor Marnane
33: Nutritional considerations .......................................... 517 52: Cricopharyngeal dysphagia ....................................... 811
Rachael Donnelly, Susannah E. Penney, Siân Lewis, Nimesh N. Patel and T. Singh
Lesley Freeman and Pippa Mather
53: Oesophageal diseases............................................... 829
34: Speech voice and swallow rehabilitation Shajahan Wahed and S. Michael Griffin
after chemoradiation .................................................. 531
Justin W.G. Roe and Katherine A. Hutcheson 54: Neurological disease of the pharynx ......................... 845
Kim Ah-See and Miles Bannister
35: Surgical anatomy of the neck .................................... 541
Laura Warner, Christopher Jennings and 55: Rehabilitation of swallowing disorders ..................... 851
John C. Watkinson Maggie-Lee Huckabee and Sebastian Doeltgen
36: Clinical examination of the neck ................................ 565 56: Chronic aspiration ..................................................... 859
James O’Hara Guri S. Sandhu and Khalid Ghufoor
37: Imaging of the neck ................................................... 569 57: Temporomandibular joint disorders .......................... 871
Ivan Zammit-Maempel Andrew J. Sidebottom
38: Neck trauma .............................................................. 597 58: Anatomy of the larynx and tracheobronchial tree ...... 883
Andrew J. Nicol and Johannes J. Fagan Nimesh N. Patel and Shane Lester
39: Benign neck disease .................................................. 607 59: Physiology of the larynx............................................. 897
Ricard Simo, Jean-Pierre Jeannon and Enyinnaya Ofo Lesley Mathieson and Paul Carding
40: Neck space infections................................................ 623 60: Voice and speech production .................................... 905
James W. Moor Paul Carding and Lesley Mathieson
41: Anatomy and embryology of the mouth 61: Assessment and examination of the larynx ............... 911
and dentition .............................................................. 633 Jean-Pierre Jeannon and Enyinnaya Ofo
Barry K.B. Berkovitz
62: Evaluation of the voice............................................... 925
Julian A. McGlashan
42: Benign oral and dental disease.................................. 657
Konrad S. Staines and Alexander Crighton
63: Structural disorders of the vocal cords...................... 943
Yakubu Gadzama Karagama and Julian A. McGlashan
43: Salivary gland anatomy .............................................. 677
Stuart Winter and Brian Fish
64: Functional disorders of the voice............................... 963
Paul Carding
44: Physiology of the salivary glands ............................... 683
Mriganke De and T. Singh 65: The professional voice ............................................... 969
Declan Costello and Meredydd Harries
45: Imaging of the salivary glands ................................... 691
Daren Gibson and Steve Colley 66: Speech and language therapy for voice disorders .... 973
Marianne E. Bos-Clark and Paul Carding
46: Non-neoplastic salivary gland diseases..................... 709
Stephen R. Porter, Stefano Fedele and 67: Phonosurgery............................................................. 981
Valeria Mercadante Abie Mendelsohn and Marc Remacle
47: Anatomy of the pharynx and oesophagus ................ 737 68: Movement disorders of the larynx ............................. 995
Joanna Matthan and Vinidh Paleri Declan Costello and John S. Rubin
48: Physiology of swallowing ........................................... 757 69: Acute infections of the larynx .................................. 1003
Joanne M. Patterson and Stephen McHanwell Sanjai Sood, Karan Kapoor and Richard Oakley
49: Causes and assessment of dysphagia 70: Chronic laryngitis ..................................................... 1011
and aspiration ............................................................ 769 Kenneth MacKenzie
Helen Cocks and Jemy Jose
71: Contemporary management of
50: Functional investigations of the upper laryngotracheal trauma ............................................ 1023
gastrointestinal tract .................................................. 781 Carsten E. Palme, Malcolm A. Buchanan, Shruti Jyothi,
Joanne M. Patterson and Jason Powell Faruque Riffat, Ralph W. Gilbert and Patrick Gullane
72: Upper airway obstruction and tracheostomy .......... 1037 85: Nasal reconstruction ................................................ 1177
Paul Pracy and Peter Conboy Ullas Raghavan
73: Physiology of sleep and sleep disorders ................ 1049 86: Pinnaplasty .............................................................. 1193
John O’Reilly Victoria Harries and Simon Watts
74: Obstructive sleep apnoea: Medical management ....... 1061 87: Blepharoplasty ......................................................... 1199
Dev Banerjee Brian Leatherbarrow
75: The surgical management of snoring and 88: Surgical rejuvenation of the ageing face .................. 1235
obstructive sleep apnoea......................................... 1071 Gregory S. Dibelius, John M. Hilinski and
Bhik Kotecha and Mohamed Reda Elbadawey Dean M. Toriumi
76: Laryngotracheal stenosis in adults .......................... 1081 89: Non-surgical rejuvenation of the ageing face .......... 1247
Guri S. Sandhu and Reza Nouraei Lydia Badia, Peter Andrews and Sajjad Rajpar
77: Reflux disease .......................................................... 1093 90: History of reconstructive surgery ............................. 1255
Mark G. Watson and Kim Ah-See Ralph W. Gilbert and John C. Watkinson
78: Paralysis of the larynx .............................................. 1101 91: Grafts and local flaps in head and neck cancer ...... 1261
Lucian Sulica and Babak Sadoughi Kenneth Kok and Nicholas White
79: Outpatient laryngeal procedures.............................. 1111 92: Pedicled flaps in head and neck reconstruction...... 1283
Matthew Stephen Broadhurst Ralph W. Gilbert and John C. Watkinson
Omar A Ahmed FRCSEd(Plast) Patrick J Bradley MB BCh BAO DCH MBA FRCS(ed, Eng Ir)
Consultant Plastic, Reconstructive, and Head & FHKCORL FRCSLT(Hon) FRACS
Neck Surgeon Honorary Professor
Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. Nottingham University Hospitals
Queens Medical Centre
Peter Andrews FRCS(ORL–HNS) Nottingham, UK.
Consultant ENT Surgeon
Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital Matthew Stephen Broadhurst BMBS FRACS
London, UK. (Otorhinolaryngology) Laryngeal Surgery (Harvard Medical School)
Director, Queensland Voice Centre
Miles Bannister BSc(Hons) MBChB(Hons) DOHNS Director, Queensland Centre for Otolaryngology
FRCS(ORL-HNS) Spring Hill, Queensland, Australia.
Specialist Registrar
Aberdeen Royal Infirmary Malcolm A Buchanan BSc(Hons) MBChB PhD FRCS
Aberdeen, UK. (ORL–HNS)
Department of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery
Lydia Badia FRCS(ORL–HNS) Westmead Hospital
Consultant ENT Surgeon University of Sydney, Australia.
Harley Street
London, UK. Chris Butterworth BDS(Hons) MPhil FDSRCS(Eng)
FDS(Rest Dent) RCS(Eng)
Dev Banerjee MBChB BSc(Hons) MD FRCP FRACP Consultant in Oral Rehabilitation
Consultant Sleep Physician Merseyside Head and Neck Cancer Centre
Woolcock Institute of Medical Research Honorary Senior Lecturer in Maxillofacial Prosthodontics
University of Sydney; and School of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine
Department of Thoracic and Sleep Medicine University of Liverpool, UK.
St Vincent’s Hospital
Sydney, Australia. Paul Carding FRCSLT2
Deputy Head of School and Professor of Speech Pathology
Nigel Beasley FRCS(ORL-HNS) MBBS BSc National Course Coordinator in Speech Pathology
Consultant ENT Surgeon (Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne)
Deputy Medical Director School of Allied Health l Faculty of Health Sciences
Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust Brisbane Campus, Australia.
Nottingham, UK.
Cher Bing Chuo MB BCh BAO MRSC MSc FRCS (Plast)
Barry KB Berkovitz BDS MSc PhD FDS(Eng) Consultant Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon
Emeritus Reader in Dental Anatomy Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, UK.
King’s College London, UK; and
Visiting Professor Peter Clarke BSc FRCS
Oman Dental College Consultant Head and Neck Surgeon
Muscat, Oman. The Royal Marsden Hospital and Imperial College
Healthcare Trust
Marianne E Bos-Clark MSc Honorary Senior Lecturer
Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust Imperial College
Exeter, UK. London, UK.
ix
Demetrius Evriviades FRCS(Plast) PGDip Daren Gibson MRCS DLO FRCR FRANCR
Consultant Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon Consultant Radiologist
University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust Fiona Stanley Hospital
Birmingham, UK. Perth, Western Australia.
Andrew Hartley MRCP FRCR Terry M Jones BSc FRCS(Ed) FRCS(ORL-HNS) MD SFHEA
Consultant Clinical Oncologist FASE(RCS) FAcadTM
Queen Elizabeth Hospital Professor of Head and Neck Surgery
Birmingham, UK. Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine,
University of Liverpool, UK; and
John M Hilinski MD Honorary Consultant Otolaryngologist / Head and
Consultant Facial Plastic Surgeon Neck Surgeon
San Diego, California, USA. Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Liverpool, UK.
Michael L Hinni MD
Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Jemy Jose MS FRCS(ORL-HNS)
Mayo Clinic Consultant Otolaryngologist Head and Neck Surgeon
Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust
Hull, UK.
Chris Holsinger MD
Professor and Chief of Head and Neck Surgery Shruti Jyothi BSc MBBS
Stanford University Medical Center Specialist Registrar Otolaryngology
Stanford, USA. Royal North Shore Hospital
St Leonards
Jarrod Homer BMedSci(Hons) BMBS FRCS FRCS(ORL-HNS) MD New South Wales, Australia.
Consultant Head and Neck Surgeon / Otolaryngologist
Manchester Head and Neck Centre Yakubu Gadzama Karagama DLO MSc Voice Research
Manchester Royal Infirmary FRCS (ORL & HN) PGCertMed
Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust Consultant ENT Surgeon & Laryngologist; and
Manchester, UK. Honorary Senior Lecturer
University of Manchester; and
Maggie-Lee Huckabee PhD Honorary Senior Lecturer
Professor, Department of Communication Disorders Edge Hill University; and
The University of Canterbury; and Honorary Fellow
Director, the Rose Centre for Stroke Recovery Royal Northern College of Music Manchester
and Research at St Georges Medical Centre Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery
Christchurch, New Zealand. Manchester University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
Manchester, UK.
Katherine A Hutcheson PhD
Associate Professor Karan Kapoor FRCS
Department of Head & Neck Surgery Head & Neck Fellow
Section of Speech Pathology and Audiology Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center London, UK.
Houston, Texas, USA.
Charles G Kelly MSc FRCP FRCR FBIR DMRT
Sharan Jayaram FRCS(ORL–HNS) MS DNB Consultant Clinical Oncologist
Consultant Otolaryngologist Head & Neck Surgeon Northern Centre for Cancer Care
North Manchester General Hospital Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust; and
Honorary Senior Lecturer Cyrus Kerawala FDSRCS FRCS
Edge Hill University Consultant Maxillofacial / Head and Neck Surgeon
Lancashire, UK. Head and Neck Unit
The Royal Marsden Hospital
Jean-Pierre Jeannon FRCS(ORL-HNS) London, UK.
Consultant Otolaryngologist Head & Neck Surgeon
Clinical Director of Surgical Oncology Murtaza A Khan MBBS MRCP(UK) MRCP Dermatology
Guy’s & St Thomas NHS Hospital; and Consultant Dermatologist
Associate Professor / Reader Mediclinic Al Noor Hospital
Guy’s, King’s and St Thomas’ Medical and Dental School Abu Dhabi, UAE.
London, UK.
Raymond King-Yin Tsang MBChC FRCSEd FHKCORL FHKAM Brian Leatherbarrow FRCS FRCOphth
Clinical Assistant Professor Consultant Ophthalmic, Oculoplastic & Orbital Surgeon
Division of Otorhinolaryngology and Division of Head Manchester; and
and Neck Surgery Honorary Consultant
Department of Surgery Manchester Royal Eye Hospital
The University of Hong Kong; and Manchester, UK.
Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
Chief of ENT Shane Lester FRCS(ORL-HNS) Dip Med Ed
University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Consultant ENT Head and Neck Surgeon
People’s Republic of China. Department of Otolaryngology
James Cook University Hospital
Kenneth Kok MBChB MRCS MSc(Hons) FRCS(Plast) Middlesbrough, UK.
Consultant Plastic & Reconstructive Surgeon
Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre University Hospital Siân Lewis MSc RD
Birmingham NHS Trust Dietetic Operational Lead
Birmingham, UK. Cwm Taf University Health Board
Royal Glamorgan Hospital
Stephanie L Koonce MD Llantrisant, Wales.
Department of General Surgery
Mayo Clinic Kenneth MacKenzie MBChB FRCS(Ed)
Jacksonville, Florida, USA. Consultant Otolaryngologist Head and Neck Surgeon
Glasgow Royal Infirmary; and
Hitesh Koria BSc(Hons) PDip(Maxfac) PDip(Ortho) MIMPT Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer
Principal Maxillofacial Prosthetist University of Glasgow; and
Department of Maxillofacial Surgery Visiting Professor
University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust University of Strathclyde
Birmingham, UK. Glasgow, UK.
Bhik Kotecha MBBCh MPhil FRCS(Eng) FRCS(Ed) Conor Marnane BSc(Hons) MB BCh PG Cert Med Ed
FRCS(ORL-HNS) DLO FRCS(Eng) FRCS(Ed) FRCS ORL
Honorary Clinical Professor Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; and Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board
Consultant ENT Surgeon Port Talbot, Wales.
Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital
Queens Hospital Agustin Martin-Clavijo PhD MRCP
Romford, UK. Consultant Dermatologist
Queen Elizabeth Hospital
Suren Krishnan OAM FRACS Birmingham, UK.
Chairman
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Tim J Martin MBChB BDS MSc FRSRCS FRCS FRCS(OMFS)
Neck Surgery Consultant Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon
Royal Adelaide Hospital; and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Honorary Professor University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
Deakin University; and Birmingham, UK.
Clinical Associate Professor University of Adelaide,
Adelaide, South Australia. Pippa Mather BSc RD
Principal Head and Neck Oncology Dietitian
Dora Lai-Wan Kwong MBBS MD FRCR FHKCR FHKAM Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust
Professor and Head of Department London, UK.
Department of Clinical Oncology
The University of Hong Kong Lesley Mathieson FRCSLT
Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong. Honorary Research Adviser
Speech and Language Therapy Department
Sarbani Ghosh Laskar MD(Radiation Oncology) Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital
Professor and Consultant Radiation Oncologist London, UK.
Department of Radiation Oncology
Tata Memorial Hospital Joanna Matthan MA(Eng) MBBS PGDipClinEd FHEA
Homi Bhabha National Institute Lecturer in Anatomy
Mumbai, India. Newcastle University
Faculty of Medical Sciences
School of Medical Education
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
Prathamesh S Pai MS(ENT) DNB, DORL MNAMS Stephen R Porter MD PhD FDS RCS FDS RCSE
Professor and Consultant Surgeon Institute Director and Professor of Oral Medicine
Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology UCL Eastman Dental Institute
Tata Memorial Centre London, UK.
Homi Bhabha National Institute
Mumbai, India. Jason Powell MClinRes PhD MRCS
NIHR Clinical Lecturer
Vinidh Paleri MBBS MS(ENT) FRCS(Glas) FRCS(Eng) Newcastle University
FRCS(ORL–HNS) Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Speciality
Consultant Head & Neck and Thyroid Surgeon Registrar
The Royal Marsden Hospital, London; and Health Education North East
Professor of Robotic and Endoscopic Head and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
Neck Surgery
The Institute of Cancer Research, London; and Kumar Prabhash MD
Visiting Professor Professor and Consultant Medical Oncologist
Northern Institute for Cancer Research Department of Medical Oncology
Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. Tata Memorial Centre
Homi Bhabha National Institute
Nachi Palaniappan MD MRCP FRCR Mumbai, India.
Consultant Clinical Oncologist
Velindre Cancer Centre Paul Pracy FRCS(ORL–HNS)
Cardiff, UK. Consultant Otorhinolaryngologist–Head and
Neck Surgeon
Carsten E Palme MBBS FRACS University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
Department of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery Queen Elizabeth Hospital
Westmead Hospital Birmingham, UK.
University of Sydney, Australia.
Mark Puvanendran FRCS(ORL-HNS)
Nimesh N Patel FRCS(ORL) MSc(Newc) MSc(Oxf) Consultant Otorhinolaryngologist, Head, Neck and
DIU de Chirurgie Robotique Thyroid Surgeon
Consultant Otorhinolaryngologist/Head, Neck and Broomfield Hospital
Thyroid Surgeon Essex, UK.
University Hospital Southampton
Southampton, UK. Kristen B Pytynia MD MPH
Associate Professor Head and Neck Surgery
Snehal G Patel MD MD Anderson Cancer Center
Associate Attending Surgeon Houston, USA.
Head and Neck Service
Department of Surgery Ullas Raghavan FRCS(ORL–HNS)
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Consultant ENT and Facial Plastic Surgeon
New York, USA. Doncaster and Bassetlaw Teaching Hospitals
Doncaster, UK.
Joanne M Patterson FRCSLT
Macmillan Speech and Language Therapist Sajjad Rajpar MRCP
Sunderland Royal Hospital Consultant Dermatologist
Honorary Senior Lecturer University Hospital Birmingham
Newcastle University Birmingham, UK.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
Marc Remacle MD PhD
Santdeep Paun FRCS(ORL-HNS) David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Consultant Facial Plastic Surgeon Department of Head & Neck Surgery
St Bartholomew’s Hospital & The Royal London Los Angeles, USA.
Hospitals
London, UK. Catherine Rennie FRCS(ORL-HNS)
Specialist Registrar
Susannah E Penney MBChB DOHNS FRCS(ORL-HNS) Otolaryngology Department
Consultant in Ear Nose and Throat Surgery Charing Cross Hospital
Manchester Royal Infirmary Manchester, UK. Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust
London, UK.
Maria Teresa Guerrero Urbano PhD FRCR MRCPI LMS Mark G Watson FRCS
Consultant Clinical Oncologist and Honorary Consultant ENT / Head and Neck Surgeon
Senior Lecturer Doncaster Royal Infirmary
Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Doncaster; and
and King’s College London President-Elect
London, UK. British Laryngological Association
London, UK.
Vincent Vander Poorten MD PhD MSc
Associate Professor of Otorhinolaryngology Simon Watts FRCS
Head and Neck Surgery and Epidemiology Consultant ENT and Facial Plastic Surgeon
Section Head of Head and Neck Oncology Department Royal Sussex County Hospital NHS Trust
of Oncology Brighton, UK.
KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Nicholas White BSc(Hons) MD MPH(HTA) FRCS(Plast) FFFMLM
Nikolina Vlatković BSc PhD Consultant Plastic and Craniofacial Surgeon
Senior Lecturer Birmingham Children’s Hospital and Queen Elizabeth
Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine Hospital
University of Liverpool Birmingham, UK; and
Liverpool, UK. National Clinical Lead
Medical Directorate
Shajahan Wahed FRCS MD NHS Improvement
Consultant Oesophagogastric Surgeon London, UK.
Northern Oesophagogastric Unit
Royal Victoria Infirmary; and
Associate Lecturer
Northern Institute for Cancer Research
Newcastle University
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
xix
xxi
JCW 2018
Thanks to my wife Mary for her patience and support. My parents, Emmet and Doreen Clarke, both sadly
died during the preparation of this book. They would have been proud to have played a part in such a
scholarly enterprise.
RWC 2018
Black Hut on the River Test – Pastel by W G Scott-Brown – circa 1970. Reproduced by kind permission of Mr Neil Weir,
who was presented with the original by the artist.
xxiii
Chapter 7, Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus malignancy, Chapter 58, Anatomy of the larynx and tracheobronchial
contains some material from ‘Nasal cavity and paranasal tree, contains some material from ‘Anatomy of the larynx
sinus malignancy’ by Brent A McMonagle and Michael and tracheobronchial tree’ by Nigel Beasley. The material
Gleeson. The material has been revised and updated by has been revised and updated by the current authors.
the current authors.
Chapter 61, Assessment and examination of the larynx,
Chapter 42, Benign oral and dental disease, contains some contains some material from ‘Assessment and examina-
material from ‘Benign oral and dental disease’ by Crispian tion of the upper respiratory tract’ by Jean-Pierre Jeannon
Scully and Jose-V Sebastian Bagan. The material has been and Marcelle Macnamara. The material has been revised
revised and updated by the current authors. and updated by the current authors.
Chapter 48, Physiology of swallowing, contains some Chapter 63, Structural disorders of the vocal chords, con-
material from ‘Physiology of swallowing’ by Paula Leslie tains some material from ‘Disorders of the voice’ Julian
and Stephen McHanwell. The material has been revised McGlashan. The material has been revised and updated
and updated by the current authors. by the current authors.
Chapter 50, Functional investigations of the upper gastro- Chapter 67, Phonosurgery, contains some material from
intestinal tract, contains some material from ‘Functional ‘Phonosurgery’ Meredydd Harries. The material has been
investigations of the upper gastrointestinal tract’ by Lisa revised and updated by the current authors.
J Hirst. The material has been revised and updated by the
current authors.
xxiv
Tamales are a mixture of meat or fowl made hot with chiles and
wrapped in corn-husks. In preparing the dough or nixtamal, unless
scalded meal is used for a substitute, it is necessary to prepare the
shelled corn with lime-water. The Mexicans grind the corn prepared
in this way, on the metate, and instead of a mortar use the molcajete
and lejolote.
To prepare the corn, cover it with water, add the lime-water and
boil until the husks slip off easily between the fingers, then wash in
cold water until perfectly white. The lime-water is made by adding an
ounce of common lime to a quart of water; stir well and let settle;
when clear, drain off the water for use. One quart of lime-water
prepared in this way will do for a pound of corn. For the wrapping,
cut off the inside leaves of the corn-husks about an inch from the
stalk end and boil in clear water until perfectly clean. Tear a few in
narrow strips to use for tying the ends; dry the rest and rub them
over with a cloth dipped in hot lard.
FARSANTA
Use equal quantities of cold boiled chicken and veal, and half as
much ham, all chopped. Mix together and moisten with good gravy.
Season with salt, cayenne and a little chopped parsley. Make a
dough by pouring a cupful of boiling water on a quart of fine, fresh
corn-meal; work in a big lump of butter and add water until like
biscuit dough. Have ready, as directed, a pile of the soft inner leaves
or husks of green corn. Take a lump of dough about the size of an
egg; pat it out flat, put a tablespoonful of the meat on it and roll for
the inner husk. Then put on the outer husks with a thin piece of
dough in each. Tie the ends and boil in water containing a few red
peppers and a clove of garlic.
GENUINO
Boil three quarts of whole corn in ash lye until the hulls come off;
soak in clear water until the lye is all out, then grind. Remove the
seeds and veins from six chile peppers, boil soft and then put
through a colander to separate from the skin. Boil a chicken tender
and set aside half of the well-seasoned broth; the rest, with the
chicken, thicken with part of the ground corn and add the pepper-
pulp and three tablespoonfuls of fine marjoram. For the batter, take
the remainder of the broth and ground corn and mix into it a
tablespoonful of olive-oil; season with salt and make the dough just
thick enough to spread. These proportions will make fifteen tamales.
HACIENDA
Grind two quarts of hulled corn through a meat-chopper and mix to
a paste with two tablespoonfuls of melted butter, salt and cayenne.
Divide a large, fat chicken and stew until tender, in water containing
a clove of garlic and a pinch, each, of salt, comino seed and
marjoram. Scald two dozen dry chiles, remove the seeds and veins,
scrape the pulp from the skin, add this to the chicken-stew and
thicken slightly with flour. Shape the corn-husks with scissors and
soak in warm water for an hour. Remove, dry and rub each one with
hot fat. Fill one with the chicken-stew, spread four others with the
corn-paste; fold over the one containing the chicken and roll the
others around. Tie the ends with a strip of the husk and steam for
two hours.
HOT TAMAL
For the dough, add to one pint of corn-meal, one tablespoonful,
each, of salt and lard, and enough boiling water to make a thick
dough. Prepare the corn-husks as directed. For the filling boil one
pound of beef and pour over it hot beef fat; cut into small bits and
season with salt and chile sauce. Put a layer of the dough in the
husk, over this a tablespoonful of the prepared meat; roll like a
cigarette, with a layer of dough between each husk. Tie each end
and steam two hours.
LAREDO’S CELÉBERRIMO
Boil a pound of pork until two-thirds cooked; then grind it rather
fine. Add a small amount of garlic, also a small quantity of seeded
raisins and prepared almonds. Soak two and a half ounces of chiles
in hot water; take out the seeds and veins, wash them well and grind
fine, adding enough of the stock in which the meat was boiled to
make a sauce, and strain. For the dough use the ground corn
prepared with lime-water; add six ounces of fresh lard to the pound,
salt to taste and moisten with the meat stock. Have the husks
prepared, spread each with a thin layer of dough, and for the center
one, a tablespoonful of the pork and a tablespoonful of the chile
sauce. Roll carefully, tie the ends and steam over the liquid in which
the meat was boiled.
MESA REDONDA
Cover a four-pound chicken with hot water and add four onions, a
clove of garlic chopped fine, a stick of cinnamon, ten whole allspice,
ten cloves, three red chile peppers and a teaspoonful of salt. Simmer
until the chicken is tender, then remove and cut into small pieces.
Strain the liquor, put the chicken meat into it, add enough yellow
corn-meal to make a thick mush and boil ten minutes. Have ready
the green corn cut from a dozen ears and two pounds of raisins,
seeded, and mix these into the mush, with a half-teaspoonful of
cayenne. Fill the center husk with a piece of the chicken and some of
the mush, roll the others around, each spread with a tablespoonful of
the mush. Tie at each end and boil an hour.
VIAJERO
Scald a quart of good Southern white corn-meal, making it moist,
but not soft. Have a chicken boiled until tender and separated into
parts; season the broth with the pulp of two dozen chile peppers, a
quart of whole olives, two pounds of raisins, a cupful of sweet lard,
salt and a suspicion of garlic; add enough corn-meal to thicken like
gravy. Lay one of the prepared husks flat, put a piece of chicken on it
and two tablespoonfuls of the thickened gravy; fold the husk over
with the chicken inside, and roll around this six more husks,
spreading each with two tablespoonfuls of the scalded meal. Tie
each end securely with a narrow strip of the husk and steam three
hours or longer.
OLLA PODRIDA
AJOQUESO
Boil three Spanish peppers and pass the pulp through a sieve. Fry
a small onion and a clove of garlic, chopped fine, in hot olive-oil; add
the pepper-pulp, a small piece of butter, salt, a dash of tabasco and
a cupful of grated cheese. Stir, as it heats, and add thin cream until it
will pour nicely. Serve immediately on hot toasted biscuits.
ALMIBAR
Put two cupfuls of brown sugar in a saucepan, add a half-cupful of
milk, and boil gently until a little put in cold water can be rolled into a
ball between the fingers. Stir steadily while boiling; add a lump of
butter the size of an egg; when this is melted remove from the fire
and beat until the mixture begins to look creamy and slightly
granulated. Stir in quickly a pound of English walnuts shelled and
broken, beat for a moment and then turn into buttered tins to harden.
AZUCARILLO
Cream a quarter of a cupful of butter with a half-cupful of
powdered sugar; add gradually a quarter of a cupful of milk and
seven-eighths of a cupful of flour. Flavor with vanilla and spread very
thin, with a broad knife, on a buttered inverted dripping-pan; sprinkle
with blanched and chopped almonds, crease in three-inch squares,
and bake until delicately browned. While warm cut the squares apart
and roll slightly.
BLANQUILLOS
Chop two large onions fine and fry in hot olive-oil; add two large
peeled and sliced tomatoes and a teaspoonful of ground dry chile.
Cook twenty minutes and just before serving put in a half-dozen
hard-boiled eggs cut in quarters. Pour over toast.
CRIOLLO GUISADO
Get ten of the Mexican tortillas, cut them in small pieces and fry in
hot lard; in another pan, fry a large onion and a clove of garlic
chopped fine; just as it browns, add the fried tortillas, and brown
together for a few minutes; then add a pound and a half of mild
cheese, grated, and a cupful of chopped olives. When all are fried
together nicely, season with salt and pour over it a chile sauce, and
put in a deep dish and bake for fifteen minutes. Serve as soon as
taken from the oven.
EMPAREDADO
Beat into a cupful of cold mashed potatoes one of thick sour
cream or milk, and add two beaten eggs. Sift into a cupful of flour a
half-teaspoonful, each, of soda and salt, and beat this lightly into the
potatoes and milk. Drop the batter in big spoonfuls on a hot griddle
and bake on both sides. Put grated ham, chopped olives and a little
parsley on one cake, and place the other on top to form a sandwich.
Serve hot and pass with them chile sauce.
ENSALADA
Slice two Spanish onions in thin rings, cut two fresh chiles across
in rings, removing the seeds, and slice three ripe, firm tomatoes. Put
these in alternate layers in a shallow bowl, sprinkle parsley and
bread-crumbs over the top and cover with a dressing made of three
parts oil to one of vinegar, seasoned with salt. Serve ice cold.
LLENAR MEJICANO
Cut a pound of mild cheese into tiny bits. Prepare a cupful of
olives stoned and chopped fine, one large onion chopped fine, and
ten chile-prunes (that is, the dried shells of the chiles, without the
seeds), toasted and crushed fine. To these add a pinch of marjoram
crushed fine, a tablespoonful of olive-oil and a teaspoonful of cider-
vinegar. Mix all well together, let stand an hour and then put between
thin slices of bread and butter.
MEJICANO-AMERICANO
Cream a quarter of a pound of butter, adding by degrees the
beaten yolks of six eggs; beat together until thick and creamy, then
sift in ten ounces of flour, stirring all the time. Whisk up the whites of
the six eggs, and gently, but thoroughly, stir these in, adding
sufficient milk to make a medium thick batter; flavor with vanilla.
Bake in waffle-irons, well greased and hot. Butter each waffle as it
comes from the iron, and dust with fine sugar mixed with a little
powdered cinnamon.
MIGAS
Soak slices of stale bread and squeeze dry. Put plenty of fresh
lard in a frying-pan and when boiling hot put in an onion chopped
fine, some ground chile and a pinch of sweet marjoram. Lay the
slices of bread in this with plenty of fresh crumbled goats’ cheese,
and fry for ten minutes, stirring to cook on all sides. Remove to a hot
plate and cover with fresh grated cheese, stoned ripe olives and
hard-boiled eggs chopped fine.
MOLLETE
Beat together a cupful of cold boiled squash, one of milk, and two
eggs. Sift together a cupful of corn-meal, one of flour, a half-
teaspoonful of salt and two of baking-powder. Mix all together into a
smooth batter and bake on both sides in little cakes on a hot griddle.
Serve hot with sugar sprinkled on each.
PAN RELLENO
Chop onion very fine and mix with mild cheese cut in small pieces
in the proportion of one-third onion to two-thirds cheese; add a few
ripe olives stoned and cut in half, and a pinch of oregano. Mix this
together with a dressing made of oil and vinegar: two-thirds oil and
one-third vinegar. Cut off the top of a small loaf of French bread the
long way, dig out the center and fill with the cheese mixture. Put the
crust back on top and cover with the mixture and bake in a rather
quick oven.
POLENTA
Into three pints of boiling water put a teaspoonful of salt and a
tablespoonful of butter. When boiling, sift in slowly, stirring constantly,
about a pint of Indian meal and boil a half-hour. Have ready, hot, a
cupful of good gravy, and one of tomato sauce, made with chile. Put
a layer of the cooked Indian meal in the bottom of a baking-dish,
then the sauce and gravy, sprinkled with a little grated cheese. Fill
the dish with these alternate layers and bake for half an hour. Serve
hot with a little extra chile.
PUEBLECILLO
Sauter little half-inch squares of chicken or calves’ liver in olive-oil
over a brisk fire; when nicely browned, add some thick tomato sauce
and some leftover gravy. Into this cut up half-inch lengths of cooked
macaroni, mushrooms, and a few olives cut small. Season highly
and work in a big lump of butter. Serve on toasted squares.
TORTAS SERRANO
Beat six eggs together until light; add a half-cupful of flour and an
onion chopped fine. Stir in lightly one teaspoonful of baking-powder
and a pinch of salt. Cut a half-pound of mild cream cheese into thin
squares and add to the egg mixture. Have ready a kettle of hot lard.
Take up one piece of cheese at a time with as much of the egg
mixture as the spoon will hold, and drop into the fat and fry until
brown. Serve with hot chile sauce.
TORTILLA DE HUEVOS
Chop a small clove of garlic and fry in olive-oil; add a cupful of
mushrooms, cut small, and a half-cupful of stewed tomatoes.
Season with salt and pepper. Make a plain omelet and just before
folding it over, spread this on top. Serve immediately.
INDEX
SOUP
Almendra (Almond), 3
Caldo de Pescado (Fish), 3
Chile Bisque, 4
Cordero (Lamb), 4
Gitano (Beans and Codfish), 5
Mexican Noodle, 5
Rancheros (Vegetable), 5
FISH
Cangrejuelos (Shrimps), 9
Caracoles con Perejil (Snails), 9
Langosta à la Catalans (Lobster), 10
Pilchers (Sardines), 10
MEAT
Buey Ahumando y Huevos (Dried Beef and Eggs), 13
Chile con Carne (Pork), 13
Chonzo (Beef and Pork), 13
Chuletas de Ternero (Veal Cutlets), 14
Estofado (Beef), 14
Guiso (Beef), 15
Jamon con Pimientos (Ham), 15
Lengua de Buey Concida (Beef’s Tongue), 16
Loma de Vaca (Beef), 17
Patitas con Mani (Pigs’ Feet), 17
Puerco en Estofado (Pork), 18
Pulchero Grueso (Boiled Meat and Vegetables), 18
Tia Juana (Tripe), 19
Tripe Spanish, 19
FOWL
À la Moda (Chicken and Macaroni), 23
Chile Chicken, 23
Gallina con Garbanzos (Chicken and Peas), 23
Ganso en Aceitunas (Goose), 24
Mexican Turkey, 24
Mole de Guajolote (Turkey), 25
Pollo Guisado (Chicken), 26
Polluelo en Estofado (Chicken), 26
VEGETABLES
Arroz en el Horno (Rice), 29
Beans Mexican, 29
Chile Reinas (Peppers), 30
Cidracayote (Summer Squash), 30
Ejotes con Vino (String-Beans), 31
Estilo Seco (Beans), 31
Entradas (Macaroni), 32
Frijoles (Beans), 32
Frijoles con Queso (Beans with Cheese), 33
Fuente Italiano (Spaghetti), 33
Green Chiles, 33
Habas España (Beans), 34
Macarrones (Macaroni), 34
Mañana-land (Rice), 35
Papas Rellenas (Potatoes Stuffed), 35
Pimientos (Peppers), 36
Plato Fuerte (Peppers with Sardines), 36
Rellenos (Peppers), 36
Rellenos de Queso de Gruyère (Peppers and Swiss
Cheese), 37
Stuffed Chiles, 37
Suculento (Corn and Summer Squash), 38
MEAT DUMPLINGS
Albondigas, 41
Albondiguillas, 41
Artificial Turtle, 42
Buñelos, 42
Huevos de Carne, 42
DESSERTS
Camote y Piña (Candied Sweet Potatoes and Pineapple),
47
Dulce (Baked Raisins), 47
Mantecado (Ice-Cream), 47
Postre de Manzanas (Apples), 48
Realengo (Fruit Soufflé), 49
Torto Frutas (Pie), 49
ENCHILADAS
Tortillas
Hecho en Casa, 58
Tortillas de Patátas, 58
Enchiladas
Americano, 59
Doméstico, 60
Mexican, 60
Nativo, 61
Quesadillas, 62
TAMALES
Farsanta, 67
Genuino, 67
Hacienda, 68
Hot Tamal, 69
Laredo’s Celéberrino, 69
Mesa Redonda, 70
Viajero, 71
OLLA PODRIDA
Ajoqueso (Cheese), 75
Almibar (Candy), 75
Azucarillo (Wafers) 76
Blanquillos (Eggs), 76
Café con Leche (Black Coffee with Milk), 76
Criollo Guisado (Tortillas Fried), 77
Emparedado (Hot Cakes), 77
Ensalada (Salad), 78
Llenar Mejicano (Filling for Sandwiches), 78
Mejicano-Americano (Waffles), 79
Migas (Fried Bread), 79
Mollete (Cakes), 80
Pan Relleno (Stuffed Bread), 80
Polenta (Baked Mush), 81
Pueblecillo (Liver and Macaroni), 81
Tortas Serrano (Cheese in Batter), 82
Tortilla de Huevos (Omelet), 82
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ONE
HUNDRED & ONE MEXICAN DISHES ***
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