Full download test bank at ebookmeta.

com

Foundations of Group Counseling David Capuzzi

For dowload this book click LINK or Button below

https://ebookmeta.com/product/foundations-of-
group-counseling-david-capuzzi/

OR CLICK BUTTON

DOWLOAD EBOOK

Download More ebooks from https://ebookmeta.com

More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Foundations of Addictions Counseling David Capuzzi

https://ebookmeta.com/product/foundations-of-addictions-
counseling-david-capuzzi/

Counseling and psychotherapy : theories and

interventions 7th Edition David Capuzzi

https://ebookmeta.com/product/counseling-and-psychotherapy-
theories-and-interventions-7th-edition-david-capuzzi/

Counseling Today: Foundations of Professional Identity,

2nd Edition Darcy Haag Granello & Mark E. Young

https://ebookmeta.com/product/counseling-today-foundations-of-
professional-identity-2nd-edition-darcy-haag-granello-mark-e-
young/

Orientation to the Counseling Profession Advocacy

Ethics and Essential Professional Foundations Bradley
Erford

https://ebookmeta.com/product/orientation-to-the-counseling-
profession-advocacy-ethics-and-essential-professional-
foundations-bradley-erford/
Analysis of Pile Foundations Subject to Static and
Dynamic Loading 1st Edition Taylor & Francis Group

https://ebookmeta.com/product/analysis-of-pile-foundations-
subject-to-static-and-dynamic-loading-1st-edition-taylor-francis-
group/

Building Foundations for a Godly Marriage A Pre

Marriage Marriage Counseling Study 1st Edition Gregory
Brown [Brown

https://ebookmeta.com/product/building-foundations-for-a-godly-
marriage-a-pre-marriage-marriage-counseling-study-1st-edition-
gregory-brown-brown/

The STOP Domestic Violence Program Group Leader s

Manual 4th Edition David B. Wexler

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-stop-domestic-violence-program-
group-leader-s-manual-4th-edition-david-b-wexler/

The Elements of Counseling Eighth Edition Scott T.

Meier

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-elements-of-counseling-eighth-
edition-scott-t-meier/

Career-Focused Counseling Chad Luke

https://ebookmeta.com/product/career-focused-counseling-chad-
luke/
Table of Contents

1. Welcome
A. Welcome
B. Copyright

C. Preface

D. Acknowledgments

E. Meet the Editors

F. Meet the Contributors

G. Contents

2. 1: An Overview of Group Work

A. Introduction: An Overview of Group Work

B. The History of Group Work

1. The 1950s

C. The 21st Century

D. Goals for Groups

1. Goals Based on Theoretical Perspectives

E. Types of Groups

F. Composition of Groups
G. Therapeutic Factors in Groups

H. Personal Characteristics of Effective Group Leaders

1. Awareness of the Leader’s Own Culture and the

Culture of Group Members

I. Myths Connected with Group Work

1. Myth 7: A Leader Does Not Have to Understand

Group Process and Group Dynamics

J. Summary
3. 2: Group Work: Stages and Issues

A. Introduction: Group Work: Stages and Issues

 B. Stages and Transitions

1. Current Conceptualizations

C. Composite Conceptualizations
1. Personal Involvement Stage

2. Enhancement and Closure Stage

D. Other Important Leader Behaviors and Group Work Skills

E. Summary

4. 3: Group Counseling: Elements of Effective Leadership

A. Introduction: Group Counseling: Elements of Effective

Leadership

B. Leadership Styles

1. Leader-Directed and Group-Directed Styles

C. The Importance of Leadership Style

D. Developing Your Own Leadership Style

E. Pregroup Leadership Skills

F. Other Aspects of Organization

G. Recognizing Membership Roles

H. Facilitating the Group Stages

1. Facilitating the Personal Involvement Stage

2. Facilitating the Group Involvement Stage

3. Facilitating the Enhancement and Closure Stage

I. Dealing with Difficult Members

1. Group Member Focuses on Persons, Conditions,

or Events Outside the Group

J. Summary

5. 4: Group Work: Theories and Applications

A. Introduction: Group Work: Theories and Applications

B. Theoretical Systems
1. Psychodrama

2. Gestalt Theory
3. Transactional Analysis
4. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
 C. Integrating the Theoretical Approaches

D. Summary
6. 5: Group Work: Ethical/Legal Considerations

A. Introduction: Group Work: Ethical/Legal Considerations

B. Ethical Guidelines for Group Workers

C. Pregroup Issues
1. Legal Considerations

D. Specialized Groups
E. Group Process Issues

1. Maintaining Privacy of Records

F. Managing Boundaries
1. Social Relationships with Clients

G. Adolescent Groups
H. Practicing with Sensitivity to Diversity

I. Handling Premature Withdrawals from the Group

J. Terminating and Following Up

K. Summary
7. 6: Diversity and Multicultural Group Counseling

A. Introduction: Diversity and Multicultural Group

Counseling

B. Understanding the Concepts of Diversity and

Multiculturalism
C. Models of Identity Development

D. Multicultural Counseling
E. Multicultural and Social Justice Competencies and

Objectives
F. Diversity Issues In Multicultural Group Counseling

1. Therapeutic Factors
2. Group Development Stages

3. Impact of Diversity on Group Leaders’ Actions

G. Multiple Perspectives about Culture-Specific Group

Counseling
 H. Advocacy as Part of Group Counseling
I. Summary

8. 7: Efficacy and Evaluation of Group Work

A. Introduction: Efficacy and Evaluation of Group Work
B. Definitions
C. Group Counseling Efficacy

D. Effective Counselor Practices in Group Counseling

1. Nonspecific Factors and Outcomes
2. Group Counseling Modes and Outcome
E. Group Counseling Efficacy with Specific Client

Populations
F. Critical Issues in Group Counseling Efficacy
1. Minimizing Group-Counseling Casualties
G. Group Counseling Evaluation

H. Summary
9. 8: The Four Types of Groups: Work/Task, Psychoeducational,
Counseling, and Psychotherapy Groups
A. Introduction: The Four Types of Groups: Work/Task,
Psychoeducational, Counseling, and Psychotherapy

Groups
B. Task/Work Groups
1. Models of Task/Work Groups
2. Leadership Skills for Effective Task Groups

C. Psychoeducational Groups
1. Incorporating Learning Principles into
Psychoeducational Groups
2. Planning and Implementing a Psychoeducational
Group

D. Counseling and Psychotherapy Groups

1. Leadership Variables of Effective Counseling and
Psychotherapy Groups
2. Integration of Technical Knowledge and Theories
 E. Summary
10. 9: Creative Approaches to Group Work
A. Introduction: Creative Approaches to Group Work

B. Creativity, Group Stages, and Therapeutic Factors

C. Creativity in Groups: Relational Cultural Theory
D. Creativity in Counseling: A Theoretical Model
E. Applications of Creativity in Counseling Groups
1. Art, Music, and the Written Word in Groups

2. Musical Chronology of a Group Class Experience

3. Creative Adaptations of Experiential,
Psychodramatic, and Gestalt Approaches
F. Summary

11. 10: Facilitating Groups with Challenging Member Behaviors

A. Introduction: Facilitating Groups with Challenging
Member Behaviors
B. Defining Difficult Group Members

C. Reframing Difficult Group Members

D. Identifying Group Members Who are Challenging
E. Diagnosing Challenging Group Members
1. Step 2: Who Is Involved?
2. Step 3: Where Is the Group?

F. Responding to Challenging Group Members

1. Step 3: Level of Intensity
G. Summary
12. 11: Group Work with Children: Applications for School and

Other Settings
A. Introduction: Group Work with Children: Applications
for School and Other Settings
B. Group Counseling with Children: A Comparison of
Schools and Other Settings

C. Benefits of Group Work with Children

D. Types of Groups for Children
 E. Unique Considerations for Group Work with Children

1. Composition of the Group

F. Ethical Considerations for Group Work with Children
G. Cultural Considerations for Group Work with Children
H. Theories/Techniques for Group Work with Children

1. Group Play Therapy: Evidence-Based Outcomes

Across Settings
I. Group Counseling with Children: Does it Work?
J. Summary

13. 12: Groups for Adolescents

A. Introduction: Groups for Adolescents
B. Rationale for Groups for Adolescents
C. Group Leader Planning for Groups
1. Structure

2. Group Leader Preparation

3. Coleadership
D. Group Leader Performing
E. Group Interventions

1. Managing Emotions (Anger Management)

F. Group Leader Processing of Groups
G. Summary
14. 13: Groups with Individuals, Couples, and Families in Mental
Health Settings

A. Introduction: Groups with Individuals, Couples, and

Families in Mental Health Settings
B. Groups for Women in Crisis
1. Purpose of the Group

2. Group Sessions by Stages

C. Healthy Relationships Groups
1. Group Goals
D. Specialized Groups for Young Women with Bulimia

Nervosa
 1. Pregroup Screening and Orientation to the Group
2. Family-Based Therapy
E. Summary

15. 14: Groups in Rehabilitation Settings

A. Introduction: Groups in Rehabilitation Settings
B. Advantages and Disadvantages of Groups In
Rehabilitation

C. Types of Groups Typically Used in Rehabilitation

D. Job Club and Group-Based Employment Counseling
1. Group Sessions by Stages

E. Groups with Offender and Mandated Populations

1. Possible Challenges, Limitations, and Ethical

Considerations
F. Groups in Hospitals and Medical Settings

1. Possible Challenges, Limitations, and Ethical

Considerations
G. Summary

16. 15: Groups with Older Adults: Loss, Transitions, and End-of-Life

Issues
A. Introduction: Groups with Older Adults: Loss,

Transitions, and End-of-Life Issues

B. Loss Associated with Transitions

C. Bereavement, Grief, and Mourning

D. Feelings Associated with Loss

1. Loss Group Formats

E. A Loss Group Dealing with Death of a Partner

1. The Sessions

F. Summary

17. 16: Support Along the Journey: Groups Focused on Addiction and
Recovery

A. Introduction: Support Along the Journey: Groups

Focused on Addiction and Recovery

 B. Defining Addiction
C. Diagnosing a Substance-Use Disorder

D. In Brief: Key Concepts Related to Addiction

E. Treatment Modalities: Group Therapy

1. Skill-Development Groups

2. Group Structure
3. Stages of Group Therapy

F. Addictions Work: How People Change in Groups

1. Experiential Processes
G. Summary

18. 17: Group Work: Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Clients

A. Introduction: Group Work: Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and

Transgender Clients

B. A Word About Words

C. Cultural Trends and Issues

D. Groups and Organizations in the LGBT Community

E. Specific LGBT Counseling Needs

1. Domestic Violence

2. Personal-Growth Groups
F. Summary

19. References

A. References
20. Video and Interactive Resources

A. Video and Interactive Resources

21. Print Version

A. Print Version
Director and Publisher: Kevin M. Davis
Portfolio Manager: Rebecca Fox-Gieg

Content Producer: Pamela D. Bennett

Portfolio Management Assistant: Casey Coriell

Executive Field Marketing Manager: Krista Clark

Executive Product Marketing Manager: Christopher Barry

Procurement Specialist: Deidra Smith

Cover Designer: Melissa Welch, Studio Montage

Cover Photo: Matteo Colombo/Moment/Getty Images

Full-Service Project Manager: Sudip Sinha, iEnergizer Aptara®, Ltd.

Editorial Production and Composition: iEnergizer Aptara®, Ltd.

Printer/Binder: LSC Crawfordsville

Cover Printer: Phoenix Color

Text Font: 10/12 Palatino LT Pro

Copyright © 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights

Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is

protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the

publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval

system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. To obtain

permission(s) to use material from this work, please visit

http://www.pearsoned.com/permissions.

Acknowledgments of third-party content appear on the page within the

text, which constitute an extension of this copyright page.

Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks that may

appear in this work are the property of their respective owners, and any

references to third-party trademarks, logos, or other trade dress are for

demonstrative or descriptive purposes only. Such references are not

intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or

promotion of Pearson’s products by the owners of such marks, or any

relationship between the owner and Pearson Education, Inc. or its

affiliates, authors, licensees, or distributors.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018931036

1 18

ISBN 10: 0-13-484480-7

ISBN 13: 978-0-13-484480-0

Preface
Group work transforms lives! Upon examination of empirically‑based

research, client self-reports, and descriptions by seasoned group leaders,

the beginning graduate student soon realizes counseling groups are
indispensable in practice. The therapeutic elements of a positive group

experience are well documented. These “curative factors” have been

described as acceptance, altruism, universalization, belonging, security,

instillation of hope, increased awareness of emotional dynamics,

interpersonal learning, and many other descriptors. The role of

professional counselors in educational, corporate, mental health, private

practice, and rehabilitation settings calls for knowledge, experience, and

competence in facilitating groups. Therefore, the aspiring group leader

must develop the knowledge and competencies necessary to provide

powerful, growth-enhancing opportunities for clients involved in group

counseling. These responsibilities often seem overwhelming and

intimidating to the beginning practitioner.

Group work is demanding and requires that the professional counselor

both obtain skills and learn about theory and research to competently
facilitate groups. Readers who are interested in specializing and being

proficient in group work will find the information in this text essential to

successful group work practice.

Organization and Features of This
Textbook
This introductory group counseling text is unique in its content and

organization:

Multiple experts have contributed chapter content that provides their

unique perspectives on their respective group work specializations.

The text is divided into two parts: (1) Foundations for Group Work

and (2) Useful Approaches and Best Practices. The eight chapters in

Part I provide the reader with essential information on theory, basic

skills, ethics, evaluation, and diversity in group work. The nine

chapters in Part II were conceptualized with the needs of the

practitioner in mind, with a robust emphasis on how to do the

“work,” so to speak, since we know that competent facilitation means

understanding how practice is informed by theory and research.

The content of this text goes beyond that usually addressed in

introductory group work texts. The chapters are not devoted entirely
to the adaption or application of theories of individual counseling to

the group work setting. Instead of focusing one chapter after another
on the application of individual counseling theory to group work, the

editors have emphasized other important content areas. Specifically,

we have included content-specific chapters on the following topics:

Creative approaches to group work (Chapter 9 )

Group work with challenging formats and member behaviors

(Chapter 10 )
Groups with children (Chapter 11 )

Groups with adolescents (Chapter 12 )

Groups with older adults (Chapter 15 )
Groups and addictions (Chapter 16 )

Chapter 8  on the specialty groups identified by the Association for

Specialists in Group Work (ASGW)—work/task, psychoeducational,
 counseling, and psychotherapy—complements and extends the

information included in the chapters focused on professional issues

related to group work.

Coverage is included on current, vital topics: ethical/legal

considerations in group work (Chapter 5 ), diversity issues in group

work (Chapter 6 ), and efficacy and evaluation of group work

(Chapter 7 ).

The text includes informational sidebars to encourage reader

contemplation.

The text includes many case studies and technique descriptions to

help the reader identify with and make applications to current or
future clients.

Instructors will have access to an Instructor’s Manual with Test Bank

and PowerPoint slides via Pearson’s online Instructor’s Resource

Center. These provide invaluable resources and teaching tools to

support mastery of content for each of the 17 chapters.

The editors have attempted to give readers a broad perspective on group

work as they begin to learn and practice. The book provides a

comprehensive overview of major issues connected with group work, as

well as insight and practical guidelines for group work in general. We

know that one book cannot cover all the factors involved in preparing a
person to be a group work specialist. With few exceptions, each chapter

contains a combination of research, theory, and practice information

pertinent to the role of the group work specialist. We hope our text will

be well received and seen as one that provides a balance between the
needed knowledge base and the skills and techniques that translate

theory and research into practice. We look forward to input from our
readership.
Also Available with MyLab Counseling
This title is also available with MyLab Counseling, an online homework,
tutorial, and assessment program designed to work with the text to
engage students and improve results. Within its structured environment,
students see key concepts demonstrated through video clips, practice

what they learn, test their understanding, and receive feedback to guide
their learning and ensure they master key learning outcomes.

Learning Outcomes and Standards measure student results. MyLab

Counseling organizes all assignments around essential learning

outcomes and national standards for counselors.
Video- and Case-based Exercises develop decision-making skills.
Video- and Case-based Exercises introduce students to a broader

range of clients, and therefore a broader range of presenting

problems, than they will encounter in their own pre-professional
clinical experiences. Students watch videos of actual client–therapist
sessions or high-quality role-play scenarios featuring expert
counselors. They are then guided in their analysis of the videos

through a series of short-answer questions. These exercises help

students develop the techniques and decision-making skills they need
to be effective counselors before they are in a critical situation with a
real client.

Licensure Quizzes help students prepare for certification.

Automatically graded, multiple-choice Licensure Quizzes help
students prepare for their certification examinations, master
foundational course content, and improve their performance in the
course.

Video Library offers a wealth of observation opportunities. The

Video Library provides more than 400 video clips of actual client–
therapist sessions and high-quality role-plays in a database organized
by topic and searchable by keyword. The Video Library includes
every video clip from the MyLab Counseling courses plus additional
videos from Pearson’s extensive library of footage. Instructors can
create additional assignments around the videos or use them for in-

class activities. Students can expand their observation experiences to

include other course areas and increase the amount of time they
spend watching expert counselors in action.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the contributing authors who so generously gave

their time, expertise, and experience to the development of this textbook

for the beginning group work specialist. We would also like to thank our
families who provided the support to make our writing and editing efforts

possible. Our thanks are also directed to the editors and staff of Pearson

for their encouragement, understanding, and editing. Without the

collaboration and interest of all those whose efforts are reflected in these

pages, this edition could not have become a reality. Finally, we would like
to honor Doug Gross, who contributed to the of development this book.

We valued his contributions and viewed him as an exemplary role model

and personable colleague.

Meet the Editors
David Capuzzi, PhD, NCC, LPC, is a counselor educator and member of

the core faculty in mental health counseling at Walden University and

professor emeritus at Portland State University. Previously, he served as
an affiliate professor in the Department of Counselor Education,

Counseling Psychology, and Rehabilitation Services at Pennsylvania State

University and scholar in residence in counselor education at Johns

Hopkins University. He is past president of the American Counseling

Association (ACA), formerly the American Association for Counseling

and Development, and past chair of both the ACA Foundation and the

ACA Insurance Trust.

From 1980 to 1984, Dr. Capuzzi was editor of The School Counselor. He
has authored several textbook chapters and monographs on the topic of

preventing adolescent suicide and is coeditor and author with Dr. Larry

Golden of Helping Families Help Children: Family Interventions with School

Related Problems (1986) and Preventing Adolescent Suicide (1988). He

coauthored and edited with Douglas R. Gross Youth at Risk: A Prevention

Resource for Counselors, Teachers, and Parents (1989, 1996, 2000, 2004,
2008, and 2014); Introduction to the Counseling Profession (1991, 1997,

2001, 2005, 2009, and 2013); Introduction to Group Work (1992, 1998, 2002,

2006, and 2010); and Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and

Interventions (1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, and 2011). His other texts are

Approaches to Group Work: A Handbook for Practitioners (2003), Suicide

Across the Life Span (2006), and Sexuality Issues in Counseling, the last

coauthored and edited with Larry Burlew. He has authored or coauthored

articles in several ACA-related journals.

A frequent speaker and keynoter at professional conferences and

institutes, Dr. Capuzzi has also consulted with a variety of school districts

and community agencies interested in initiating prevention and

intervention strategies for adolescents at risk for suicide. He has

facilitated the development of suicide prevention, crisis management, and

postvention programs in communities throughout the United States;

provides training on the topics of youth at risk and grief and loss; and

serves as an invited adjunct faculty member at other universities as time

permits.

An ACA fellow, he is the first recipient of ACA’s Kitty Cole Human Rights

Award and a recipient of the Leona Tyler Award in Oregon. In 2010, he

received ACA’s Gilbert and Kathleen Wrenn Award for a Humanitarian

and Caring Person. In 2011, he was named a distinguished alumni of the

College of Education at Florida State University, and in 2016 he received

the Locke/Paisley Mentorship award from the Association for Counselor

Education and Supervision.

Mark D. Stauffer, PhD, NCC, is a core faculty member in the clinical

mental health counseling program at Walden University. He specialized

in couples, marriage, and family counseling at Portland State University

and in counselor education and Supervision at Oregon State University.

He has worked in the Portland area in Oregon at crisis centers and other

nonprofit organizations working with individuals, couples, families, and

groups, often with homeless and at-risk populations.

Dr. Stauffer has worked with groups and groupwork in the realm of

mental health, counseling, counselor education, and supervision, at the

associate, bachelor, master, and doctoral levels of higher education. Dr.

Stauffer was a Chi Sigma Iota International Leaders in Counselor

Education fellow and was also awarded the Emerging Leaders Training
Grant by the American Counseling Association. Dr. Stauffer has served as
co-chair of the American Counseling Association International

Committee and serves as president of the Association for Humanistic

Counseling during 2018–2019.

In addition to this textbook on group counseling with Dr. Capuzzi, Dr.

Stauffer has coedited several other textbooks in the counseling field,

Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions (2017); Career

Counseling: Foundations, Perspectives, and Applications (2006, 2012);

Foundations of Addictions Counseling (2008, 2012, 2016); Foundations of

Couples, Marriage and Family Counseling (2015); and Human Growth and
Development Across the Life Span: Applications for Counselors (2016).
Meet the Contributors
Cynthia A. Briggs, PhD, completed her BS in psychology at Guilford

College, her MAEd in community counseling at Wake Forest University,

and her PhD in counseling at Oregon State University. Her experience as
a group counselor ranges from addiction counseling in intensive

outpatient programs (IOP) to expressive arts groups to general mental

health counseling groups. She is coauthor of the text “Women, Girls and

Addiction: Celebrating the Feminine in Counseling Treatment and

Recovery.” She is also the creator of a community-based oral history

project capturing the lived experiences of World War II, Korean War, and

Vietnam War veterans. She is completing her certificate in documentary

arts at Duke University.

David U. Burkholder, PhD, LPC, ACS, received his doctorate in

counselor education from Kent State University. He is currently associate

professor and program director of the Department of Professional

Counseling at Monmouth University in West Long Branch, New Jersey.

Dr. Burkholder is a licensed professional counselor in New Jersey and has

a clinical specialization in mental health counseling with children and

adolescents, with clinical experience working in both school systems and

agencies. His areas of research interest include ethics, values, and

spirituality, with a specific concentration in applied ethics. Dr.

Burkholder’s most current research and publications address how

educators and students navigate conflicts between personal and

professional values.

Jessica R. Burkholder, PhD, LPC, NCC, ACS, is an assistant professor of

professional counseling at Monmouth University in West Long Branch,
New Jersey. She received a PhD in counselor education and supervision

from Kent State University.

Dr. Burkholder’s research interests focus on the ethical development and

multicultural training of counselors. Clinically, she has specialized in the

treatment of adolescent sexual behavior problems, trauma, and mood and

anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. She is a licensed

professional counselor in New Jersey.

Jonathan W. Carrier, PhD, is the department chair of the Albany County

Campus and a psychology instructor at Laramie County Community

College in Cheyenne and Laramie, Wyoming. Jonathan has been teaching

psychology courses for the past 11 years and was a rehabilitation and

mental health counselor for 4 years before that. In addition to his roles as
a department chair and college educator, Jonathan also spends time

writing scholarly articles, writing book chapters, and giving presentations

in the fields of counseling, psychology, and adult education. His

published work focuses on suicide assessment, counseling theory, group

work, classroom management skills, and best practices in adult education.

Tamara E. Davis, EdD, is a professor in the counseling program at

Marymount University in Arlington, Virginia. Prior to her move to

Marymount, Dr. Davis was an elementary and high school counselor

(who led many group-counseling sessions) for nine years in Manassas,

Virginia. Her professional positions have included serving as past

president of the Virginia Association for Counselor Education and

Supervision and of the Virginia School Counselor Association. She was

named the 2007 Counselor Educator of the Year by the American School
Counselor Association (ASCA), and she served as counselor educator

vice president for ASCA from 2010 to 2013. Dr. Davis has presented over
a hundred workshops locally, regionally, and nationally on several topics
in school counseling, including developing resilience and positive
thinking in students. Her publications include Exploring School Counseling:

Professional Practices & Perspectives (2015) and articles in school

counseling, as well as book chapters on a variety of topics in counseling.

She teaches courses at Marymount in both the school and mental health
counseling graduate programs and serves as the coordinator for the

Northern Virginia School Counseling Leadership Team. She resides in

Manassas, Virginia, with her husband, Ken (a PE teacher), and their

Siberian Husky, Phoenix.

Janice DeLucia, PhD, is currently an associate professor and school

counseling program director in the Department of Counseling, School,
and Educational Psychology at the University of Buffalo, SUNY. She has

been active in the field of group counseling for over 30 years, including
serving as president and executive director of the Association for

Specialists in Group Work and as the secretary for Division 49: Group
Psychology and Psychotherapy, of the American Psychological

Association. She has received the honor of fellow in ASGW, Division 49

of APA, and the American Counseling Association. She has published

eight books and more than 50 book chapters and refereed journal articles,
most focusing on groups, school counseling, and multicultural issues.

Thelma Duffey, PhD, served as the 2015–2016 president of the ACA. She
is a professor and department chair in the Department of Counseling at

the University of Texas at San Antonio and owner of a multidisciplinary

private practice. Dr. Duffey was the founding president of the Association

for Creativity in Counseling (ACC), a division within the ACA, and she
served two terms on the ACA Governing Council. Dr. Duffey is a past

president of the Texas Association for Counselor Education and

Supervision (TACES), and she served on the executive board of the

Southern Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (SACES).

Dr. Duffey is the editor for the Journal of Creativity in Mental Health

(JCMH) and guest coeditor for the Journal of Counseling and Development’s
(JCD’s) special issue on counseling men and special section on relational-
cultural theory (RCT). She is a licensed professional counselor and a

licensed marriage and family therapist in Texas. Dr. Duffey’s published

books include Creative Interventions in Grief and Loss Therapy: When the
Music Stops, a Dream Dies and two coedited books, Child and Adolescent
Counseling Case Studies: Developmental, Systemic, Multicultural, and

Relational Contexts and A Counselor’s Guide to Working with Men. She also
has over 60 publications in the areas of creativity, innovations in grief and
loss counseling, relational competencies (relational-cultural theory), and
addictions.

Cass Dykeman, PhD, received his master’s in counseling from the

University of Washington and his doctorate in counseling from the
University of Virginia. Prior to his work in higher education, he worked as

both an elementary school and high school counselor in Seattle. As a

counselor educator, Dr. Dykeman has worked at Eastern Washington
University (1993–1997) and Oregon State University (1997–present). At
the university level, he has served in the following roles: school
counseling program lead, PhD program lead, counseling academic unit

lead, associate dean for research, and department chair. Dr. Dykeman has
published two books and is in the double-digits in peer-reviewed articles
and book chapters. In addition, he has received over $1.2 million in
federally sponsored external funding. He also has served in the following

roles: president of the Washington Association for Counselor Education

and Supervision, president of the Western Association for Counselor
Education and Supervision, member of the Journal for Counseling and
Development editorial board, and member of CACREP’s on-site
accreditation team.

Jeannie Falkner, PhD, received her master of science in social work

(MSSW) and doctorate in counselor education from the University of
Mississippi. She currently serves as core faculty for the clinical mental
health counseling program at Walden University. Dr. Falkner has been an
educator for both social work and counseling programs for 18 years and is
a licensed certified social worker (LCSW) and an approved LCSW clinical

supervisor. Dr. Falkner is a member of the American Counseling

Association, the Association of Counselor Educators and Supervisors, and
the Association for Specialists for Group Work. She routinely presents
research at the state and national level and is published in multiple
professional counseling textbooks. Dr. Falkner continues to engage in her

private practice, which spans over 30 years of counseling individuals,

couples, children, and groups. Dr. Falkner’s research interests include
supervision and remediation with supervisees who present with
unresolved trauma, best practices in training group counselors, counselor

wellness and self-care, and financial wellness.

Delini Marina Fernando, PhD, LPC-S, recently joined the Department of

Educational Psychology at the University of Oklahoma after being a

counselor educator for 10 years at the University of North Texas. She has
worked as a counselor and supervisor in Texas and Oklahoma. Her
publications include book chapters and articles focused on group work
and clinical supervision, with a more recent focus on international group
work and disaster counseling. She regularly presents at learned society

conferences at the state, regional, national, and international levels. She

primarily teaches group work, family and couples counseling, and
counselor supervision. She continues to serve on the editorial boards of
the Journal for Specialists in Group Work and Counseling and Values.

Linda H. Foster, PhD, is a core faculty member in the clinical mental

program at Walden University. She received her undergraduate degree
from Samford University, master’s and education specialist degrees in
community counseling from the University of Alabama in Birmingham,

and a PhD in counselor education at Mississippi State University in 2003.

Dr. Foster worked as a licensed professional counselor for over 10 years
at the elementary, middle, and high school levels and has been a

counselor educator since 2007. She has served on local, state, national,
and international counseling boards and editorial boards. Dr. Foster’s
research interests include professional identity of counselors, counselor
education faculty dynamics, and the use of single-subject research

methods by counselors. Dr. Foster has presented various topics at the

state, national, and international levels and has published numerous
articles in peer-reviewed journals, as well as several book chapters.

Shane Haberstroh, EdD, is associate professor and chair of the doctoral

program at the Department of Counseling at the University of Texas at
San Antonio. He is currently the governing council representative for the
Association for Creativity in Counseling and the governing council liaison
for the Research and Knowledge Committee of ACA. Dr. Haberstroh

serves as the associate editor for the Journal of Creativity in Mental Health.
He is also the coeditor of Case Studies in Child and Adolescent Counseling.
He has published over 30 articles and book chapters primarily focused on
developmental relational counseling, online counseling, creativity in

counseling, and addiction treatment and recovery.

Melinda Haley, PhD, received her master’s in counselor education at

Portland State University (Oregon) and her doctorate in counseling
psychology from New Mexico State University (Las Cruces) and was an

assistant professor at the University of Texas, El Paso, in the counseling

and guidance program for 5 years. Dr. Haley currently works as a core
faculty member in the counselor education and supervision doctoral
program at Walden University. She has written numerous book chapters

and journal articles on diverse topics related to counseling. She has

extensive applied experience working with adults, adolescents, children,
inmates, domestic violence offenders, and culturally diverse populations
in the areas of assessment, diagnosis, treatment planning, crisis

management, and intervention. Dr. Haley’s research interests include

multicultural issues in teaching and counseling, personality development
over the lifespan, personality disorders, the psychology of criminal and
serial offenders, bias and racism and social justice issues, and trauma and

post-traumatic stress disorder, particularly as it relates to combat and

terrorist acts.

Stephanie F. Hall, PhD, LPC, NCC, ACS, is associate professor and chair

of the Department of Professional Counseling at Monmouth University in

West Long Branch, New Jersey. She received a bachelor of arts degree in
psychology from the University of Kentucky, master of arts degree in

counseling from Louisiana Tech University, and PhD in counselor

education from the University of New Orleans. Her areas of interest and

research are varied and include multicultural counseling, gender issues in

counseling, mentoring, counselor supervision and training, and ethics in

counseling. Her teaching experiences include grief counseling, counseling

techniques, family counseling, counseling diverse populations, career

counseling, counseling practicum and internship, and counseling

supervision and consultation. She is licensed as a professional counselor

in New Jersey and works part time in private practice.

Debra A. Harley, PhD, CRC, LPC, is a provost’s distinguished service

professor in the Department of Early Childhood, Special Education, and

Rehabilitation Counseling at the University of Kentucky. She completed

her doctoral degree at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. She has

published Contemporary Mental Health Issues Among African Americans and

Handbook of LGBT Elders: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Principles,

Practices, and Policies. She is past editor of the Journal of Applied

Rehabilitation Counseling and the Journal of Rehabilitation Administration.

Her research foci include substance abuse, cultural diversity, and gender
issues.
Barbara J. Herlihy, PhD, LPC, NCC, is a professor emeritus at University
of New Orleans and a board-approved counselor and counselor

supervisor in Louisiana and Texas. She has also served on the faculty at

University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, University of Houston-Clear Lake,

and Loyola University of New Orleans. Dr. Herlihy’s research and

teaching interests include ethical issues in counseling, social justice and

advocacy, feminist therapy, and the internationalization of counseling.

Her most recent books are Ethical, Legal, and Professional Issues in

Counseling (5th ed., 2016, with T. P. Remley), the ACA Ethical Standards
Casebook (7th ed., 2015, with G. Corey), and Boundary Issues in Counseling

(3rd ed., 2015, with G. Corey). She is also the author or coauthor of more

than 80 journal articles and book chapters. In 2017–2018, Dr. Herlihy has
served as the senior co-chair of the ACA Ethics Committee, president of

Chi Sigma Iota International, and chair of the Ethics Roundtable of the
International Association for Counselling. She is a frequent presenter of

seminars and workshops on ethics across the United States and

internationally.

Mita M. Johnson, EdD, NCC, LPC, LMFT, ACS, LAC, MAC, SAP,
AAMFT-Approved Clinical Supervisor, is a core faculty member in

Walden University’s School of Counseling. Dr. Johnson maintains a

private practice in which she provides clinical supervision and

consultation and sees clients. She is past president of the Colorado

Association of Addiction Professionals and the current ethics chair and

treasurer for NAADAC, the National Association for Addiction

Professionals (NAADAC). She speaks and trains regionally, nationally,

and internationally on topics specific to substance-use disorders,

counseling, ethics, supervision, and treatment. She was appointed by the

governor of Colorado to two committees working on behavioral health

integration, is a consultant to the state regulatory agency, and is a

consultant and committee member for public and private organizations.

Her passion is empowering students, supervisees, and clinicians to be

effective and confident helpers. She loves studying anything to do with

drugs of addiction, neuroscience, and the amazing human brain.

Byung Jin Kim, MS, is a doctoral student in rehabilitation counseling at

the University of Kentucky. He received his master’s degree in counseling

psychology from the Handong Global University, South Korea. He joined

several research projects at the University of Kentucky and Handong

Global University. His clinical experiences include school counseling and

addiction counseling; his research interests include substance abuse,

Internet addiction, treatment intervention, group counseling, therapeutic

community, cultural diversity, and program evaluation.

Martina Moore, PhD, is a faculty member at John Carroll University in

the Counseling and Mental Health Department. Her specialty is

substance-use disorders. Dr. Moore is the owner of Moore Counseling &

Mediation Services, Inc. (MCMS). MCMS is an outpatient alcohol- and

substance-abuse treatment facility with seven locations throughout

northeastern Ohio. Dr. Moore holds a PhD from Walden University in

counseling education and supervision. She is a licensed professional

counselor in Ohio. She is also a licensed independent chemical

dependency counselor/clinical supervisor. Her research interest is

focused on building self-efficacy, motivational interviewing, and family

systems. She served as president for the Association of Humanistic

Counseling in 2017 and 2018.

Jane E. Atieno Okech, PhD, is a professor of counselor education in the

College of Education and Social Services at the University of Vermont.

She received her master’s in counseling psychology from the United

States International University (Africa) and doctorate in counselor

education and counseling from Idaho State University. Dr. Okech and her

collaborators have been recognized multiple times for excellence in

group-counseling publications by the Association for Specialists in Group
Work, recently with the 2015 Outstanding Article Award and the 2017

Outstanding Article Award. Her areas of specialization are group

counseling, multicultural counseling competencies, clinical supervision

practices, and qualitative research.

Jonathan J. Orr, PhD, is a clinical assistant professor and program

coordinator for the clinical mental health counseling program in the

Department of Counseling and Psychological Services at Georgia State

University. He earned his PhD in counselor education from the University

of New Orleans in 2005, and his counseling and research interests include

group dynamics, social justice, supervision, multicultural counseling,

counseling theory development, and professional counselor identity. He

has authored or coauthored several journal articles and book chapters

and conducted workshops and presentations at the local, state, regional,

and national levels. Dr. Orr is a nationally certified counselor (NCC), an

approved clinical supervisor (ACS), and a licensed professional counselor

(LPC) in Georgia. He served as president of the Association for Specialists

in Group Work in 2014–2015 and continues to be an active leader in that

association. In addition to his service to ASGW, Dr. Orr is a recognized

leader within Chi Sigma Iota, the American Counseling Association, and

the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision.

Deborah J. Rubel, PhD, is an associate professor of counseling in the

College of Education at Oregon State University. She received her

master’s in mental health counseling and doctorate in counselor

education from Idaho State University and is an Association for

Specialists in Group Work fellow. Her areas of specialization are group

work, multicultural/social justice counseling, and qualitative research

methodology.

Ann Vernon, PhD, is professor emerita at the University of Northern

Iowa, where she served as professor and coordinator of the school and
mental health counseling programs for many years. She is the author of
more than 20 books, as well as numerous chapters and journal articles,

primarily related to counseling children and adolescents and applications

of REBT. Dr. Vernon is the president of the Albert Ellis Institute, currently
conducts RE and CBT training programs in various parts of the world, and

teaches in the counseling program at the University of Oradea, Romania.

Contents
Part I Foundations for Group Work

Chapter 1 An Overview of Group Work 

David Capuzzi and Mark D. Stauffer
The History of Group Work 

The Beginning 

The 1930s 

The 1940s 

The 1950s 

The 1960s and 1970s 

The 1980s 

The 1990s 

The 21st Century 

Goals for Groups 

General Goals for Groups 

Goals for Specialized Groups 

Goals Based on Theoretical Perspectives 

Goals Developed by Individual Members 

Types of Groups 

Other Models for Group Work 

Closed and Open Groups 

Composition of Groups 
Therapeutic Factors in Groups 

Personal Characteristics of Effective Group Leaders 

Presence 

Personal Power 

Courage 

Self-Awareness 

Belief in Group Process 

Inventiveness 

Stamina and Energy 

Goodwill and Caring 

Openness 

Awareness of the Leader’s Own Culture and the Culture of

Group Members 

Nondefensiveness in Coping with Attacks 

Sense of Humor 

Personal Dedication and Commitment 

Willingness to Model 

Willingness to Seek New Experiences 

Myths Connected with Group Work 

Myth 1: Everyone Benefits from Group Experience 

Myth 2: Groups Can Be Composed to Ensure Success 

Myth 3: The Group Revolves Around the Leader’s Charisma 

 Myth 4: Leaders Can Direct Groups Through Structured

Exercises or Experiences 

Myth 5: Therapeutic Change in Groups Comes About

Through Here-and-Now Experiences 

Myth 6: The Greatest Member Learning in Groups Is Derived

from Self-Disclosure and Feedback 

Myth 7: A Leader Does Not Have to Understand Group

Process and Group Dynamics 

Myth 8: Changes in Group Participants Are Not Maintained 

Myth 9: A Group Is a Place to Get Emotionally High 

Myth 10: A Group’s Purpose Is to Make Members Close to

Every Other Member 

Myth 11: Group Participation Results in Brainwashing 

Myth 12: To Benefit from a Group, a Member Must Be

Dysfunctional 
Summary 

Chapter 2 Group Work: Stages and Issues 

Mark D. Stauffer and David Capuzzi

Stages and Transitions 

Early Conceptualizations 

Current Conceptualizations 

Composite Conceptualizations 
Definitive Stage 

Personal Involvement Stage 

Group Involvement Stage 

 Enhancement and Closure Stage 

Other Important Leader Behaviors and Group Work Skills 

Managing the Focus of a Group 

Managing Resistance 

Making Rounds 

Intratherapeutic Self-Disclosures 

Modeling Through Coleadership of Group 

Summary 

Chapter 3 Group Counseling: Elements of Effective Leadership 

David Capuzzi and Mark D. Stauffer
Leadership Styles 

Lewin’s Classic Three Leadership Styles 

Leader-Directed and Group-Directed Styles 

Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Styles 

Charismatic Leadership Style 

The Importance of Leadership Style 

Developing Your Own Leadership Style 

Pregroup Leadership Skills 

Conducting Pregroup Screening 

Organizing for Groups 

Publicizing the Group 

Selecting the Physical Setting 

Deciding Length and Frequency of Meetings 

 Determining Size of the Group 

Other Aspects of Organization 

Recognizing Membership Roles 

Facilitative Roles 

Vitalizing and Maintenance Roles 

Antigroup (Blocking) Roles 

Facilitating the Group Stages 

Facilitating the Definitive Stage 

Facilitating the Personal Involvement Stage 

Facilitating the Group Involvement Stage 

Facilitating the Enhancement and Closure Stage 

Dealing with Difficult Members 

Group Member Speaks for Everyone 

Group Member Speaks for Another Member in the Group 

Group Member Behaves in an “Entitled” Manner 

Group Member Remains Silent 

Group Member Identifies a Scapegoat 

Group Member Challenges the Leader’s Authority 

Group Member Focuses on Persons, Conditions, or Events

Outside the Group 

Group Member Seeks the Approval of the Leader or a Group

Member before or after Speaking 
 Group Member Says, “I Don’t Want to Hurt Her Feelings, so I

Won’t Say What I’d Like to Say” 

Group Member Suggests His or Her Problems Are Someone

Else’s Fault 

Group Member Suggests “I’ve Always Been That Way” 

Group Member Engages in Cross Talk 

Group Member Intellectualizes 

Group Member Uses Humor to Sidetrack the Discussion 

Group Member Suggests “I’ll Wait, and It Will Change” 

Group Member Shows Discrepant Behavior 

Group Member Bores the Group by Rambling 

Group Member Cries 

Summary 

Chapter 4 Group Work: Theories and Applications 

Jeannie Falkner, David Capuzzi, and Mark D. Stauffer
Theoretical Systems 
Adlerian Theory 

Psychodrama 

Gestalt Theory 

Transactional Analysis 

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 

Solution-Focused Therapy 

Integrating the Theoretical Approaches 

The Therapeutic Relationship 

 The Leader Role 

Group Member Responsibilities 

Group Process and Strategies 

Expected Group Outcomes 

Summary 

Chapter 5 Group Work: Ethical/Legal Considerations 

Delini M. Fernando and Barbara J. Herlihy
Ethical Guidelines for Group Workers 

Pregroup Issues 

Determining Competence and Avoiding Malpractice 

Diversity Considerations 

Legal Considerations 

Planning the Group and Recruiting Members 

Screening Potential Members 

Securing Informed Consent 

Specialized Groups 

Child and Adolescent Groups 

Mandated Clients and Involuntary Groups 

Group Process Issues 

Confidentiality and Privileged Communication 

Legal Considerations 

Child and Adolescent Groups 

Maintaining Privacy of Records 

 Mandated Clients and Involuntary Groups 

Managing Boundaries 
Bartering 

Social Relationships with Clients 

Former Clients as Group Members 

Socializing Among Members 

Self-Disclosure 

Adolescent Groups 

Legal Considerations 

Minimizing Risks 

Practicing with Sensitivity to Diversity 

Handling Premature Withdrawals from the Group 

Terminating and Following Up 

Summary 

Chapter 6 Diversity and Multicultural Group Counseling 

Deborah J. Rubel and Jane E. Atieno Okech

Understanding the Concepts of Diversity and Multiculturalism 

Models of Identity Development 

Multicultural Counseling 

Multicultural and Social Justice Competencies and Objectives 

Counselor Self-Awareness 

Awareness of the Client’s Worldview 

Counseling Relationship 
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Broadway and shout, have suddenly lost my voice. I can only report
in a whisper!
My chief looks at me in concern. “For God’s sake, girl,” he says,
“go somewhere and go to bed!”
 CHAPTER III
Her Country’s Call
One Thousand Women Wanted! You may read it on a great
canvas sign that stretches across an industrial establishment in
lower Manhattan. The owner of this factory who put it there, only
knows that it is an advertisement for labour of which he finds himself
suddenly in need. But he has all unwittingly really written a
proclamation that is a sign of the times.
Across the Atlantic I studied that proclamation in Old World cities.
Women Wanted! Women Wanted! The capitals of Europe have been
for four years placarded with the sign. And now we in America are
writing it on our sky line. All over the world see it on the street-car
barns as on the colleges. It is hung above the factories and the coal
mines, the halls of government and the farm-yards and the arsenals
and even the War Office. Everywhere from the fireside to the firing
line, country after country has taken up the call. Now it has become
the insistent chorus of civilisation: Women Wanted! Women Wanted!
But yesterday the great war was a phenomenon to which we in
America thrilled only as its percussions reverberated around the
world. Now our own soldiers are marching down Main Street. But
their uniforms still are new. Wait. Soon here too one shall choke with
that sob in the throat. Oh, I am walking again in the garden of the
Tuileries on a day when I had seen war without the flags flying and
the bands playing. It was dead men and disabled men and hospitals
full and insane asylums full and cemeteries full. “You have to
remember,” said a voice at my side, “that all freedoms since the
world began have had to be fought for. They still have to be.”
So I repeat it now for you, the women of America, resolutely to
remember. And get our your Robert Brownings! Read it over and
over again, “God’s in his heaven.” For there are going to be days
when it will seem that God has quite gone away. Still He hasn’t.
Suddenly in a lifting of the war clouds above the blackest battle
smoke, we shall see again His face as a flashing glimpse of some
new freedom lights for an instant the darkened heavens above the
globe of the world. Already there has been a Russian revolution
which may portend the end of a German monarchy. In England a
new democracy has buckled on the sword of a dead aristocracy. And
a great Commoner is at the helm of state. But with all the freedoms
they are winning, there is one for which not the most decorated
general has any idea he’s fighting. I am not sure but it is the greatest
freedom of all: when woman wins the race wins. The new democracy
for which a world has taken up arms, for the first time since the
history of civilisation began, is going to be real democracy. There is a
light that is breaking high behind all the battle lines! Look! There on
the horizon in those letters of blood that promise of the newest
freedom of all. When it is finished—the awful throes of this red agony
in which a world is being reborn—there is going to be a place in the
Sun for women.
Listen, hear the call, Women Wanted! Women Wanted! Last
Spring the Government pitched a khaki colored tent in your town on
the vacant lot just beyond the post office, say. How many men have
enlisted there? Perhaps there are seventy-five who have gone from
the factory across the creek, and the receiving teller at the First
National Bank, and the new principal of the High School where the
children were getting along so well, and the doctor that everybody
had because they liked him so much.
And, oh, last week at dinner your own husband had but just
finished carving when he looked across the table and said: “Dear, I
can’t stand it any longer. I’m going to get into this fight to make the
world right.” You know how your face went white and your heart for
an instant stopped beating. But what I don’t believe you do know is
that you are at this moment getting ready to play your part in one of
the most tremendous epochs of the world. It is not only Liège and
the Marne and Somme, and Haig and Joffre and Pétain and
Pershing who are making history to-day. Keokuk, Iowa, and
Kalamazoo, Mich., and Little Falls, N. Y., are too—and you and the
woman who lives next door!
 THE NEW WOMAN MOVEMENT
Every man who enlists at that tent near the post office is going to
leave a job somewhere whether it’s at the factory or the doctor’s
office or the school teacher’s desk, or whether it’s your husband.
That job will have to be taken by a woman. It’s what happened in
Europe. It’s what now we may see happen here. A great many
women will have a wage envelope who never had it before. That
may mean affluence to a housefull of daughters. One, two, three,
four wage envelopes in a family where father’s used to be the only
one. You even may have to go out to earn enough to support
yourself and the babies. Yes, I know your husband’s army pay and
the income from investments carefully accumulated through the
savings of your married life, will help quite a little. But with the ever
rising war cost of living, it may not be enough. It hasn’t been for
thousands of homes in Europe. And eventually you too may go to
work as other women have. It’s very strange, is it not, for you of all
women who have always believed that woman’s place was the
home. And you may even have been an “anti,” a most earnest
advocate of an ancient régime against which whole societies and
associations of what yesterday were called “advanced” women
organised their “suffrage” protests.
To-day no one any longer has to believe what is woman’s place.
No woman even has anything to say about it. Read everywhere the
signs: Women Wanted! Here in New York we are seeing shipload
after shipload of men going out to sea in khaki. We don’t know how
many boat loads like that will go down the bay. But for an army of
every million American men in Europe, there must be mobilised
another million women to take their places behind the lines here
3,000 miles away from the guns, to carry on the auxiliary operations
without which the armies in the field could not exist.
In the department store where you shopped to-day you noticed an
elevator girl had arrived, where the operator always before has been
a boy! Outside the window of my country house here as I write, off
on that field on the hillside a woman is working, who never worked
there before. At Lexington, Mass., I read in my morning paper, the
Rev. Christopher Walter Collier has gone to the front in France and
his wife has been unanimously elected by the congregation to fill the
pulpit during his absence. Sometimes women by the hundred step
into new vacancies. The Æolian Company is advertising for women
as piano salesmen and has established a special school for their
instruction. A Chicago manufacturing plant has hung out over its
employment gate the announcement, “Man’s work, man’s pay for all
women who can qualify,” and within a week two hundred women
were at work. The Pennsylvania railroad, which has rigidly opposed
the employment of women on its office staffs, in June, 1917,
announced a change of policy and took on in its various departments
five hundred women and girls. The Municipal Service Commission in
New York last fall was holding its first examination to admit women to
the position of junior draughtsmen in the city’s employ. The Civil
Service Commission at Washington, preparing to release every
possible man from government positions for war service, had
compiled a list of 10,000 women eligible for clerical work in
government departments.
Like that it is happening all about us. This is the new woman
movement. And you’re in it. We all are. I know: you may never have
carried a suffrage banner or marched in a suffrage procession or so
much as addressed a suffrage campaign envelope. But you’re
“moving” to-day just the same if you’ve only so much as rolled a Red
Cross bandage or signed a Food Administration pledge offered you
by the women’s committee of the Council of National Defence. All
the women of the world are moving.
“Suffrage de la morte,” a Senator on the Seine has termed the
vote offered the French feminists in the form of a proposition that
every man dying on the field of battle may transfer his ballot to a
woman whom he shall designate. And the French women have
drawn back in horror, exclaiming: “We don’t want a dead man’s vote.
We want only our own vote.” Nevertheless it is something like this
which is occurring.
And we may shudder, but we may not draw back. It is by way of
the place de la morte, that women are moving inexorably to-day into
industry and commerce and the professions, on to strange new
destinies that shall not be denied.
 There on the firing line a bullet whizzes straight to the mark. A
man drops dead in the trenches. Some wife’s husband, some girl’s
sweetheart who before he was a soldier was a wage earner, never
will be more. Back home another woman who had been temporarily
enrolled in the ranks of industry, steps forward, enlisted for life in the
army of labour.
Dear God, what a price to pay for the freedom the feminists have
asked. But this is not our woman movement. This is His woman
movement, who moves in mysterious ways His ends to command.
We may not know. And we do not understand. But as we watch the
war clouds, we see, as it were in the lightning flash of truth, the
illuminated way that is opening for women throughout the world. It is
westward to us that this star of opportunity has taken its course
directly from above the battlefields of Europe.

A WOMAN OF YESTERDAY LOOKS ON

Women Wanted! Women Wanted! I am hearing it again over there.
Outside the windows of my London hotel in Piccadilly, a shaft of
sharp white light played against the blackness of the London sky.
Down these beams that searched the night for enemy Zeppelins, a
woman’s figure softly moved. And as I looked, the close drawn
curtains of my room, it seemed, parted and she stepped lightly
across the window sill. She was gowned in a quaint, old-time
costume. “They’re not wearing them to-day,” I smiled.
She looked down at her cotton gown stamped with the broad
arrows of Holloway jail. There were women, you know, who suffered
and died in that prison garb. The way of the broad arrow used to be
the way of the cross for the woman’s cause.
“You ought to see the new styles,” I said. “Governments are
getting out so many new decorations for women.”
“Tell me,” she answered. “Up in heaven we have heard that it is
so. And I have come to see.”
So we went out together, the Soul of a Suffragette and I, to look on
the Great Push of the new woman movement that is swinging down
the twentieth century in sweeping battalions. It has the middle of the
road and all the gates ahead are open wide. No ukase of parliament
or king halts it. No church dogma anathematises it. No social edict
ostracises it. The police do not arrest it and the hooligans do not
mob it. No, indeed! The applauding populace that’s crying “Place aux
dames” would not tolerate any such treatment as that. And in fact, I
don’t think there’s any one left in the world who would want to so
much as pull out a hairpin of this triumphant processional.
You see, it’s so very different from the woman movement of
yesterday. That was the crusade of the pioneers who gave their lives
in the struggling service of an unpopular ideal. Who wanted feminists
free to find themselves? Even women themselves came haltingly as
recruits. But this is a pageant, with Everywoman crowding for place
at her country’s call. And who would not adore to be a patriot? It is
with flying colors, albeit to the solemn measures of a Dead March
that the new columns are coming on.
It is the Woman Movement against which all the parliaments of
men shall never again prevail. Majestically, with sure and rhythmic
tread, it is moving, not under its own power of propaganda, but
propelled by fearful cosmic forces. At the compulsion of a sublime
destiny accelerated under the ægis of a war office press bureau,
suffragists pro and anti alike are gathered in. Theirs no longer to
reason why. For see, they are keeping step, always keeping step
with the armies at the front!
There is a new offensive on the Somme. There is a defeat at the
Yser, a victory at Verdun or Marne. The dead men lie deep in the
trenches! The war office combs out new regiments to face the hell-
fire of shrapnel and the woman movement in all nations joins up new
recruits to fill the vacant places from which the men, about to die, are
steadily enlisted. See the sign of the times. I point it out to My
Suffragette: “Women Wanted.” With each year of war the demand
becomes more insistent. Women Wanted! Women Wanted!
“But they didn’t used to be,” she gasps in amazement.
And of course, I too remember when the world was barricaded
against everywhere a woman wanted to go beyond the dishpan and
the wash tub and the nursery. It all seems now such a long while
ago.
“Dear old-fashioned girl,” I reply, “women no longer have to smash
a way anywhere. They’ll even be sending after you if you don’t
come.”
When the militants of England signed with their government the
truce which abrogated for the period of the war the Cat and Mouse
Act with which they had been pursued, it was the formal
announcement to the world of the cessation of suffrage activities
while the nations settled other issues. From Berlin to Paris and
London, feminists acquiesced in the decision arrived at in Kingsway.
It seemed indeed that the woman’s cause was going to wait. But is it
not written: “Whoso loseth his life,” etc., “shall find it.”
Women Wanted! Women Wanted! “Listen,” I say to the Soul of a
Suffragette, as we stand in the Strand. “You hear it? And it’s like that
in the Avenue de l’Opéra and in Unter den Linden and in Petrograd
and now in Broadway. To every woman, it is her country’s call to
service.”
I think we may write it down in history that on August 14, 1914, the
door of the Doll’s House opened. She who stood at the threshold
where the tides of the ages surged, waved a brave farewell to lines
of gleaming bayonets going down the street. Then the clock on her
mantel ticked off the wonderful moment of the centuries that only
God himself had planned. The force primeval that had held her in
bondage, this it was that should set her free. As straight as ever she
went before to the altar and the cook stove and the cradle, she
stepped out now into the wide wide world, the woman behind the
man behind the gun.
“See,” I say to My Suffragette, “not all the political economists from
John Stuart Mill to Ellen Key could have accomplished it. Not even
your spectacular martyrdom was able to achieve it. But now it is
done. For lo, the password the feminists have sought, is found. And
it is Love—not logic!”
 There are, the statisticians tell us, more than twenty million men
numbered among the embattled hosts out there at the front where
the future of the human race is being fought for. Modern warfare has
most terrible engines of destruction. But with all of these at
command, there is not a brigade of soldiers that could stand against
their foes without the aid of the women who in the last analysis are
holding the line.
Who is it that is feeding and clothing and nursing the greatest
armies of history? See that soldier in the trenches? A woman raised
the grain for the bread, a woman is tending the flocks that provided
the meat for his rations to-day. A woman made the boots and the
uniform in which he stands. A woman made the shells with which his
gun is loaded. A woman will nurse him when he’s wounded. A
woman’s ambulance may even pick him up on the battlefield. A
woman surgeon may perform the operation to save his life. And
somewhere back home a woman holds the job he had to leave
behind. There is no task to which women have not turned to-day to
carry on civilisation. For the shot that was fired in Serbia summoned
men to their most ancient occupation—and women to every other.
“All the suffrage flags are furled?” questions My Suffragette
incredulously, as we pass through the streets where once her
banners waved most militantly. “Gone with your broad arrows of
yesterday,” I affirm. “And you should see our modern styles.”

NEW COSTUMES FOR NEW WOMEN

When women stood at the threshold listening breathlessly that
August day, there was one costume ready and laid out by the
nations for their wear in every land. Coronets and shimmering ball
gowns, cap and gown in university corridors and plain little home
made dresses in rose bowered cottages were alike exchanged for
the new uniform and insignia. And the woman who set the sign of the
red cross in the centre of her forehead appeared in her white gown
and her flowing white head dress all over Europe as instantaneously
as a new skirt ever flashed out in the pages of a fashion magazine.
To her, every country called as naturally, as spontaneously as a hurt
child might turn to its mother. She it is who has worn the red cross to
her transfiguration in this new Woman Movement with one of the
largest detachments in hospital service. See her on the sinking
hospital ships in the Channel or the Dardanelles, insisting on
“wounded soldiers first” as she passes her charges to safety, and
waiting behind herself goes quietly under the water. And with
bandaged eyes she has even walked unflinchingly to death before
the levelled guns of the enemy soldiery, as did Edith Cavell in
Belgium who went with her red cross to immortality. All the world has
been breathless before the figure of the woman who dies to-day for
her country like a soldier. No one knew that the Red Cross would be
carried to these heights of Calvary. But from the day that the great
slaughter began, it was accepted as a matter of course that woman’s
place was going to be at the bedside of the wounded soldier. Even
as the troops buckled on sword and pistol and the departing
regiments began to move, it was made sure that she should be
waiting for them on their return.
In Germany in the first month of the war, no less than 70,000
women of the Vaterlandischer Frauenverein, trained in first aid to the
injured, had arrived at the doors of the Reichstag to offer themselves
for Red Cross service.
I remember in the spring of 1914 to have stood at Cecilienhaus in
Charlottenburg. Cecilienhaus with its crèche and its maternity care
and its folks kitchens and its workingmen’s gardens, was devoted to
the welfare work in which the Vaterlandischer Frauenverein of the
nation was engaged. Frau Oberin Hanna Kruger showed me with
pride all these social activities. Then she looked away down the
Berliner Strasse and said: “But when war comes—” Had I heard
aright? That you know was in May, 1914. But she repeated: “When
war comes we are going to be able to take care of seventy-five
soldiers in this dining-room and in that maternity ward we shall be
able to have beds for a dozen officers.” All over Germany the half
million women of the Vaterlandischer Frauenverein planning like that,
“when war comes,” had taken a first aid nurse’s training course.
They were as ready for mobilisation as were their men. France,
viewing with alarm these preparations across the border, had her
women also in training. The Association des Dames Français, the
Union des Femmes de France and the Société Secours aux Blessés
Militaires, at once put on the Red Cross uniform and brought to their
country’s service 59,500 nurses. In England the Voluntary Aid
Detachments of the Red Cross had 60,000 members ready to serve
under the 3,000 trained nurses who were registered for duty within a
fortnight of the outbreak of war. Similarly every country engaged in
the conflict, taking inventory of its resources, eagerly accepted the
services of the war nurse. The same policy of state actuated every
nation as was expressed by the Italian Minister of War who
announced: “By utilising the services of women to replace men in the
military hospitals, we shall release 20,000 soldiers for active duty at
the front.”
The Red Cross of service to the soldier is the most conspicuous
decoration worn by women in all warring countries. Everywhere you
meet the nurses’ uniform almost as universally adopted a garb as
was the shirt waist of yesterday. We are here at Charing Cross
station where nightly under cover of the soft darkness the procession
of grim grey motor ambulances rolls out bearing the wounded. They
are coming like this too at the Gare du Nord in Paris, at the Potsdam
station in Berlin, and up in Petrograd. In each ambulance between
the tiers of stretchers on which the soldiers lie, you may see the
figure of a woman silhouetted faintly against the dim light of the
railroad station as she bends to smooth a pillow, to adjust a
bandage, or now to light a cigarette for a maimed man who never
can do that least service for himself again. She may be a peeress of
the realm, or she may be a militant on parole granted the amnesty of
her government that needs her more these days for saving life than
for serving jail sentence. But look, and you shall see the Red Cross
on her forehead!
The grey ambulances like this coming from the railroad stations
long ago in every land filled up the regular military hospitals through
which the patients are passed by the thousands every month. And
other women taking the Red Cross set it above the doorways of
historic mansions opened to receive the wounded. In Italy, Queen
Margherita and Queen Elena gave their royal residences. In Paris
Baroness Rothschild has made her beautiful house with its great
garden behind a high yellow wall a Hôpital Militaire Auxiliaire. And
many private residences like this are among the eight hundred
hospitals in France which are being operated under the direction of
one woman’s organisation alone, the Société de Secours aux
Blessés Militaires.
 MRS. H. J. TENNANT
Director of the Woman’s Department of National Service in
England. Like this in all lands, women have been called to
government councils.
Here in London, in Piccadilly, at Devonshire House, desks and
filing cabinets fill the rooms once gay with social functions. And
hospital messengers go and come up and down the marvellous gold
and crystal staircase. The Duchess of Devonshire has turned over
the great mansion as the official headquarters for the Red Cross.
Nearby, in Mayfair, Madame Moravieff, whose husband is connected
with the Russian diplomatic service, is serving as commandant for
the hospital she has opened for English soldiers. Lady
Londonderry’s house in Park Lane is a hospital. By the end of the
first year of war, like this, no less than 850 private residences in
England had been transformed into Voluntary Aid Detachment Red
Cross Hospitals.
In hospital financiering the American woman in Europe has led all
the rest. Margaret Cox Benet, the wife of Lawrence V. Benet in Paris,
braved the perils of the Atlantic crossing to appeal to America for
contributions to the American Ambulance Hospital at Neuilly. It is
equalled by only one other war hospital in Europe, the splendidly
equipped hospital of the American women at Paignton, England,
initiated by Lady Arthur Paget, formerly Mary Paran Stevens of New
York. Lady Paget, who is president of the American Women’s War
Relief Fund, has just rounded out the first million dollars of the fund
which she has personally raised for war work.
You see how these also serve who are doing the executive and
organisation work that makes it possible for the woman in the front
lines to wear her red cross even to her transfiguration. Accelerated
by the activities of women like these behind the lines, the Red Cross
battalions are leading the Great Push of the new woman movement.
The woman in the nurse’s uniform is not exciting the most comment,
however. It is by reason of her numbers, the thousands and
thousands of her that she commands the most attention. But she
was really expected.

WHERE YOU FIND THE MILITANTS TO-DAY

For the amazing figure that has emerged by magic directly out of
the battle smoke of this war, see the woman in khaki! Khaki, I explain
to My Suffragette, is one of the most popular of government offerings
for women’s wear. The material has been found most serviceable in
a war zone either to die in or to live in, while you save others from
dying. It is sometimes varied with woollen cloth preferred for warmth.
But the essential features of the costume are preserved: the short
skirt, the leather leggings, the military hat and the shoulder straps
with the insignia of special service. When governments have called
for unusual duty that is difficult or disagreeable or dangerous, it is the
woman in khaki who responds: “Take me. I am here.” She will, in
fact, do anything that there’s no one else to do.
Stick-at-nothings, the London newspapers have nicknamed the
women’s Reserve Ambulance Corps of 400 women who wear a
khaki uniform with a green cross armlet. With white tunics over these
khaki suits, a detachment of green cross girls at Peel House, the
soldiers’ club in Westminster, does house-maid duty from seven in
the morning until eight at night. They are making beds and waiting
on table, these young women, who, many of them, in stately English
homes have all their lives been served by butlers and footmen. I saw
a Green Cross girl at the military headquarters of the corps in
Piccadilly making to Commandant Mabel Beatty her report of
another phase of war work. She was such a young thing, I should
say perhaps eighteen, and delicately bred. I know I noticed the
slender aristocratic hand that she lifted to her hat in salute to her
superior officer: “I have,” she said, “this morning burned three
amputated arms, two legs and a section of a jaw bone. And I have
carried my end of five heavy coffins to the dead wagon.” That’s all in
her day’s work. She’s a hospital orderly. And it’s one of the things an
orderly is for, to dispose of the by-products of a great war hospital.
See also, these ambulances that bring the wounded from Charing
Cross. They are “manned” by a woman outside as well as the nurse
within. There is a girl at the wheel in the driver’s seat. The Motor
Transport Section of the Green Cross Society accomplishes an
average weekly mileage of 2,000 miles transporting wounded and
munitions. Like this they respond for any service to which the
exigencies of war may call. There was the time of the first serious
Zeppelin raid on London when amid the crash of falling bombs and
the horror of fire flaming suddenly in the darkness, the shrieks of the
maimed and dying filled the night with terror and the populace
seemed to stand frozen to inaction at the scene about them. Right
up to the centre of the worst carnage rolled a Green Cross
ambulance from which leaped out eight khaki clad women. They
were, mind you, women of the carefully sheltered class, who sit in
dinner gowns under soft candle light in beautifully appointed English
houses. And they never before in all their lives had witnessed an evil
sight. But they set to work promptly by the side of the police to pick
up the dead and the dying, putting the highway to order as calmly as
they might have gone about adjusting the curtains and the pillows to
set a drawing-room to rights. “Thanks,” said the police, when
sometime later an ambulance arrived from the nearest headquarters,
“the ladies have done this job.” Since then the Woman’s Reserve
Ambulance Corps is officially attached to the “D” Division of the
Metropolitan Police for air raid relief.
That girl in khaki who is serving as a hospital orderly, you notice,
wears shoulder straps of blue. She comes from the great military
hospital in High Holborn that is staffed entirely by women. We may
walk through the wards there where we shall see many of her. Above
her in authority are women with shoulder straps of red. These are
they who wear the surgeon’s white tunic in the operating theatre,
who issue the physician’s orders at the patient’s bedside. Now the
door at the end of the ward opens. A woman with red shoulder
straps stands there, whom every wounded patient able to lift his right
arm, salutes as if his own military commander had appeared. “But
it’s my doctor, my doctor,” exclaims the Suffragette of yesterday.
And it is. The doctor, you see, used to hold in fact the unofficial
post of first aid physician to the Women’s Social and Political Union.
Frequently she was wont to hurry out on an emergency call to attend
some militant picked up cut and bleeding from the missiles of the
mobs or released faint and dying from a hunger strike. And the
doctor herself did her bit in the old days. The Government had her in
Holloway jail for six weeks. Well, to-day they have her as surgeon in
command of this war hospital with the rank of major. She’s so well
fitted for the place, you see, by her earlier experience.
But, visibly agitated, My Suffragette again plucks at my sleeve:
“Are you quite sure,” she asks, “that Scotland Yard won’t take her?”
 Poor dear lady of yesterday. They’re not doing that to-day. Your
woman movement was militant against the Government. This
woman movement is militant with the Government. There’s all the
difference in the world. And the woman in khaki has found it.
Militancy of the popular kind has come to be most exalted in woman.
Besides a woman doctor is too valuable in these days to be
interfered with. She is no longer sent as a missionary physician to
the heathen or limited to a practice exclusively among women and
children. She is good enough for anywhere. One issue of the Lancet
advertises: “Women doctors wanted for forty municipal
appointments.” Women doctors wanted, is the call of every country.
This military hospital in London of which Dr. Louisa Garrett
Anderson, major, is in command, is entirely staffed with women.
Paris has its war hospital with Dr. Nicole Gerard-Mangin, major in
command. Dr. Clelia Lollini, sub-lieutenant, is operating surgeon at a
war hospital in Venice. In Russia one of the most celebrated war
doctors is the Princess Gurdrovitz, surgeon in charge of the Imperial
Hospital at Tsarkoe Selo.
Oh, the khaki costume I think we may say is admired of every war
office. It has found a vogue among all the allies. It has appeared the
past year in America, where it has been most recently adopted. But
the model for whom it was particularly made to measure was the
militant suffragette of England. Nearly everybody who used to be in
Holloway jail is wearing it. It’s the best fit that any of them find to-day
in the shop windows of government styles. And it’s so well adapted
to women to whom all early Victorian qualities are as foreign as hoop
skirts. You would not expect one inured to hardship by alternate
periods of starvation and forcible feeding to be either a fearsome or
a delicate creature. And the courage that could horsewhip a prime
minister or set off a bomb beneath a bishop’s chair, is just the kind
that every nation’s calling for in these strenuous times. It’s the kind
that up close to the firing line gets mentioned in army orders and
decorated with all crosses of iron and gold and silver.
You will find the woman who has put on khaki at the front in all the
warring countries. The Duchess of Aosta is doing ambulance work in
Italy. The Countess Elizabeth Shouvaleff of Petrograd commanded
her own hospital train that brought in the wounded. But it is the
British woman in khaki who has gone farthest afield. The National
Union’s “Scottish Women’s Hospitals,” as they are known, are right
behind the armies. Staffed from the surgeons to the ambulance
corps entirely by women, they go out to any part of the war zone
where the need is greatest.
See the latest “unit” that is leaving Paddington Station. The
equipment they are taking with them includes every appliance that
will be required, from a bed to a bandage, and numbers just 1,051
bales and cases of freight. The entire unit, forty-five women, have
had their hair cut short. For sanitary reasons, is the euphemistic way
of explaining it. For protection against the vermin with which patients
from the trenches will be infested, if you ask for war facts as they
are. Units like this have gone out to settle wherever by army orders a
place has been made for them, in a deserted monastery in France
that they must first scrub and clean, in a refugee barracks in Russia,
in a tent in Serbia where they themselves must dig the drainage
trenches.
Their surgeons have stood at the operating table a week at a
stretch with only an hour or two of sleep each night. Their doctors
have battled with epidemics of typhoid and plague. Their ambulance
girls have brought in the wounded from the battlefield under shell-
fire. Hospitals have been conducted under bombardment with all the
patients carried to the cellar. Hospitals have been captured by the
enemy. Hospitals have been evacuated at command with the
patients loaded on trains or motor cars or bullock wagons for retreat
with the army. There were forty-six British women who shared in the
historic retreat of the Serbian army three hundred miles over the
Plain of Kossovo and the mountains of Albania. Men and cattle
perished by the score. But the women doctors, freezing, starving,
sleeping in the fields, struggling against a blinding blizzard with an
amazing physical endurance and a dauntless courage, all came
through to Scutari. Out on the far-flung frontiers of civilisation, the
woman in khaki who has done these things is memorialised. At
Mladanovatz, the Serbians have erected a fountain with the
inscription: “In memory of the Scottish Women’s Hospitals and their
founder, Dr. Elsie Inglis.”

SUFFRAGISTS LED ALL THE REST

When the great call, “Women wanted,” first commenced in all
lands, there were those who stood with reluctant feet at the threshold
simply because they did not know how to step out into the new wide
world of opportunity stretching before them. In this crisis it was to the
suffragists that every government turned. Who else should organise?
These women, like My Suffragette, had devoted their lives to
assembling cohorts for a cause! The Assoziazione per la Donna in
Italy, as the Conseil National des Femmes Françaises in France,
promptly responded by offering their office machinery as registration
bureaus through which women could be drafted into service. It was
the suffrage association at Budapest, Hungary, that filled the order
from the city government for five hundred women street sweepers.
The Vaterlandischer Frauenverein assembled 25,000 women in
Berlin alone to take the course of training arranged for helferinnen,
assistants in all phases of relief work. But it was in England where
the woman movement of yesterday had reached its highest point in
organisation that the woman movement for to-day was best
equipped to start. Britain counted among the nation’s resources no
less than fifty separate suffrage organisations, one of which alone,
the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies, was able to send
out its instructions to over 500 branches! And the mobilisation of the
woman power of a nation was under way on a scale that could have
been witnessed in no other era of the world.
The woman who has been enlisted in largest numbers in England
as in other lands is the woman who at her country’s call hung up the
housewife’s kitchen apron in plain little cottages to put on a new
uniform with a distinctive feature that has been hitherto
conspicuously missing from women’s clothes. It has a pocket for a
pay envelope. “See,” I say to My Suffragette, “you would not know
her at all, now, would you?”
 She came marching through the streets of London on July 17,
1915, in one of the most significant detachments mustered for the
new woman movement, 40,000 women carrying banners with the
new device: “For men must fight and women must work.” And
industry, in which she was enlisting, presented her with a new
costume. The Ministry of Munitions in London got out the pattern.
Employers of labour throughout the world are now copying it. There
isn’t anything in the chorus more attractive than the woman who’s
walked into the centre of the stage in shop and factory wearing
overall trousers, tunic and cap. Some English factories have the
entire woman force thus uniformed and others have adopted only the
tunic. Here are girl window cleaners with pail and ladder coming
down the Strand wearing the khaki trousers. The girl conductor of
the omnibus that’s just passed has a very short skirt that just meets
at the knees her high leather leggings. The girl lift operators at the
stores in Oxford Street are in smart peg-top trousers. In Germany
the innovation is of course being done by imperial decree, a
government order having put all the railway women in dark grey,
wide trousers. In France the new design is accepted slowly. The girl
conductor who swings at the open door of the Paris Metro with a
whistle at her lips, wears the men employé’s cap but she still clings
to her own “tablier.”
That July London procession organised by the suffragists, led in
fact by Mrs. Pankhurst herself, in response to labour’s call, “Women
wanted,” is the last suffrage procession of which the world has
heard. And it is the most important feminist parade that has ever
appeared in any city of the world. For it was a procession marching
straight for the goal of economic independence. It was the vanguard
of the moving procession of women that in every country is still
continuously passing into industry. Germany in the first year of war
had a half million women in one occupation alone, that of making
munitions. France has 400,000 “munitionettes.” Great Britain in 1916
had a million women who had enlisted for the places of men since
the war began. In every one of Europe’s warring countries and now
in America, women are being rushed as rapidly as possible into
commerce and industry to release men. In Germany nearly all the
bank clerks are women. The Bank of France alone in Paris has 700