426-431 Merged
426-431 Merged
426-431 Merged
1. In generating action, the rotation is due to 1. In motoring action, the rotation is due to
mechanical torque, therefore, Tm and are in the electromagnetic torque, therefore, Te and are in the
same direction. same direction.
2. The frictional torque Tf acts in opposite direction to 2. The frictional torque Tf acts in opposite direction to
rotation . rotation .
3. Electromagnetic torque Te acts in opposite direction to 3. Mechanical torque Tm acts in opposite direction to
mechanical torque Tm so that Tm = Te + Tf. electromagnetic torque Te so that Te = Tm + Tf.
4. In generating action, an emf is induced in the 4. In motoring action, current is impressed to the
armature conductors which circulates current in the armature against the induced emf (e), therefore
armature when load is connected to it. Hence, e and i current flows in opposite direction to that of
both are in the same direction. induced emf.
5. In generator action, E > V 5. In motor action, E < V
6. In generating action, the torque angle is leading. 6. In motoring action, the torque angle is lagging.
7. In generating action, mechanical energy is 7. In motoring action, electrical energy is converted into
converted into electrical energy. mechanical energy.
Example 5.1
A 50 HP, 400 V, 4 pole, 1000 rpm, DC motor has flux per pole equal to 0.027 Wb. The armature
having 1600 conductors is wave connected. Calculate the gross torque when the motor takes 70
ampere.
Solution:
PjZI
a
Torque developed, T =
2p A
Where, P = 4; = 0.027 Wb; Z = 1600; Ia = 70A; A = 2 (wave connected)
T = 4 ¥ 0 ◊ 2027 ¥ 1600 ¥ 70
¥p ¥2 = 963 Nm (Ans.)
Example 5.2
The induced emf in a DC machine is 200 V at a speed of 1200 rpm. Calculate the electromagnetic
torque developed at an armature current of 15 A.
Solution:
Here, Eb = 200 V; N = 1200 rpm; Ia = 15 A
Te = Eb Ia
or =
Eb Ia = Eb Ia × 60
w 2p
N
(∵ w = 2p N )
Te 60
200 ¥ 15 × 60 = 23.87 Nm (Ans.)
= 2p ¥ 1200
Example 5.3
A four-pole DC motor has a wave-wound armature with 594 conductors. The armature current is 40
A and flux per pole is 7.5 m Wb. Calculate H.P. of the motor when running at 1440 rpm
2 Electrical Machines
Solution:
PZfIa
Torque developed, T= 4 ¥ 594 ¥ 7.5 ¥ 10-3 ¥ 40 = 56.72 Nm (Ans.)
2p A = 2p ¥ 2
2p N
Power developed = T watt; where =
60
power developed wT 2pNT
H.P. = ; H.P. = =
735.5 735.5 60 ¥ 735.5
2 ¥ 1440 ¥ 56.72
or H.P. = = 11.63 ( Ans)
60 735.5
¥
Example 5.4
A DC motor has 6-poles with lap wound armature. What will be its brake horse power when it
draws a current of 340 A and rotates at 400 rpm. The flux per pole is 0.05 Wb and the armature
carries 864 turns, Neglect mechanical losses.
Solution:
Here, P = 6; A = P = 6 (lap wound); IL = 340 A; N = 400 rpm,
= 0.05 Wb; No. of turns = 864
Z = 864 × 2 = 1728
Back emf, E = fZNP = 0.05 ¥ 1728 ¥ 400 ¥ 6 = 576 V
b 60 A 60 ¥ 6
Armature current, Ia = IL = 340 A
Power developed = Eb × Ia = 576 × 340 = 195840 W
E I 195840
Neglecting losses, brake HP = b a =
= 266.27 (Ans.)
735.5 735.5
Fig. 5.8 Circuit diagram of separately excited DC motor Fig. 5.9 DC shunt motor
Example 5.5
The armature resistance of a DC shunt motor is 0.5 ohm, it draws 20 A from 220 V mains and is
running at a speed of 80 radian per second. Determine (i) Induced emf (ii) Electromagnetic torque
(iii) Speed in rpm.
4 Electrical Machines
Solution:
Here, V = 220 V; Ia = 20 A; Ra = 0.5 ; = 80 rad/s
Example 5.6
A 400 V DC motor takes an armature current of 100 A when its speed is 1000 rpm If the armature
resistance is 0·25 ohm, calculate the torque produced in Nm.
Solution:
Here,V = 400 V; Ia = 100 A; Ra = 0·25 N = 1000 rpm
Induced emf, E = V – Ia Ra (motor action)
= 400 – 100 × 0·25 = 375 V
Using the relation, T = EIa or
2p NT = EI ÈBecause w = 2p N ˘
60 a
ÍÎ 60 ˙˚
60EI
a
Torque produced, T = 60 ¥ 375 ¥ 100 = 358·1 Nm (Ans.)
2p N = 2p ¥ 1000
Example 5.7
The armature and series field winding resistance of a 220 V, four-pole DC series motor is 0.75 ohm.
It has 782 wave wound armature conductors. If it draws 40 A from the supply mains and has a flux
of 25 mWb, determine its speed and gross torque developed.
Solution:
Here, V = 250 V; P = 4; A = 2 (wave winding); Z = 782;
Ra + Rse = 0.75 ; I = 40 A; = 25 × 10–3 Wb
E = V – I (Ra + Rse) = 250 – 40 × 0·75 = 220 V
fZNP
E = 60 A
60 AE
or N = f ZP = 60 ¥ 2 ¥ 220 = 337·6 rpm (Ans.)
25 ¥ 10-3 ¥ 782 ¥ 4
fZPIa -3
Ta = 2p A = 25 ¥ 10 2p¥ 782 ¥ 4 ¥ 40 = 248·9 Nm (Ans.)
¥2
Example 5.8
The armature and shunt field resistance of a four-pole, lap wound DC shunt motor is 0.05 ohm
and 25 ohm respectively. If its armature contains 500 conductors, find the speed of the motor when
it take 120 A from a DC mains of 100 V supply. Flux per pole is 2 × 10–2 Wb.
DC Motors 5
Solution:
The circuit is shown in Fig. 5.12;
V 100
Ish = = = 4A;
Rsh 25
Now, Eb
P f ZN
= 60 A
-2
or 94.2 = 6 ¥ 2 ¥ 10
60 ¥ 6
¥ 500 ¥ N Fig. 5.12 Circuit diagram
Example 5.9
A 6-pole, 440 V DC motor has 936 wave wound armature conductors. The useful flux per pole is
25 m Wb. The torque developed is 45·5 kg-m. Calculate the following, if armature resistance is 0·5
ohm; (i) Armature current (ii) Speed
Solution:
Here, P = 6; Z = 936; = 25 m Wb = 25 × 10–3 Wb
Solution:
Torque developed, T1 = 80 Nm
Armature current, Ia1 = 30 A
Armature current, Ia2 = 15 A
Let the torque developed is T2 Nm when the armature current is 15 A.
Now T Ia
T2 I
T1 = Ia2
a1
or T = Ia2 ¥ T1 = 15 ¥ 80
= 40 Nm (Ans.)
2 I 30
Power developed in the armature = E2 Ia2 = w2 T2
where 2
2p
=2
N = 2p 60
¥ 900 = 30p
60
Induced emf = E
w2T2 30p ¥ = 251·33 V (Ans.)
40
= =
2
Ia2 15
1. Speed and Armature current i.e., N – I a Characteristics: It is the curve drawn between
speed N and armature current Ia. It is also known as speed characteristics.
2. Torque and Armature current i.e., T–Ia Characteristics: It is the curve drawn between torque
developed in the armature T and armature current Ia. It is also known as electrical characteristic.
3. Speed and Torque i.e., N–T characteristics: It is the curve drawn between speed N and torque
developed in the armature T. It is also known as mechanical characteristics.
The following important relations must be kept in mind while discussing the motor characteristics:
E
Eb N or N b
f
and T Ia
Solution:
Synchronous speed, NS
= 120 4¥ 50 = 1500 rpm (Ans.)
120
f=
P
Actual speed of motor, N = NS (1 – S) where, S = 0·04
N = 1500 (1 – 0·04) = 1440 rpm (Ans)
Frequency of rotor emf, fr = Sf = 0.04 × 50 = 2 Hz (Ans)
Example 9.2
A 3-phase, 10 HP squirrel cage induction motor is wound for 6 poles. When the motor is
connected to 230 V, 50 Hz supply, at full-load, it operates at 4% slip. Determine (i) full loud
speed. (ii) full load torque in Newton-metre. (iii) frequency of rotor current under this condition
and (iv) speed of rotation of the stator mmf
Solution:
Synchronous speed, NS
= 120 6¥ 50 = 1000 rpm
120
f=
P
Full load speed, N = NS (1 – S) = 1000 (1 – 0.04) = 960 rpm (Ans)
Output = T = 10 × 735.5 W (where = 2 N/ 60)
10 ¥ 735·5 ¥
Or
60 T= = 73·16 Nm (Ans)
2p ¥ 960
Rotor current frequency, fr = S f = 0.04 × 50 = 2 Hz (Ans)
Speed of rotation of stator mmf = NS = 1000 rpm (Ans)
Example 9.3
Power to an induction motor is supplied by a 12 pole, 3-phase, 500 rpm alternator. The full load
speed of the motor is 1440 rpm Find the percentage slip and number of poles in the motor.
Three-Phase Induction Motors 729
Solution:
Synchronous speed, NS
= 120 4¥ 50 = 1500 rpm
120
f=
P
Ns - N 1500 - 1440
Percentage slip, S = ¥ 100 = ¥ 100 = 4% (Ans)
Ns 1500
Example 9.4
A 500 HP, 3-Phase, 440 V, 50 Hz induction motor has a speed of 950 rpm at full load. The machine
has 6 poles. Calculate the slip. How many complete alternations will the rotor emf make per
minute.
Solution:
Here, f = 50 Hz, P = 6, N= 950 rpm
Synchronous speed, NS
= 120 6¥ 50 = 1000 rpm
120
f=
P
Ns - N
Slip, S=
Ns
1000 - 950
= 1000 = 0·05 or 5% (Ans)
Frequency of rotor emf fr = Sf = 0.05 × 50 = 2.5 Hz or 2.5 c/s
Alternations of rotor emf per min = 2.5 × 60 = 150 c/ min (Ans)
From eqn. (viii), total rotor circuit resistance per phase at stud-1,
RS1
= S1 R2 (Since S1 = 1) …(xi)
¥ Smax = Smax
R2
as well as, RS 2 = K RS1; RS3 = K RS 2 = K 2 RS1
Also, R2
R2
= KRS(n - = K (n -1) = K (n - Smax
1) 1)
RS1 .
or K = (Smax)1/(n-1)
where (n-1) represents the number of sections of the starter.
Hence, the resistance of various sections of the starter are determined as,
r1 = RS1 - RS 2 = RS1 (1 - K )
r 2 = RS 2 - RS1 = RS1 (K - K 2 ) = K r1
r 3 = RS3 - RS 2 = RS1 (K 2 - K 3 ) = K 2 r1
Example 10.1
Calculate the ratio of starting torque to full-load torque of a 3-phase induction motor having short-
circuit current 4 times the full-load current with a full-load slip of 3%.
Solution:
Hence, Isc = 4 I fl ; S f = 3% = 0.03
2
T ÊI ˆ
st
Ratio of starting to full-load torque,
Tfl = Ë I fl ¯ ¥ S = (4) ¥ 0.03 = 0.48 (Ans.)
sc 2
Á ˜ f
Example 10.2
Determine the ratio of starting current to full-load current and starting torque to full-load torque
for a small 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor having short-circuit current 5 times the full-load
current. The motor is started with a stator resistance starter which reduces the impressed voltage
to 70% of rated value. The full-load slip of the motor is 4%.
Solution:
Here, Isc = 5 I fl ; x = 70% = 0.7; = 4% = 0.04
Sf
840 Electrical Machines
Starting current, Ist = xIsc
= 0.7 ¥ 5 ¥ I = 3.5I fl
fl
Ist
or I fl
= 3.5 (Ans.)
Starting Methods and Speed Control of Three-Phase Induction Motors 841
2
ÊI ˆ
Starting torque, Tst = Tst = Á I st ˜ ¥ ¥ Tfl
Ë
Sf
¯ fl
Tst
or Tfl
= (3.5)2 ¥ 0.04 = 0.49 = 49% (Ans.)
Example 10.3
A 10 H.P. 3-phase induction motor with full load efficiency and p.f. of 0·83 and 0·8 respectively
has a short circuit current of 3·5 times full load current. Estimate the line current at the instant of
starting the motor from a 500 V supply by means of star delta starter.
Solution:
Output of the motor = 10 H.P. = 7355 W
Power factor, cos = 0·8
Efficiency, = 0·83
Supply voltage (line value), VL = 500 V
output 7355
Input to the motor = = = 8861.45W
h 0.83
Input 8861 ◊ 45
Full load current, I = = = 12 ◊ 79 A
fl
3 VL cos f 3 ¥ 500 ¥ 0 ◊ 8
Isc
Ratio of, = 3·5
I fl
Solution:
Ratio of short circuit current to full load current,
Isc
I fl = 5
Example 10.5
A 20 H.P., 3-phase, 6-pole, 50 Hz, 400 V induction motor runs at 960 rpm on full load. If it takes
120 A on direct starting, find the ratio of starting torque to full load torque with a star-delta
starter. Full load efficiency and p.f. are 90% and 0·85.
Solution:
Output power = 20 H.P. = 20 × 735·5 = 14710 W
No. of poles, P = 6
Supply voltage (line value), VL = 400 V
Supply frequency, f = 50 Hz
Short circuit current, Isc = 120 A
Efficiency, = 90% = 0·9
Power factor, cos = 0·85
Rotor speed, N = 960 rpm
2
T 1jI ˆ
st
Tfl = 3 ÁË I fl ¯ × S
sc
( )
2
1 120
= ¥ 0.04 = 0·2493 ( )
Ans.
3 27.75
Example 10.6
Find the suitable tapping on an auto-transformer starter for an induction motor required to start
the motor with 36% of full load torque. The short circuit current of the motor is 5 times the full
load current and the full load slip is 4%. Determine also the starting current in the supply mains
as a percentage of full load current.
Solution:
Ratio of starting torque to full load torque,
Tst
Tfl = 0.36
K= 0.036
5 ¥ 5 ¥ 0.04 = 0·6 or 60% (Ans.)
In an auto-transformer starter, ratio of starting current to short-circuit current,
Is
2
Isc = K where Isc = 5 If
Is
I f = 5K2 = 5 × (0·6)2 = 1·8 or 180% (Ans.)
Example 10.7
Find the ratio of starting to full load current for 10 kW input, 415 V, 3-phase induction motor with
star-delta starter at full load efficiency 0·9 and the full load p.f. 0·8. The short circuit current is 40
A at 210 V and the magnetising current is negligible.
Solution:
Input power, P = 10 kW = 1000 W
Supply voltage (line value), VL = 415 V
Starting Methods and Speed Control of Three-Phase Induction Motors 845
Example 10.8
The full-load slip of a 3-phase, 400 V, 50 Hz slip-ring induction motor is 2% and its starting
current is 1.5 times the full-load current. Design a five-section 6-stud rotor starter if the resistance
of rotor circuit per phase is.03 ohm.
Solution:
Here, full-load slip, Sfl = 2% = 0.02