Protection and Coordination of 11KV Transmission System Using

ETAP

A Project Report for Industrial Internship

In the partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

B.Tech
In the

Department of Electrical Engineering

SILIGURI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

at
Ardent Computech Pvt. Ltd.
 CERTIFICATE FROM SUPERVISOR

This is to certify that Students have successfully completed the project titled "Protection and
Coordination of 11KV Transmission System Using ETAP" under my supervision during the period
from “01/09/23” to “13/09/23” which is in partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of the
B.Tech degree and submitted to the Department of “ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING” of
“SILIGURI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY”.

STUDENTS SIGNATURE
SAGAR MONDAL
AMIT KUMAR RAM
ADITYA THAKUR
BISWAJIT ROY

___________________________
Signature of the Supervisor
Date:13/09/23
Name of the Project Supervisor: Soumyadip Sarkar
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The achievement that is associated with the successful completion of any task
would be incomplete without mentioning the names of those people whose
endless cooperation made it possible. Their constant guidance and
encouragement made all our efforts successful.

We take this opportunity to express our deep gratitude towards our project
mentor, [SOUMYADIP SARKAR] for giving such valuable suggestions,
guidance, and encouragement during the development of this project work.

Last but not least we are grateful to all the faculty members of Ardent
Computech Pvt. Ltd. for their support.
 Contents
PROJECT OBJECTIVE.............................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................3
NEED OF PROTECTION ANALYSIS OF A CIRCUIT USING REALY CIRCUIT
BREAKER BY ETAP................................................................................................................4
COMPONENTS USED IN THE PROJECT.............................................................................5
DESCRIPTION OF EACH PARTS USED IN PROTECTION ANALYSIS OF A CIRCUIT
USING REALY CIRCUIT BREAKER BY ETAP...................................................................6
Conclusion................................................................................................................................29
 PROJECT OBJECTIVE

The objective of protection analysis of a circuit using a relay circuit breaker by ETAP
is to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the electrical power system by detecting
and isolating faults that may occur on the system. The protection analysis is performed
to determine the appropriate settings for the protective devices, such as circuit
breakers and relays, to ensure that they operate correctly in the event of a fault.
The protection analysis involves simulating various fault scenarios on the system
using ETAP software to determine the appropriate settings for the protective devices.
The analysis takes into account factors such as the fault current magnitude, fault
location, and fault type to ensure that the protective devices operate correctly.
The main objectives of protection analysis using relay circuit breakers by ETAP are:

1. Selecting the appropriate protective devices, such as relays and circuit breakers, to
ensure that they are capable of detecting and isolating faults on the system.

2. Determining the appropriate settings for the protective devices to ensure that they
operate correctly in the event of a fault.

3. Verifying that the protective devices will not trip unnecessarily under normal
operating conditions.

4. Ensuring that the protective devices will operate quickly and reliably to prevent
damage to the equipment and minimize downtime.

5. Minimizing the impact of faults on the system and ensuring that the system is restored
to normal operation as quickly as possible.
 INTRODUCTION
ETAP, which stands for Electrical Transient Analyzer Program, is a powerful software tool
used in the field of electrical engineering and power system analysis. It is designed to help
engineers, technicians, and planners in the design, analysis, and operation of electrical
power systems. ETAP is widely used in various industries, including utilities,
manufacturing, oil and gas, and more.
Here's a brief introduction to ETAP:
1. Purpose: ETAP is primarily used for the modeling, simulation, and analysis of electrical
power systems. It allows users to create detailed representations of power systems, simulate
their behavior under different conditions, and evaluate system performance to ensure safety,
reliability, and efficiency.
2. Key Features:
 Load Flow Analysis: ETAP can perform load flow studies to determine
voltage profiles, power flows, and losses within a power system.
 Short Circuit Analysis: It can analyze and calculate fault currents and short-
circuit conditions in the system.
 Transient Stability Analysis: ETAP helps assess the system's ability to
maintain stable operation during transient events such as faults or sudden
load changes.
 Harmonic Analysis: It analyzes harmonics in the system, which is essential
for assessing the impact of non-linear loads like variable frequency drives
(VFDs) and other electronic equipment.
 Protection Coordination: ETAP assists in setting up protective devices and
ensuring their proper coordination to safeguard the system against faults.
 Arc Flash Analysis: It calculates arc flash hazard levels and provides
recommendations for personnel safety.
 Optimization: ETAP can optimize power system designs and configurations
to improve efficiency and reduce costs.
 Real-Time Monitoring: Some versions of ETAP offer real-time monitoring
capabilities for ongoing system operation.
3. Benefits:
 Enhanced system reliability and safety.
 Improved power system design and optimization.
 Reduced downtime and maintenance costs.
 Compliance with industry standards and regulations.
 Better decision-making through comprehensive analysis.
4. Industries: ETAP is used in various industries where electrical power systems are
critical, including power generation, transmission, distribution, industrial plants, commercial
buildings, and more.
5. User Interface: ETAP provides a user-friendly graphical interface that allows engineers
to create, analyze, and visualize power system models, as well as generate reports and
recommendations.
NEED OF PROTECTION ANALYSIS OF A CIRCUIT USING REALY
CIRCUIT BREAKER BY ETAP

The need for protection analysis of a circuit using relay circuit breaker by ETAP is
driven by the importance of ensuring safe and reliable operation of the electrical
power system. A circuit may experience various types of faults such as short circuits,
overcurrent, and ground faults, which can lead to equipment damage, system
downtime, and even safety hazards. Protection analysis is necessary to ensure that
protective devices, such as circuit breakers and relays, are in place to detect and isolate
faults in the system.
The following are some of the key reasons why protection analysis using relay circuit
breakers by ETAP is essential:

1. Equipment Protection: Faults on a circuit can cause damage to equipment such as

transformers, generators, and motors. Protection analysis is necessary to determine the
appropriate settings for protective devices such as circuit breakers and relays, to
ensure that they operate correctly in the event of a fault and minimize damage to
equipment.

2. Personnel Safety: Faults can also pose safety hazards to personnel. For example, a
ground fault can result in electrical shock, while an arc flash can cause burns or even
fatalities. Protection analysis is necessary to ensure that the protective devices are
capable of detecting and isolating faults quickly to minimize the risk of personnel
injury.

3. System Reliability: Electrical power systems are critical infrastructure that provide
essential services to society. Downtime due to equipment damage or faults can result
in significant economic and societal impact. Protection analysis is necessary to ensure
that the protective devices are designed to detect and isolate faults quickly,
minimizing downtime and improving the reliability of the system.

4. Regulatory Compliance: Regulatory bodies such as OSHA and NERC have

established safety standards and regulations that mandate the use of protective devices
such as circuit breakers and relays in electrical power systems. Protection analysis
using ETAP helps ensure compliance with these regulations and standards.
In summary, protection analysis of a circuit using relay circuit breaker by ETAP is
necessary to ensure the safety, reliability, and compliance of the electrical power
system with established safety standards and regulations.
COMPONENTS USED IN THE PROJECT

• GENERATOR
• POWER TRANSFORMER
• BUS BAR
• CIRCUIT BREAKER
• RELAY
• TRANSMISSION LINE
• POWER TRANSMISSION CABLE
• LUMP LOAD
• CURRENT TRANSFORMER
• POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
DESCRIPTION OF EACH PARTS USED IN PROTECTION ANALYSIS
OF A CIRCUIT USING REALY CIRCUIT BREAKER BY ETAP

➢ GENERATOR
A generator is a critical component of a power plant that is responsible for converting
mechanical energy into electrical energy. It consists of several components, including the
stator, rotor, excitation system, and cooling system.
The stator is the stationary part of the generator that houses the conductors that generate the
electrical output. It consists of a core made of iron laminations that support the conductors
and provide a path for the magnetic flux. The stator winding is typically a three-phase
winding that is arranged in a specific pattern to produce a rotating magnetic field.
The rotor is the rotating part of the generator that is driven by a prime mover, such as a steam
turbine or a gas turbine. It consists of a shaft, a rotor core, and a rotor winding. The rotor
winding is typically a DC winding that is supplied with power from the excitation system.

The excitation system is responsible for

providing the DC power to the rotor
winding to create a magnetic field that
interacts with the stator winding to
generate electrical output. The
excitation system includes components
such as the exciter, rectifier, and
voltage regulator.
The cooling system is responsible for
removing the heat generated during
operation of the generator. It typically
includes components such as the
cooling water system, oil system, and ventilation system.
In summary, the generator of a power plant is a complex system that converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy. It consists of several components, including the stator, rotor,
excitation system, and cooling system, which work together to produce the electrical output.

➢ POWER TRANSFORMER

A power transformer is a device that is used to transfer electrical energy from one circuit to
another by electromagnetic induction. It is a critical component of electrical power systems
and is used to step up or step down the voltage levels of the electrical power.
A power transformer consists of a core, windings, and insulation. The core is typically made
of laminated steel sheets and provides a low reluctance path for the magnetic flux. The
windings are made of copper or aluminium conductors and are wound around the core to
form two or more coils of wire. The primary winding is connected to the input source, while
the secondary winding is connected to the load.
When an alternating current is applied to the primary winding, it generates a magnetic field
that induces a voltage in the secondary winding. The voltage induced in the secondary
winding is proportional to the ratio of the number of turns in the primary and secondary
windings. This allows the transformer to step up or step down the voltage levels of the
electrical power.
The insulation is used to prevent the windings from coming into contact with each other and
with the core. It is typically made of materials such as paper, plastic, or oil.
Power transformers are available in various sizes and configurations to meet the requirements
of different applications. They are used in a wide range of applications, including power
generation, transmission, and distribution, as well as in industrial and commercial settings.
In summary, a power transformer is a device that is used to transfer electrical energy from
one circuit to another by electromagnetic induction. It consists of a core, windings, and
insulation, and is used to step up or step down the voltage levels of the electrical power.
➢ BUS BAR
A bus bar is a conductive component of an electrical power system that is used to distribute
electrical power from one or more sources to multiple loads. It is typically a metal bar or strip
that is made of copper or aluminium and is capable of carrying large currents.
Bus bars are used in various
applications, including
power generation,
transmission, and
distribution, as well as in
industrial and commercial
settings. They are used to
connect generators,
transformers, switchgear,
and other equipment to the
distribution system.
Bus bars are designed to
provide a low resistance path
for the electrical current to flow, minimizing power loss and voltage drop. They are typically
constructed with a large surface area to dissipate heat generated by the high current flow. The
surface of the bus bar is often coated with an insulating material, such as epoxy, to prevent
accidental contact with the conductive surface.
Bus bars are available in various shapes and sizes, depending on the application and the
amount of current to be carried. They can be straight or bent, with round, rectangular, or other
cross-sectional shapes. They can also be insulated or uninsulated, and can be mounted
horizontally or vertically.
In summary, a bus bar is a conductive component of an electrical power system that is used to
distribute electrical power from one or more sources to multiple loads. It is typically made of
copper or aluminium, has a large surface area to dissipate heat, and is coated with an
insulating material to prevent accidental contact with the conductive surface.

➢ CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is an electrical switching
device that is designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by
overcurrent or short circuit. It functions
by automatically interrupting the flow of
current when an overload or fault
condition is detected.
Circuit breakers are critical components
of electrical power systems, as they
provide a means of controlling and
protecting the flow of electrical power.
They are commonly used in residential,
commercial, and industrial applications.
A typical circuit breaker consists of three main components: a switch, a trip unit, and a
mechanism. The switch is used to control the flow of current through the circuit breaker. The
trip unit is responsible for sensing the current flowing through the circuit breaker and
determining if it has exceeded the safe operating limits. The mechanism is used to open the
switch when a fault condition is detected by the trip unit.
Circuit breakers are classified based on their voltage rating, current rating, and type of
construction. They can be classified as low voltage or high voltage, depending on the voltage
level of the electrical system they are used in. They can also be classified as thermal-
magnetic or electronic, depending on the type of trip unit used to detect overload or short
circuit conditions.
In summary, a circuit breaker is an electrical switching device that is designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by overcurrent or short circuit. It consists of a switch, a
trip unit, and a mechanism, and is classified based on its voltage rating, current rating, and
type of construction. Circuit breakers are critical components of electrical power systems and
are used in residential, commercial, and industrial applications.
➢ RELAY
A relay is an electrical device that is used
to control the operation of a circuit by
using a smaller electrical signal to
control a larger one. It functions by
opening or closing a switch in response
to an electrical signal.
Relays are used in various applications,
including automation, control, and
protection. They are commonly used to
control the operation of motors, lighting
systems, and other electrical equipment.
A typical relay consists of an electromagnet, an armature, and a set of contacts. The
electromagnet is energized by a small electrical signal, which causes the armature to move
and open or close the contacts. When the contacts are closed, they allow current to flow
through the circuit, and when they are open, they interrupt the flow of current.
Relays can be classified based on their operating principle, construction, and application.
They can be classified as electromagnetic, solid-state, or hybrid relays, depending on the type
of switching mechanism used. They can also be classified as normally open or normally
closed, depending on the position of the contacts when the relay is not energized.
In summary, a relay is an electrical device that is used to control the operation of a circuit by
using a smaller electrical signal to control a larger one. It consists of an electromagnet, an
armature, and a set of contacts, and is used in various applications, including automation,
control, and protection. Relays can be classified based on their operating principle,
construction, and application.

➢ TRANSMISSION LINE
A transmission line is an electrical
power line that is used to transmit high
voltage electric power over long
distances from the point of generation
to the point of consumption.
Transmission lines are a critical
component of the electrical power
system, as they provide a means of
transporting large amounts of power
over long distances.
A typical transmission line consists of
a conductor, a support structure, and insulation. The conductor is typically made of
aluminium or copper and is used to carry the electrical power. The support structure can be
made of wood, steel, or concrete and is used to hold the conductor in place. The insulation is
used to protect the conductor from the environment and prevent electrical arcing.
Transmission lines can be classified based on their voltage level and configuration. High
voltage transmission lines typically operate at voltages greater than 69 kV and are used to
transport large amounts of power over long distances. They are typically supported by steel
towers or poles and are often configured in a straight line or a series of straight sections.
Transmission lines can also be classified based on their configuration. They can be
configured as a single circuit, which consists of a single set of conductors, or as a multiple
circuit, which consists of multiple sets of conductors. They can also be configured as a radial
transmission line, which is used to transport power from a single point to multiple
distribution points, or as a loop transmission line, which is used to transport power in a loop.
In summary, a transmission line is an electrical power line that is used to transmit high
voltage electric power over long distances from the point of generation to the point of
consumption. It consists of a conductor, a support structure, and insulation and can be
classified based on its voltage level and configuration. Transmission lines are a critical
component of the electrical power system and are used to transport large amounts of power
over long distances.

➢ POWER TRANSMISSION CABLE

Cables used for power transmission are

specially designed to carry high-voltage
electrical power from one location to
another. These cables consist of one or
more conductors (usually made of copper
or aluminium) that are insulated from each
other and from the environment using
various types of insulation materials.
The conductors in power transmission
cables are typically made of stranded wires
to increase flexibility and reduce the skin
effect, which can cause power loss at high frequencies. The insulation material used in these
cables must have a high dielectric strength and be able to withstand the high temperatures that
can be generated by the electrical current flowing through the conductor.
There are several types of power transmission cables, including overhead power lines,
underground power cables, and submarine power cables. Overhead power lines are typically
used to transmit power over long distances, while underground and submarine cables are used
in urban areas and for crossing waterways.
In addition to the conductors and insulation, power transmission cables may also have
shielding layers to protect against electromagnetic interference and to reduce the risk of
electrical faults. These cables may also have other components, such as moisture barriers and
strength members, to enhance their durability and reliability.
Overall, power transmission cables are critical components of our electrical infrastructure,
allowing us to transmit power over long distances and to power our homes and businesses
with reliable and safe electrical energy.
➢ LUMP LOAD
In the context of power systems, a lump load refers to a type of electrical load that consumes
a constant amount of power regardless of changes in voltage or frequency. This type of load
is also known as a fixed or static load.
Examples of lump loads in power systems include lighting loads, heating loads, and some
types of industrial machinery. These loads have a fixed power requirement and do not vary
significantly with changes in voltage or frequency.
Lump loads are different from variable loads, which consume power that varies with changes
in voltage or frequency. Examples of variable loads include electric motors, which consume
more power as their speed increases, and some types of industrial equipment that have
variable power requirements depending on the production process.
In power system analysis, lump loads are often modelled as constant power sources, which
simplifies the calculations and analysis of the system. However, it is important to note that in
reality, no load is truly a lump load, and all loads will have some degree of variation in their
power consumption depending on factors such as voltage, frequency, and temperature.
➢ CT (CURRENT TRANSFORMER)

A current transformer (CT) is

a type of transformer used to
measure high currents safely
and accurately in electrical
power systems. It is a type of
instrument transformer, which
means it is designed to
transform the high primary
current to a lower secondary
current that can be safely
measured by instruments or
devices.
The primary winding of a CT
is connected in series with the
electrical conductor carrying
the high current that needs to be measured. The secondary winding of the CT is connected to
a measuring device, such as a current meter or relay, that indicates or controls the magnitude
of the current.
CTs are commonly used in high-voltage power transmission and distribution systems, as well
as in industrial applications where high currents need to be monitored. They are designed to
provide a safe and accurate means of measuring current, as the primary conductor is isolated
from the measuring instruments and the secondary circuit.
CTs come in a variety of sizes and shapes, depending on the application and the current level
being measured. They can be designed for single or multiple primary conductors, and they
can have various ratios between the primary and secondary currents, depending on the
specific requirements of the measurement system.
Overall, current transformers play a critical role in ensuring the safe and efficient operation of
electrical power systems by providing accurate current measurement and protection against
overcurrent and other electrical faults.

➢ PT (P0TENTIAL TRANSFORMER)
A potential transformer (PT) is a type of transformer used to measure high voltage safely and
accurately in electrical power systems. It is a type of instrument transformer, which means it
is designed to transform the high primary voltage to a lower secondary voltage that can be
safely measured by instruments or devices.
The primary winding of a PT is
connected across the high voltage
circuit that needs to be measured,
while the secondary winding of the
PT is connected to a measuring
device, such as a voltage meter or
relay, that indicates or controls the
magnitude of the voltage.
PTs are commonly used in high-
voltage power transmission and
distribution systems, as well as in
industrial applications where high
voltages need to be monitored. They
are designed to provide a safe and accurate means of measuring voltage, as the primary
circuit is isolated from the measuring instruments and the secondary circuit.
PTs come in a variety of sizes and shapes, depending on the application and the voltage level
being measured. They can be designed for single or multiple primary voltages, and they can
have various ratios between the primary and secondary voltages, depending on the specific
requirements of the measurement system.
Overall, potential transformers play a critical role in ensuring the safe and efficient operation
of electrical power systems by providing accurate voltage measurement and protection
against overvoltage and other electrical faults.
PROJECT DESIGN
1. At first the power is generated at the power station at 11 kv.
2. Then the voltage is stepped up by using step up power transformer at the generating
substation to 33 kv.
3. The power is transmitted at 33 kv through transmission line.
4. In the next step the voltage level is reduced to11 kv.
5. Then for the resting part the power is transmitted through the power transmission cable
and connected to the lump load.
6. A set of circuit breaker is employed at each part of the power transmission system to
protect each part from the over current protection which is shown in the picture below.
PROJECT PICTURE
o Loadflow Analysis
➢ FAULT ON BUS 7 :-

➢ FAULT ON BUS 8 :-
➢ FAULT ON BUS 9 :-
Project: ETAP Page: 1
Location: 19.0.1C Date: 12-09-2023
Contract: SN:
Engineer: Revision: Base
Study Case: LF
Filename: P2 Config.: Normal

Electrical Transient Analyzer Program

Load Flow Analysis

Loading Category (1): Design

Generation Category (1): Design

Load Diversity Factor: None

Swing V-Control Load Total

Number of Buses: 1 0 4 5

Line/Cable/
XFMR2 XFMR3 Reactor Busway Impedance Tie PD Total
Number of Branches: 2 0 0 2 0 0 4

Method of Solution: Fast-Decoupled Method

Maximum No. of Iteration: 99

Precision of Solution: 0.0001000

System Frequency: 50.00 Hz

Unit System: Metric

Project Filename: P2

Output Filename: C:\Users\Aditya\OneDrive\Desktop\project\P2\PF21.lfr

Project: ETAP Page: 2
Location: 19.0.1C Date: 12-09-2023
Contract: SN:
Engineer: Revision: Base
Study Case: LF
Filename: P2 Config.: Normal

Adjustments

Apply Individual
Tolerance Adjustments /Global Percent

Transformer Impedance: Yes Individual

Reactor Impedance: Yes Individual

Overload Heater Resistance: No

Transmission Line Length: No

Cable / Busway Length: No

Apply Individual
Temperature Correction Adjustments /Global Degree C

Transmission Line Resistance: Yes Individual

Cable / Busway Resistance: Yes Individual

 Project: ETAP Page: 3
Location: 19.0.1C Date: 12-09-2023
Contract: SN:
Engineer: Revision: Base
Study Case: LF
Filename: P2 Config.: Normal

Bus Input Data

Load
Bus Initial Voltage Constant kVA Constant Z Constant I Generic

ID kV Sub-sys % Mag. Ang. MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar

Bus6 11.000 1 100.0 0.0

Bus7 33.000 1 100.0 0.0

Bus8 33.000 1 100.0 0.0

Bus9 11.000 1 100.0 0.0

Bus10 11.000 1 100.0 0.0 0.017 0.011 0.004 0.003

Total Number of Buses: 5 0.017 0.011 0.004 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Generation Bus Voltage Generation Mvar Limits

ID kV Type Sub-sys % Mag. Angle MW Mvar % PF Max Min

Bus6 11.000 Swing 1 100.0 0.0

0.000 0.000
Project: ETAP Page: 4
Location: 19.0.1C Date: 12-09-2023
Contract: SN:
Engineer: Revision: Base
Study Case: LF
Filename: P2 Config.: Normal

Line/Cable/Busway Input Data

ohms or siemens/1000 m per Conductor (Cable) or per Phase (Line/Busway)

Line/Cable/Busway Length

ID Library Size Adj. (m) % Tol. #/Phase T (°C) R X Y

Cable2 33NCUS3 70 2000.0 0.0 1 75 0.327145 0.134000

Line2 120 10000.0 0.0 1 75 0.413000 0.352587 0.0000034

Line / Cable / Busway resistances are listed at the specified temperatures.

 Project: ETAP Page: 5
Location: 19.0.1C Date: 12-09-2023
Contract: SN:
Engineer: Revision: Base
Study Case: LF
Filename: P2 Config.: Normal

2-Winding Transformer Input Data

Transformer Rating Z Variation % Tap Setting Adjusted Phase Shift

ID Phase MVA Prim. kV Sec. kV % Z1 X1/R1 + 5% - 5% % Tol. Prim. Sec. %Z Type Angle

T3 3-Phase 10.000 11.000 33.000 8.35 13.00 0 0 0 0 0 8.3500 YNd 0.000

T4 3-Phase 10.000 33.000 11.000 8.35 13.00 0 0 0 0 0 8.3500 Dyn 0.000
Project: ETAP Page: 6
Location: 19.0.1C Date: 12-09-2023
Contract: SN:
Engineer: Revision: Base
Study Case: LF
Filename: P2 Config.: Normal

Branch Connections

CKT/Branch Connected Bus ID % Impedance, Pos. Seq., 100 MVA Base

ID Type From Bus To Bus R X Z Y

T3 2W XFMR Bus6 Bus7 6.40 83.25 83.50

T4 2W XFMR Bus8 Bus9 6.40 83.25 83.50

Cable2 Cable Bus9 Bus10 54.07 22.15 58.43

Line2 Line Bus7 Bus8 37.92 32.38 49.87 0.0371149

 Project: ETAP Page: 7
Location: 19.0.1C Date: 12-09-2023
Contract: SN:
Engineer: Revision: Base
Study Case: LF
Filename: P2 Config.: Normal

LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus Voltage Generation Load Load Flow XFMR

ID kV % Mag. Ang. MW Mvar MW Mvar ID MW Mvar Amp %PF %Tap

* Bus6 11.000 100.000 0.0 0.021 -0.024 0.000 0.000 Bus7 0.021 -0.024 1.7 -66.0

Bus7 33.000 100.019 0.0 0.000 0.000 -0.005 0.000 Bus8 0.026 -0.024 0.6 -73.9

Bus6 -0.021 0.024 0.6 -66.0

Bus8 33.000 100.010 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.000 Bus7 -0.026 -0.013 0.5 89.4

Bus9 0.021 0.013 0.4 85.2

Bus9 11.000 99.998 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.000 Bus10 0.016 0.013 1.1 77.0

Bus8 -0.021 -0.013 1.3 85.3

Bus10 11.000 99.987 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.016 0.013 Bus9 -0.016 -0.013 1.1 77.0
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus ( voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)
# Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
 Project: ETAP Page: 8
Location: 19.0.1C Date: 12-09-2023
Contract: SN:
Engineer: Revision: Base
Study Case: LF
Filename: P2 Config.: Normal

Bus Loading Summary Report

Directly Connected Load Total Bus Load

Bus Constant kVA Constant Z Constant I Generic

Percent
ID kV Rated Amp MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar MVA % PF Amp Loading

Bus6 11.000 0.032 66.0 1.7

Bus7 33.000 -0.005 0.032 66.0 0.6
Bus8 33.000 0.005 0.029 89.4 0.5
Bus9 11.000 0.006 0.025 85.3 1.3
Bus10 11.000 0.012 0.011 0.004 0.003 0.021 77.0 1.1

* Indicates operating load of a bus exceeds the bus critical limit (100.0% of the Continuous Ampere rating).
# Indicates operating load of a bus exceeds the bus marginal limit (95.0% of the Continuous Ampere rating).
Project: ETAP Page: 9
Location: 19.0.1C Date: 12-09-2023
Contract: SN:
Engineer: Revision: Base
Study Case: LF
Filename: P2 Config.: Normal

Branch Loading Summary Report

Transformer
CKT / Branch Busway / Cable & Reactor
Loading (input) Loading (output)
Ampacity Loading Capability
(Amp) Amp (MVA)
ID Type % MVA % MVA %

Cable2 Cable 200.71 1.08 0.54

T3 Transformer 10.000 0.032 0.3 0.032 0.3

T4 Transformer 10.000 0.025 0.3 0.025 0.3

* Indicates a branch with operating load exceeding the branch capability.

Project: ETAP Page: 10
Location: 19.0.1C Date: 12-09-2023
Contract: SN:
Engineer: Revision: Base
Study Case: LF
Filename: P2 Config.: Normal

Branch Losses Summary Report

Vd
From-To Bus Flow To-From Bus Flow Losses % Bus Voltage
% Drop
Branch ID MW Mvar MW Mvar kW kvar From To in Vmag

Cable2 0.016 0.013 -0.016 -0.013 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.01

Line2 0.026 -0.024 -0.026 -0.013 0.0 -37.1 100.0 100.0 0.01

T3 0.021 -0.024 -0.021 0.024 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.02

T4 0.021 0.013 -0.021 -0.013 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.01

0.0 -37.1
* This Transmission Line includes Series Capacitor.
Project: ETAP Page: 11
Location: 19.0.1C Date: 12-09-2023
Contract: SN:
Engineer: Revision: Base
Study Case: LF
Filename: P2 Config.: Normal

Alert Summary Report

% Alert Settings
Critical Marginal
Loading
Bus 100.0 95.0
Cable / Busway 100.0 95.0
Reactor 100.0 95.0
Line 100.0 95.0
Transformer 100.0 95.0
Panel 100.0 95.0
Protective Device 100.0 95.0
Generator 100.0 95.0
Inverter/Charger 100.0 95.0

Bus Voltage
OverVoltage 105.0 102.0
UnderVoltage 95.0 98.0

Generator Excitation
OverExcited (Q Max.) 100.0 95.0
UnderExcited (Q Min.) 100.0
Project: ETAP Page: 12
Location: 19.0.1C Date: 12-09-2023
Contract: SN:
Engineer: Revision: Base
Study Case: LF
Filename: P2 Config.: Normal

SUMMARY OF TOTAL GENERATION , LOADING & DEMAND

MW Mvar MVA % PF

Source (Swing Buses): 0.021 -0.024 0.032 66.04 Leading

Source (Non-Swing Buses): 0.000 0.000 0.000

Total Demand: 0.021 -0.024 0.032 66.04 Leading

Total Motor Load: 0.017 0.011 0.020 84.72 Lagging

Total Static Load: 0.004 0.003 0.005 85.00 Lagging

Total Constant I Load: 0.000 0.000 0.000

Total Generic Load: 0.000 0.000 0.000

Apparent Losses: 0.000 -0.037

System Mismatch: 0.021 0.000

Number of Iterations: 1
 Conclusion
ETAP is a software tool that aids engineers in designing, analyzing,
and optimizing electrical systems, including protection and
coordination schemes for an 11kV transmission system. It enhances
system reliability by allowing in-depth analysis and simulation of
fault scenarios, identifying vulnerabilities and weaknesses in
protection and coordination schemes. ETAP also improves fault
detection and clearing by accurately modeling protective relays and
devices, preventing cascading failures and minimizing fault impact. It
provides tools for selective coordination, ensuring protective devices
operate in a coordinated manner, isolating faults and protecting
equipment while minimizing disruption to the system. ETAP also
leads to cost savings by assessing protection and coordination
strategies before implementation, reducing unnecessary investments
in over-designed protection systems. It supports compliance with
industry standards and regulations, facilitating comprehensive
documentation for system operators, maintenance personnel, and
regulatory compliance. ETAP can be integrated with remote
monitoring systems for real-time data analysis and diagnostics,
reducing downtime and promoting proactive maintenance.