Physics CSEC

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1. Surface pressure Force over the surface area

P= F/A

2. Fluid Pressure the pressure of a fluid and depends on the depth and
density of the fluid
p=Pg^h

3. U-tube Manome- Used to measure excess gas pressure

ter

4. Archimedes Prin- the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the
ciple/ Upthrust fluid displaced by the object

5. Law of flotation A floating object displaces its own weight of the fluid in
which it floats

6. density Mass per unit volume of a substance

7. What effect can a A force can change the size, shape or motion of an object
force have on an
object?

8. Forces can result gravity, electricity, magnetic field, nuclear actions

from :

9. Turning effects of the turning effects of a force is called the moments of a

a force force and depends on the magnitude and distance the
force is from the turning point.
moment = force x distance

10. principle of mo- sum of clockwise moments = sum of anti-clockwise mo-

ments ments (equilibrium)

11. Friction -reaction to other forces

-opposes motion
-between surfaces cause wear and damage

12. Centre of gravity the point at which all of the gravitational force of an object
may be considered to act.

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13. Factors affecting -position of centre of gravity
stability -wide base area

14. Vector Has both magnitude and direction

-acceleration
-displacement
-velocity

15. Scalar Has only magnitude but no direction

-speed
-distance
-time
-temperature

16. Aristotle's Law of the speed of the body is directly proportional to the force
motion applied and inversely proportional to its resistance

17. conservation of two bodies collide the total momentum of the bodies re-
momentum mains constant provided no external forces act on them
Pbefore = Pafter
(m x v) = (m x v)

18. Newtons laws of - Every body remains at rest remains at rest unless acted
motion upon by an unbalanced force
-F=mxa
- For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

19. Circular Motion Type of motion where velocity is constantly changing be-
cause direction is continuously changing

20. law of conserva- Energy neither created nor destroyed transformed from
tion of energy one state to another
energy input = energy output + wasted energy

21. work Force x Distance

22. potential energy Stored Energy.

Ep = mg^h

23. kinetic energy

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Energy of motion
Ek = 1/2(mv) squared

24. Efficiency Efficiency = (useful work or power output) / (total work or

power input) x 100%.

25. conduction The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another
substance that it is touching.

26. radiation Energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays

or waves or particles.

27. convection Heat transferred by the movement of fluids-liquids and

gases

28. Difference be- TEMP

tween tempera- -measure of average speed of molecules of a substance ;
ture and heat the degree of hotness of the substance

HEAT
-measures how much energy the substance has

29. Expansion of bimetallic strip consisting of brass and steel.

solids The brass expands more than steel so when it is heated
the strip bends

30. Expansion of Liq- A flask filled with colored liquid and a stopper with glass
uids tubing can he heated. As the liquid is heated it expands +
rises up the glass tubing

31. Expansion of A flask with a narrow glass tube is placed in a bath of hot
Gases water + a bead of colored water is placed in the glass tube,
as it is heated, the bead moves up the tube.

32. Thermal physics 1. thermostats

2. Removing metal lids from glass jars under hot water
3. hot liquids poured into thick glass containers cause
them to crack
4. dentists - fillings

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33. Effect of temper- - volume of a liquid/gas
ature -electrical resistance of metal
-the pressure at a constant volume of gas

34. Heat Capacity the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a
substance by 1 degree
heat capacity = heat absorbed / temp. rise

35. Specific heat ca- the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g
pacity of a substance by 1 degree (J)

Eh = m x c x ^T

36. Specific Latent the amount of energy needed to change 1kg of a sub-
Heat stance from one phase to the other at a constant temp.
Eh = mass x latent heat

37. specific latent quantity of heat energy needed to change 1kg of a sub-
heat of fusion stance from a solid to a liquid

38. specific latent quantity of heat energy needed to change 1kg of a sub-
heat of vaporiza- stance from liquid to a gas.
tion

39. Difference be- Boiling - occurs at a definite temperature, throughout the

tween boiling whole liquid
and evaporation
Evaporation - occurs at any temperature, takes place
spontaneously throughout the liquid

40. Kinetic Molecular series of ideas that help explain how gases work
Theory -consist of large numbers of tiny particles, far apart relative
to own size
- move continuously, rapidly, in straight lines in all direc-
tions
-elastic collisions between particles + container

41. Caloric theory thought that heat was a fluid thing which flowed from the
hotter body to the cooler body

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42. Boyle's Law as volume decreases, pressure increases as long as temp
remains constant
P1V1 = P2V2

43. Charle's Law the volume of a gas increases, mass and pressure remain
constant
= V1T1/V2T2

44. Pressure Law The pressure of a gas increases proportionally to the

temperature as long as volume remains constant

45. Inferences due to -motion due to gas particles colliding with air particles
Brownian Motion -exhibited by small particles
-enhances as temp increases

46. Transverse move at right angles to the direction of the wave

waves

47. Longitudinal A wave in which the vibration is in the same direction as

wave that in which the wave is traveling
(sound)

48. speed (wave) distance moved forward by a crest or trough in 1 sec

speed = frequency x wavelength

49. frequency number of waves passing in 1 second

50. wavelength distance between 2 crests or 2 troughs

51. period time taken to complete one oscillation

P = 1/f

52. Amplitude height of a crest or depth of a trough

53. Reflection when waves reach a barrier or boundary and bounces off;
reflected

54. refraction an abrupt change in direction of the waves as it moves

from one depth to another

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55. diffraction the spreading out of waves

56. Constructive in- when two crests or two troughs combine to make a larger
terference wave

57. destructive inter- when the crest of one wave cancels out the trough of
ference another

58. Laws of angle of 1. Angle of incidence = angle of reflection

reflection 2. incident ray + reflected ray + normal all lie on the same
plane

59. A real object one that gives off light

60. real image formed by rays of light that meet at a point and the ray
comes to the eye from direct points

61. virtual image when rays from the object diverge and the ray appears to
converge behind the device

62. Laws of refrac- 1. sin angle of incidence = sin angle of refraction

tion 2. incident ray + refracted ray are on opposite sides of the
normal and all lie on the same plane

63. refractive index describes how much the light passing through a medium
will bend
n = sin i / sin r

64. Critical Angle a wave of light passes from a denser medium to a less
dense medium and bends at 90 degrees

sin c = 1/ refractive index

65. Total internal re- The angle of incidence is too large that the refracted ray
flection passes 90 degrees and is reflected

66. 4 questions of 1. real/ virtual

ray diagrams 2. is it magnified/ diminished?
3. inverted/ errect
4. Where is it?

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67. Geiger- Marsden 1. nucleus has positive + neutral charges
experiment 2. mainly consists of empty space
3. Electrons orbit around the nucleus
4. nucleus small compared to the atom

68. Isotope Same number of protons + electrons but different number

of neutrons

69. radioactivity when the nucleus of an atom is split it emits energy (nu-
clear radiation)

70. alpha (+) same as a helium particle

blocked by a sheet of paper
In a cloud chamber deflects to the negative

71. beta (-) electrons moving at high speeds

blocked by aluminum sheets
In a cloud chamber deflects to the positive

72. gamma (no charge) short wavelengths

in a cloud chamber has no effect

73. half life the time it takes for half a radioactive substance takes to
decay

74. Safety precau- 1. Use forceps

tions with ra- 2. never eat/drink in the room
dioactivity 3. keep in protective casing
4. wash hands thoroughly

75. Electrostatics When certain materials are rubbed they acquire the ability
to attract light objects. Said to have become 'charged'
Glass rubbed with silk
polythene rubbed with a polishing cloth
cellulose acetate with a polishing cloth

76. Electric field a region where the electric charge experiences a force
-towards negative
-away from positive

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77. Electricity Q=Ixt
(Coloumbs - Ampres per second)

78. Electrical power P = V x I or P=E/t

79. Series circuit -current exactly the same at any particular point
-if any component fails, all fails
-sum of current = current flowing through the whole circuit

80. parallel circuit current splits up

81. ammeter measures currents so needs to be connected in series

82. voltmeter measures voltage, must be connected in parallel

83. Resistance measure of how the conductor opposes or resists the

passage of current through itself.
R = V/I

84. Diode lets current pass through in one direction only

85. rectification conversion of a.c. current to d.c. current

86. Fuse metls/ breaks the circuit when too much current is flowing
through it

87. switch when open, does not allow current to flow

When closed, allows the flow of current

88. earth wire provides an alternative root incase failure with an appli-
ance; instead of shocking you gets dispersed into the
ground

89. magnetically soft a material which is easily de-magnetized

(iron) good for electromagnets

90. Induced magnet- when a piece of unmagnetized material becomes magne-

ism tized b/c it has been bright near the pole of a permanent
magnet

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91. magnetic field the region around a magnet where a magnetic force may
be exerted.

92. Electromagnet a temporary magnet can be switched on or off. Has a core

of soft iron which is magnetized only when current flows
in the surrounding coil the strength only increases if:
-the current in the coil increases
-the number of turns in th ecoil increases

93. Transformers Change the voltage from one value to another of greater
of smaller value.
Secondary voltage/primary coltage
=
secondary turns/primary turns

Vs/Vp = Ns/Np

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