Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 272 views

    Csec Chemistry Notes 7

    Uploaded by

    debestie
    This document discusses the structure and bonding of different substances including graphite, diamond, carbon dioxide and sodium chloride. It provides answers to questions about the type of bonding in each substance and how that relates to their properties such as electrical conductivity, melting point and hardness. The document also compares calcium and carbon in terms of their physical, electrical and chemical properties including the types of bonds present in their oxides and chlorides.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Csec Chemistry Notes 7

    Uploaded by

    debestie
    272 views2 pages
    This document discusses the structure and bonding of different substances including graphite, diamond, carbon dioxide and sodium chloride. It provides answers to questions about the type of bonding in each substance and how that relates to their properties such as electrical conductivity, melting point and hardness. The document also compares calcium and carbon in terms of their physical, electrical and chemical properties including the types of bonds present in their oxides and chlorides.

    Original Description:

    cxc chem notes

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses the structure and bonding of different substances including graphite, diamond, carbon dioxide and sodium chloride. It provides answers to questions about the type of bonding in each substance and how that relates to their properties such as electrical conductivity, melting point and hardness. The document also compares calcium and carbon in terms of their physical, electrical and chemical properties including the types of bonds present in their oxides and chlorides.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    272 views2 pages

    Csec Chemistry Notes 7

    Uploaded by

    debestie
    This document discusses the structure and bonding of different substances including graphite, diamond, carbon dioxide and sodium chloride. It provides answers to questions about the type of bonding in each substance and how that relates to their properties such as electrical conductivity, melting point and hardness. The document also compares calcium and carbon in terms of their physical, electrical and chemical properties including the types of bonds present in their oxides and chlorides.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 2

    Structure and bonding

    In this lesson, we will attempt a few questions on the topic.

    QUESTION 1

    (a) Answer the questions concerning the solid substances A to D, the identities of which are given below:

    A graphite,

    B diamond,

    C carbon dioxide,

    D sodium chloride

    (b) Name the type(s) of bonding to be found in A. (1 mark)

    (c) Explain why A conducts electricity but B and D do not. (3 marks)

    (d) Why does B have a higher melting point than C? (2 marks)

    (e) Compare the hardness of A and B. (2 marks)

    ANSWERS

    (a) Graphite is made up of carbon atoms bonded together by strong covalent bonds. These bonds extend
    throughout the whole structure.

    (b) Graphite conducts electricity because electrons can move about in each layer. These electrons are
    said to be delocalised. Diamond, on the other hand, has no free electrons while sodium chloride has no
    free or mobile ions.

    Comment: For substances to conduct electricity, ions or electrons must be able to move so that the
    charge can be carried throughout the entire substance. All the valence electrons on carbon are involved
    in bonding. In sodium chloride, the ions are held in position and are free to move only if molten or in
    solution.

    (c) The carbon atoms in B are held by strong covalent bonds which are hard to break and require vast
    amounts of energy. In C, solid carbon dioxide molecules of CO2 are joined together by weak forces of
    attraction between the molecules. B, therefore, has a higher melting point than C.

    (d) A (graphite) consists of carbon atoms arranged hexagonally in layers, with weak forces of attraction
    between layers. This makes it soft, as the layers can slide over each other. The carbon atoms in B are
    arranged tetrahedrally and are held by very strong covalent bonds throughout.

    QUESTION 2

    2. Compare calcium and carbon (include allotropes) by referring to:

    (a) their physical properties


    (b) their electrical properties

    (c) the chemical properties of their oxides

    (d) the types of bonds present in their chlorides

    (5 marks)

    ANSWERS

    (a) Calcium has high melting and boiling points due to the strong bonds formed between cations and the
    sea of mobile electrons. Carbon, in the form of graphite and diamond, has strong bonds which also
    result in high melting and boiling points. These substances are also solids at room temperature, owing to
    these strong bonds.

    (b) The mobile or delocalised electrons in calcium and graphite make them good conductors of heat and
    electricity. Diamond will not conduct heat or electricity since it has no free electrons.

    (c) Calcium oxide (CaO) is a basic oxide and will dissolve in water to form an alkaline solution (calcium
    hydroxide). It also reacts with acids to form salt and water.

    CaO(s) + H2O(l) = Ca(OH)2 (aq) (Alkaline solution).

    CaO (s) + H2SO4(aq) = CaSO4(aq) + H2O (l)

    Carbon dioxide is an acidic oxide and reacts with water to form acids.

    CO2(g) + H2O(l) = H2CO3 (aq) Carbonic acid carbon monoxide is a neutral oxide and is a good reducing
    agent, reducing zinc and metals below it in the reactivity series.

    CuO (s) + CO (g) = Cu (s) + CO2 (Reducing agent).

    (d) Calcium chloride (CaCl2) has ionic bonds present in its structure, while covalent bonds are present in
    carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).

    You might also like