Jump Start

For you to understand the lesson well, do the following

activities.

Activity 1. Draw me!

Instruction: Using any kind of drawing material, design a blueprint of the house
you would like to build in the near future. Make sure to place labels and
measurements and answer the questions that follow.

My Dream House

1. What do you think is the importance of a blueprint in building a house?

Blueprints are crucial in house construction as they serve as detailed plans outlining
the design, layout, and specifications of the entire building. They provide clarity,
guidance, and ensure compliance with regulations, making them essential for efficient
and safe construction.
2. What could possibly happen to house constructed without blueprints?
constructing a house without blueprints can result in structural instability, safety
hazards, wasted resources, legal complications, and shortcomings.
 Discover

You have learned in the previous module that qualitative research involves
collecting and analyzing non-numerical data to understand concepts, opinions, or
experiences. You were also able to grasp the difference between quantitative and
qualitative research and even determined possible research titles in the different
fields of specialization.

This time, you will learn on the different designs used in qualitative research
studies. But before that, let us first define what research design is:

Research design is the framework of research methods and techniques

chosen by a researcher. The design allows researchers to hone in on
research methods that are suitable for the subject matter and set up their
studies up for success.

If you already have an idea as to what design is applicable in your research,

you have to finalize in mind the following:
1. What is the purpose of your research based on the research design?
2. What are the philosophical bases of your study?
3. What type of data is applicable in your research?
4. What is the method to be used in analyzing your data?
What are the types of Qualitative Research Designs?

a. Ethnography
This is a qualitive method often used in the social sciences
particularly in anthropology and in sociology. It is often employed in
gathering data on human society to describe culture like origin, values and
roles in a particular group. Data collection in this type of design is done
through observation, interview and questionnaires.
b. Phenomenology
Phenomenology is a 20th century philosophical movement dedicated to
describing the structure of experience as they present themselves to
consciousness, without resource to theory and assumptions from other
disciplines. It focuses on the lived experience for several individuals. Its
purpose is to rigorously understand the phenomenon by systematic
examination and describe the essence of lived experience.
c. Grounded Theory
Grounded theory is an inductive technique developed for health-
related topics by Glaser and Strauss. It emerged from the discipline of
sociology. The term grounded means that the theory developed from the
research has its roots from the data where it was derived. \
 d. Historical Research
This refers to the systematic collection and objective evaluation of data
related to past occurrence in order to test the hypothesis concerning causes,
effects that help to explain present events and anticipate future events. Its
purpose is to make people aware of what has happened in the past to learn of
pasts failures and successes; to learn how things were done in the past to see if
such are applicable for the present; to understand education practices and
policies and to test hypothesis concerning relationships or trends.
e. Case Study
This research design is a useful tool for investigating trends and
scientific situations in many scientific disciplines especially social sciences,
psychology, anthropology, and ecology. This method of study is useful for
trying to test theoretical models by using them in real world situations. It is
an exploration of a bounded system or a case over time through detailed
data collection involving multiple sources of information within a context.
Data collection strategies involve observations, interviews, documents,
archival records and participant observation.

Explore

Activity 1. Let’s Determine!

Instruction: Determine the appropriate research design based on the following

research topics. Write your answers in the blank provided before each number.

Ethnography 1. Cultural practices of the Ilocanos of La Union.

Phenomenology 2. Success story of an entrepreneur

Ethnography 3. The way of life of the Mangyans, their folkways and mores

Grounded Theory 4. Fears and anxieties of teenagers

Historical Research 5. Agriculture of the pre-historic period

Activity 2. Answer me!

Instruction: Carefully read and answer the following questions below. You may
write your answers on a separate sheet.
1. What research topic/study would you like to work on?
The Influence of Social Media on Individuals' Behavior and Decision-Making

2.Why do you like to work on that topic?

I would like to work on this topic because social media has become an integral part of our daily lives,
and its impact on individuals' behavior and decision-making is a fascinating area to explore. Understanding
how social media influences people's choices, attitudes, and actions can provide valuable insights into the
effects of digital platforms on society.
3..What do you think is the appropriate research design to be used in your
study?
Explanatory design, because an explanatory research design can investigates the causal
relationship between social media and behavior/decision-making using surveys, experiments, and
observations. It aims to provide insights into the influence of social media on behavior/decision-
making.

Deepen

Instruction: Answer the following questions based on your understanding in

this lesson. Make your answers brief yet substantial.
1. What is a research design?
A research design is a strategic framework that guides the process of conducting
research. It includes defining the research objectives, questions, methods, data
collection, analysis, and presentation. Essentially, it’s a plan that specifies how you will
answer your research question using empirical data
2. What is the importance of a research design in a research paper?
The importance of a research design in a research paper cannot be overstated. It
ensures that the study is conducted in a systematic and rigorous manner, guiding the
researcher through each step of the process. A well-planned research design aligns the
methods with the research objectives and uses the appropriate type of analysis for the
data. This contributes to the accuracy, reliability, consistency, and legitimacy of the
research findings
3. What do you think is the impact of an inappropriate research design in a
study?
The impact of an inappropriate research design can be significant. A flawed design can
lead to unreliable and unreplicable results, wasting resources and potentially leading to
incorrect conclusions. It can affect the study’s credibility, resulting in research that has
limited or no utility. In the worst cases, it can lead to the implementation of ineffective,
inefficient, or harmful policies and treatments based on faulty evidence.
 Lesson Sampling Procedure and
2 Sample

Target

In the previous lesson, you were able to learn on the different research
designs that could be used in conducting a qualitative research study. This time,
you will have a wider view of how samples are determined in this type of research.
Bear in mind that in qualitative research, a sample is a smaller set of cases a
researcher selects from a large group and generalizes the population.
Furthermore, experts say that a sample appropriate to the research
questions and theoretical aims are needed to fully analyze the topic and answer the
questions in the study.
Hence, at the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
a. Describe sampling procedure and sample CS_RS11Va-c2

Jump Start

For you to understand the lesson well, do the following activity. Have fun
learning and good luck!

Activity 1. Let’s Measure!

Direction: Make a list of the different sampling procedures you know and determine
whether it is under probability or non-probability sampling technique.

Sampling Procedure Probability Sampling/ Non-Probability

Sampling

1. Simple Random Sampling Probability Sampling

2. Stratified Sampling Probability Sampling

3. Cluster Sampling Probability Sampling

4. Snowball Sampling Non-Probability Sampling

5. Quota Sampling Non-Probability Sampling

 Discover

To understand further this lesson, the first thing to do is to be well versed of

the difference between Population and Sample:
Population, Sample and Sampling
The population refers to the totality of
objects, elements, person and characteristics
under a given condition. In other words,
population refers to the entire group that you want
to draw conclusions about.

On the other hand, sample is the specific

group that you will collect data from which also
refers as the subset in a population.

Sampling in contrary is the process of

technique of choosing a sample from a population
to participate in the study.

https://www.scribbr.com
Qualitative Sampling

In qualitative research, the goal of sampling is to get a representative sample

size from a population to study and create accurate generalizations based on the
data that will be gathered. The researcher should remember that there are no fast
and hard rules in determining the sample size. The characteristics and objectives of
the study will determine how many individuals should be selected. You continue to
sample until you are not getting new information or are no longer getting new
insights also known as the concept of saturation. However, there are also other
guidelines recommended in determining the number of respondents:

Proponent Research Design Suggested Respondent

Morse (1994) Ethnography 30-50 participants
Morse (1994) Grounded Theory 30-50 interviews
Creswell (1998) Phenomenological 5-25 participants
These recommendations can help a researcher estimate how many
participants they will need, but ultimately, the required number of participants
should depend when saturation is reached.
Sampling is done to collect cases, events, or actions that will clarify and
deepen understanding. There is a need to think carefully as to what sampling
procedure should be used by the researcher to come up with a sound study. The
following are Non-probability Sampling procedures that are commonly used in
qualitative research:
 A. Convenience Sampling
Convenience sampling is defined as a method adopted by researchers
where data is collected from a conveniently available pool of respondents. It
is the most commonly used sampling technique as it’s incredibly prompt,
uncomplicated, and economical. In many cases, members are readily
approachable to be a part of the sample.

B. Quota Sampling
Quota sampling is defined as a non-probability sampling method in
which researchers create a sample involving individuals that represent a
population. Researchers choose these individuals according to specific traits
or qualities. These samples can be generalized to the entire population. The
final subset will be decided only according to the interviewer ’s or
researcher’s knowledge of the population.
C. Snowball Sampling
Snowball sampling or chain-referral sampling is defined as a non-
probability sampling technique in which the samples have traits that are
rare to find. This is a sampling technique, in which existing subjects provide
referrals to recruit samples required for a research study.

Explore

Activity 1. Complete me!

Direction: Complete the table below by supplying the needed information in each
item. Make your answers brief but substantial. Answer in a separate sheet.

Sampling Procedure Brief Discussion

1. Convenience Sampling This non-probability sampling method involves

selecting participants who are easily accessible to the
researcher. It's quick and cost-effective but may lead
to significant bias because it does not represent the
population well. |
2. Quota Sampling Is a non-probability sampling technique where
researchers divide the population into exclusive
subgroups and then set quotas to fill from each
subgroup to ensure representation. It allows for
control over the composition of the sample, but it's
not random, and the results can't be generalized to
the population. |
3. Snowball Sampling Often used in non-probability sampling, this method
involves existing study subjects recruiting future
subjects from among their acquaintances. It's
particularly useful for reaching populations that are
difficult to sample when researchers cannot locate
them directly. |
Activity 2. What is best?

Direction: Evaluate the following research topics and determine the best sampling
procedure to be used. Add a brief explanation.

1. Lived experiences of front liners who responded during the Co Vid 19 pandemic
Sampling Procedure:Purposive Sampling
Explanation: Purposive sampling is ideal for this qualitative study because it allows the
researcher to select individuals who have direct experience as front liners during the pandemic.
This method ensures that participants have the specific insights and experiences that the
research aims to explore.
2. The effect of too much exposure in online games to senior high school students.
Sampling Procedure: Stratified Sampling
Explanation: Stratified sampling would be suitable for this quantitative study to ensure that
subgroups within the senior high school student population.This method can help in examining
whether the effects of online gaming vary across different strata.
3. Wedding practices of the Ilocanos
Sampling Procedure: Snowball Sampling
Explanation: Snowball sampling could be effective for this ethnographic study because it can be
challenging to identify individuals who are knowledgeable about traditional Ilocano wedding practices.
Starting with a few key informants, the researcher can use their networks to find other participants
who have the cultural knowledge and experience with these practices.

Deepen
Instruction: Answer the following questions based on your understanding in this
lesson. Make your answers brief yet substantial.
1. What is the difference between population and sample?
A population is the entire group being studied, while a sample is a smaller group selected
from that population for research.
2. What makes quota sampling different from snowball sampling?
Quota sampling ensures diverse representation based on pre-set criteria, while snowball
sampling builds a sample through participant referrals, useful for hard-to-reach groups.
3. What do you think is the main reason why researchers prefer to use purposive
sampling in the conduct of their research?
Researchers choose purposive sampling to target specific individuals who can provide in-
depth insights relevant to the research question.
 Gauge

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers in a
separate sheet.

1. Which of the following is considered as the framework of a research paper?

A. Sample B. Research Design
C. Population D. Methodology

2. What type of research design is oftentimes used in sociology and

anthropology?
A. Ethnography B. Case Study
C. Phenomenology D. Historical Research

3. What research design should be used if you want to study the experiences
of people?
A. Ethnography B. Case Study
C. Phenomenology D. Historical Research

4. Which of the following refers to the systematic collection and objective

evaluation of data related to past occurrence in order to test the
hypothesis concerning?
A. Ethnography B. Phenomenology
C. Case Study D. Historical Research

5. Which of the following research designs refers to an inductive technique

developed for health-related topics that emerged to the discipline of
sociology?
A. Grounded Theory B. Phenomenology
C. Case Study D. Historical Research

6. What research design should be used if you want to learn from the past to
see if their practices before are applicable to the present?
A. Grounded Theory B. Phenomenology
C. Case Study D. Historical Research

7. If a researcher would like to study the way of life of the Ilocanos, their
folkways and mores, what research design would he most likely to use?
A. Ethnography B. Phenomenology
C. Case Study D. Historical Research
8. What research design requires the researcher’s personal participation as part of
the research study?
A. Ethnography B. Phenomenology
C. Case Study D. Historical Research
9. Which statement describes the sample in a population?
A. The specific group that you will collect data from which also refers as the
subset in a population.
B. The totality of objects, elements, person and characteristics under a given
condition
C. The process of technique of choosing a sample from a population
to participate in the study
D. None of these

10. Which of the following correctly defines a population?

A. The specific group that you will collect data from which also refers as the
subset in a population.
B. The totality of objects, elements, person and characteristics under a given
condition
C. The process of technique of choosing a sample from a population to
participate in the study
D. None of these

11. Which of these correctly defines sampling in qualitative research?

A. The specific group that you will collect data from which also refers as the
subset in a population.
B. The totality of objects, elements, person and characteristics under a given
condition
C. The process of technique of choosing a sample from a population
to participate in the study
D. None of these

12. What most likely should a researcher do if he/she already reached

saturation of data and no longer getting new information?
A. Have more respondents to have more data
B. Look for more respondents in other places to compare the gathered data
C. Stop having additional respondents for he had already gathered
the required data from the research
D. None of these

13. In a research study, a participant/informant refers the researcher to a known

respondent. What type of sampling procedure is employed?

A. Quota Sampling B. Purposive Sampling C. Snowball

Sampling D. Convenient Sampling

14. If a researcher takes respondents that are of his ease, what type of
sampling technique is done?
A. Quota Sampling B. Snowball Sampling
C. Purposive Sampling D. Convenient Sampling
15. Which type of sampling procedure is being described in the statement below?
“A non-probability sampling method in which researchers create a sample
involving individuals that represent a population.”
A. Quota Sampling B. Snowball Sampling C. Purposive
Sampling D. Convenient Sampling