International Journal of Construction Management

ISSN: 1562-3599 (Print) 2331-2327 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tjcm20

Installation systems of on-site prefabricated

concrete components: a qualitative approach

Mohd Hanizun Hanafi, Peter Farrell, Mohd Nazaruddin Yusoff, Shardy

Abdullah & Arman Abdul Razak

To cite this article: Mohd Hanizun Hanafi, Peter Farrell, Mohd Nazaruddin Yusoff, Shardy
Abdullah & Arman Abdul Razak (2017): Installation systems of on-site prefabricated concrete
components: a qualitative approach, International Journal of Construction Management, DOI:
10.1080/15623599.2017.1326297

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2017.1326297

Published online: 19 Jun 2017.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT, 2017
https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2017.1326297

Installation systems of on-site prefabricated concrete components: a qualitative

approach
Mohd Hanizun Hanafia, Peter Farrellb, Mohd Nazaruddin Yusoffc, Shardy Abdullahd and Arman Abdul Razaka
a
School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia; bSchool of Engineering, The University of Bolton, Bolton, United
Kingdom; cCollege of Law, Government and International Studies (COLGIS), Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia; dFaculty of Architecture and
Ekistics, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Malaysia

ABSTRACT KEYWORDS
The construction industry has been identified as one of the more important sectors towards System; factors; installation;
realizing the aim of making Malaysia a developed country by the year 2020. Towards this end, the on-site; prefabricated; IBS;
construction industry needs to become more competitive and productive. One major strategy is selection; qualitative
the implementation of the industrialized building system (IBS). The implementation of IBS requires
comprehensive studies to be undertaken to allow project stakeholders fully understand the
benefits that may be gained from IBS. The selection of an appropriate installation system is vital in
making IBS effective and successful. This paper identifies the on-site prefabricated component
installation systems practised and appraises the factors for selection. Structured interviews were
carried out with 32 parties directly involved in the on-site prefabricated components installation
operation. The study reveals three main prefabricated component installation systems, namely the
horizontal-, vertical- and mixed-based systems. Six main influencing factors were also discovered
that allow for a more informed decision to be made on system selection. Out of the six factors, it
was revealed that the availability of prefabricated components and crane mobility to be the most
important factors in determining installation system selection.

Introduction realize this aim is the necessity of the industry to become

more competitive, producing high quality products and
In 1991, Malaysia embarked on its Vision 2020, with the
employing skilled labour.
aim of elevating Malaysia to become a developed coun-
Industrialized building systems (IBSs) were seen as a
try by the year 2020. This blueprint focused on enhanc-
remedy for the construction industry, particularly in
ing the economic, political and social aspects of
addressing the shortcomings this industry was facing. In
Malaysia. One sector which was identified as being a
realizing this, the Malaysian government decided to give
generator towards national economic development was
IBS a strategic push, specifically through the implemen-
the construction industry. Over the years, the Malaysian
tation of two action plans, namely the IBS Roadmap
construction industry has undergone change, from being
2003–2010 and the IBS Roadmap 2011–2015 (CIDB
a low-technology industry based on skills to become a
Malaysia 2007). The underlying component of adopting
more significant industry, especially in terms of its con-
IBS was to industrialize the construction industry by
tribution to the socio-economic growth of Malaysia
increasing construction tasks to be undertaken in a more
(Abdul Rashid 1998). Nevertheless, the industry has not
controlled environment (i.e. within a factory setting).
been able to fully realize its potential, particularly in its
The expected outcome of IBS mainly centres on a reduc-
continuous reliance on immigrant labour. The construc-
tion of workers, waste and excess materials, as well as
tion industry is still seen to be unable to change the per-
producing cleaner and neater construction sites.
ception of being a ‘Dirty (Kitanai), Difficult (Kitsui),
The success of IBS implementation hinges on the cor-
Dangerous (Kiken)’ industry. These are some of the
rect or suitable types of systems adopted in construction
challenges that need to be overcome if the Malaysian
sites. It is vital to, therefore, identify this system as well
construction industry aims to be a world class, innova-
as the reason behind the preference of one system over
tive and knowledgeable global solution provider as
another. This is the aim of this paper where it intends to
described in the Construction Industry Master Plan
study IBS systems commonly adopted in construction
2006–2015 (CIDB Malaysia 2007). The shift needed to

CONTACT Mohd Hanizun Hanafi [email protected]

© 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
2 M. H. HANAFI ET AL.

sites as well as the underlying rationale of system selec- fabricated, transported and installed at construction
tion. The scope of this study is confined to the three sites.
most frequently selected components by Malaysian In general, there are four main types of building clas-
architects and engineers in adopting IBS (CIDB Malaysia sification, namely conventional, the production of units
2006), namely columns, beams and suspended floors. on building at the site, prefabrication and composite
building systems (Badir et al. 1998). This classification
systems are categorized by the construction method
used, specifically the technology, its functions and con-
Background of on-site prefabricated
figurations (Badir et al. 2002). Of these four systems,
components
prefabricated and composite building systems are often
IBS was adopted as early as the 1750s when John Smea- chosen by architects and engineers, especially in devel-
ton first installed prefabricated metal components in oped countries due to the benefits this system brings
the construction of water and wind mills (Agren & towards nation building (CIDB Malaysia 2006).
Wing 2014). More recently, however, interest in IBS
was fanned by Le Corbusier’s introduction of the con-
Previous studies on IBS
cept of modularization, particularly for homes con-
structed using a Le Corbusier’s assertion that ‘houses As IBS becomes a more preferred construction method,
must go up all of a piece, made by machine tools in a it has generated interest from researchers within the
factory, assembled as Ford assembles cars on moving built environment field. Numerous studies have been
conveyor belts’ (Russell 1981). This concept opened a done on IBS; however, according to Dulaimi (1995), pre-
new chapter of prefabricated building structures that vious research was more concentrated on the element of
are based on steel, concrete and glass. This also leads to IBS hardware as opposed to IBS software. Dulaimi
greater input from both architects and engineers, signif- (1995) defines hardware as the system of load distribu-
icantly in further enabling prefabricated structures to tion warranted by buildings and carried to the founda-
develop exponentially. tions safely using pillars and cross beams construction
According to Blismas et al. (2006), the implementa- or other similar approaches. IBS software on the other
tion of the IBS or prefabricated components is able to hand involves studies on the requirements of the end-
offer certain advantages to clients; where these advan- users, market analysis, component standardization
tages include: time saving through expediting construc- development, arrangement and process in manufactur-
tion and production, reducing management time and ing factories, distribution of materials and resources as
better programme predictability; product quality well as defining a conceptual design by designers.
improvement through factory fabrication; effective cost This lack of research concentration has caused this
control where initial cost becomes more predictable and approach to become very difficult to be nurtured (Abdul
less materials are wasted on-site; productivity, less diffi- Kadir et al. 2006) and also making it less favourable in
culty, disruption and operation on site; a reduction in the actual environment (CIDB Malaysia 2006). This has
the use of manpower on-site; and more efficient process subsequently caused some negative effects to the devel-
where centralized programmes can be carried out on- opment of IBS-based system planning, especially in
site; allowing performance level to be measured. developing countries. In recent years, however, research-
The IBS system is defined as ‘construction systems in ers have begun to shift focus on studying the software
which components are manufactured in a factory, on or elements. Some examples of the studies are, for instance,
off site, positioned and assembled into a structure with the adoption of the Enterprise Resource Planning
minimal additional site works’ (CIDB Malaysia 2003). method in a Sweden-based wood-structured housing
IBS generally refers to building components such as the company (Bergstr€om & Stehn 2005); the use of simula-
walls, floors, beams, columns and stairs produced in tion approach in the production of building system com-
large quantities either in factories or near construction ponents (Marsono et al. 2006); the comparative
sites with stringent quality control thus reducing on-site performance of conventional building systems and
activities (Rollet 1986; Trikha 1999). Similarly, Wars- industrial building systems (Abdul Kadir et al. 2006); the
zawski (1999) defines IBS as the process of industrializa- main factors influencing the productivity of the prefabri-
tion involving investment in equipment, facilities and cated component installation workers (Hanafi et al.
technology with the objective to maximise the produc- 2010); and the criteria of sustainability in industrial
tion output, minimize labour resources and enhance the building systems in Malaysia (Yunus & Yang 2011).
quality. Junid (1986) further explains that the IBS allows Other similar research revolve around developing the
for components of buildings to be designed, planned, Dependency Structure Matrix to portray visually the
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 3

relationship of elements in the system towards enhanc- to June 2014 with each session lasting approximately 45–
ing the capability of the system’s implementation 75 minutes. An appointment with the participants
(Schmidt III et al. 2014) and developing the conceptual involved was arranged two weeks prior to the interview
framework of innovation and transformation of the session. Seven interview sessions were done at site offices
industrial building system in Japan (Yashiro 2014). and the remaining 25 sessions were held in the construc-
However, there is yet to be a study which specifies or tion company’s general office. The interviews were con-
emphasizes the selection of prefabricated building sys- ducted in both Bahasa Malaysia and English depending
tems, factors for selection and recommendations on the preference of participants. A structured set of
towards enhancing the implementation performance of interview questions was used in all interviews. The main
existing systems. questions were: (a) which entities were involved in the
fixing of on-site prefabricated components; (b) what sys-
tems were implemented for this operation and how were
Research methodology
they implemented; (c) what factors influenced the selec-
Structured interviews were conducted with parties tion of the systems and in what way. To allow for a bet-
involved directly in the on-site prefabricated component ter understanding of the issues raised during the
installation operation, namely the project managers. interviews, open-ended questions were also employed
These interviewees were chosen based on the importance based on the feedback received during the sessions.
of project managers as key players in effectively imple-
menting construction projects to achieve the desired
Data analysis
objectives. This is in line with Kerzner (2004), where
project management is defined as the planning, schedul- As the study data is qualitative in nature, an appropriate
ing and controlling of a series of integrated tasks such qualitative analysis method was employed for data anal-
that the objectives of the project are achieved success- ysis purposes. A five-stage data analysis approach as
fully and in the best interest of project’s stakeholders. developed by Richie and Spencer (1994) was utilized in
Kerzner (2004) also emphasizes that ‘effective project this study. This approach contains five stages of data
management requires extensive planning and coordina- analysis as follows:
tion by project managers’. As such, project managers
were deemed to be the best participants towards achiev- Familiarization
ing the objectives of this study. All data in the form of voice recording and notes
obtained in the previous stage were transferred and con-
verted into data transcriptions. This was done to facili-
Sampling design
tate more comprehensive analysis in the next stage. To
From the total population of 67 construction companies ensure the validity of data transcription, voice recording
with Class A registration involved in IBS implementa- data was repeatedly listened to and compared with the
tion and located within the developed regions of Klang written notes.
Valley, Penang and Johor in Malaysia (Unit Teknologi
Maklumat LGM 2014), 32 participants were refined as Identifying a thematic framework
the sample based on the criteria developed by Abdullah A themed framework is developed from the process of
(1999) to fulfil the aim of this study. The criteria copying and reading of texts through voice recordings
employed to determine the suitability of these project and notes. The process of establishing this themed
managers were: (a) involved directly in the on-site pre- framework involves ‘both logical and intuitive thinking
fabricated component installation operation; (b) possess- … and further makes direct consideration about the
ing at least a bachelor’s degree qualification in a related meaning on which they are based, the significance and
field; (c) having a minimum of ten years’ experience in relation with the issues highlighted and the relationship
the construction industry and (d) willingness to fully between an idea with another idea in a discreet manner’
cooperate in this study. (Ritchie & Spencer 1994). It seeks to ensure that all the
questions of the study are answered well by the partici-
pants of the study. The framework developed in this
Data collection procedure
work is as illustrated in Figure 1.
The interviews were conducted with the help of a digital As illustrated in Figure 1, from the main interview
voice recorder to supplement the dictation done during questions of system selection as well as influencing fac-
the interview to minimize the possibility of information tors, a thematic framework involving the expansion of
omission. The interview sessions were held from March these two questions was derived. All participants listed a
4 M. H. HANAFI ET AL.

On-site Prefabricated The Type of Installation Systems

Component Installation 1.1 Horizontal-Based Installation
• The Type of Systems System
• Factors Influencing 1.2 Vertical-Based Installation System
Selection of the 1.3 Mix-Based Installation System
Systems Factors Influencing Selection of the
Systems
2.1 Availability of prefabricated
components
2.2 Construction site conditions
2.3 Competency of project manager
2.4 Location of construction site
2.5 Cost, time and quality
2.6 Building complexity

Figure 1. Study-themed framework.

common set of three types of installation systems that Table 1 lists examples of this data visualization pro-
was used within their construction sites. These preferred cess, where it can be seen how two participants correlate
types are: (1) horizontal-based installation system; (2) with each other as well as the two themes were identified.
vertical-based installation system and (3) mixed-based This allows for a more comprehensive and macro view/
installation system. A framework of six factors was analysis of the individual feedback from each respective
derived from the feedback given by the participants con- participant.
cerning the factors that influence system selection. The
six factors as listed in Figure 1 clearly indicate a common Mapping and interpretation
theme of integrating construction projects specifications In this adapted analysis approach, six techniques are used
and achieving project objectives. at this stage, namely (a) defining concept; (b) mapping
range and nature of phenomena; (c) creating typologies;
Indexing (d) finding associations; (e) providing explanations and
The thematic framework identified through interview (f) developing strategies. Analysis was conducted based
transcripts was then subjected to interpretation using on study questions that have been formed earlier. Apart
numbered codes assisted by the NVivo 2.0 qualitative from the questions, the mapping is also based on the
analysis software. The main indices from the thematic themes of data gathered prior to the production of the
framework were elaborated and supported by brief evidential structure. Through this analysis, the main
explanatory notes as shown in Figure 2. dimensions of the issues in relation to the on-site prefab-
Index coding was done using key and pertinent state- ricated component installation and factors for system
ments made by the participants during the interview ses- selection are as shown in Figure 3.
sions. Each identified key theme was associated to Data interpretation, as shown in Figure 3, was done
explanatory statements that describe and justify the dis- by mapping the identified influencing factors against the
covered thematic framework. These explanatory state- type of preferred systems in a relationship-based matrix.
ments were gleaned from several similar statements This matrix facilitates the identification and significance
made by the participants but with common underlying of each factor against each respective system. It is discov-
theme. ered that each factor has a varying influence on the type
of system selected and this allows the selection of the
Charting preferred system to be done in a more informed manner.
At this stage, the process of data visualization is done Overall data analysis has identified three types of
based on the identified theme through the process of main labour components involved in the systems. These
quoting similar themes derived from the interview tran- components are skilled workers, unskilled workers and
scriptions (Ritchie & Spencer 1994). Data is visualized mobile crane operators. This main labour components
through the use of a chart based on two main combined with available plant and machinery were dis-
approaches, namely (a) themed framework, and (b) covered to allow for a more diversified selection of sys-
study determination. The key elements were to have a tems in the construction sites. Through the analysis of
similar theme across all participants or a group of partic- interview data, specific examples of how these systems
ipant across all themes. (Ritchie & Spencer 1994). were operationalized were also identified. For instance,
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 5

Index Frame of Key Interview Transcript (translated to English)

Themes:
1.1 “….. a certain system created where all the columns;
The Type of then all beams and floors are installed, supported and
Installation Systems neatened in a building level”.
1.1 Horizontal-Based 1.2 “…..the system used in the installation follows a
Installation certain grid confinement. Several columns are
System installed first; followed by the beams and floors at the
1.2 Vertical-Based location as it is in the drawing. This grd line
Installation confinement is rectangular or square in the count of 4,
System 8, or 6, 12, 18 and so on; but not to all the grid lines
1.3 Mix-Based involved in a building constructed”.
Installation 1.3 “…. several prefabricated columns are installed at the
System location due to availability; followed by several
beams also installed based on availability. The
Factors Influencing component of the floors is installed if they are
Selection of the available at the site and both components namely the
Systems columns and beams are ready to take the floors”.
2.1 Availability of 2.1 “…. if the prefabricated columns are still available,
prefabricated the best way is to install them first. If the floor
components component is not installed with the columns and
2.2 Construction site beams, then it has to be done so that the companyis
conditions not burdened by the labour and crane costs”.
2.3 Competency of 2.2 “…. the crane needs to move on the platform built
project manager especially in the prefabricated component installation
2.4 Location of operation on big-sized buildings”
construction site 2.3 “…. the element of uncertainty often prevails at the
2.5 Cost, time and site and the efficacy of the project manager is crucial
quality in determining that the prefabricated component
2.6 Building installation system is a correct move”.
Complexity 2.4 “… a specific space for the crane and the boom to
move freely is limited, especially in sites located in
town. The delivery of the prefabricated components
in town is also difficult due to the traffic congestion.
The delivery of prefabricated components out of town
that is far from the factory is also problematic. This is
due to the poor road condition causing problems to
the transporting lorries”
2.5 “…. installing all columns; followed by all beams and
floors is vital to achieve workers’ and crane drivers’
efficiency in handling the installation operation”.
2.6 “…. complex building designs tend to impede the
crane from moving freely in a runner; this affects the
selection of the prefabricated component installation
system at the site”.

Figure 2. Index coding from the interview transcriptions.

Table 1. Examples of themes from the index.

Respondent Theme 1 Theme 2
The type of installation systems Factors influencing selection of the systems
2 Prefabricated component installation systems often practised at sites The availability of the prefabricated components plays an important
are the installation of several columns in a certain grid line role other than factors such as the project manager’s efficacy and
confinement, followed by several beams before the above floor is the state of the site itself.
installed. This system refers to the vertical-based system.
4 The system that centres on the repetition of activities in a certain The effectiveness of the costs, quality and time is the absolute success
period of time gives a positive impact to the efficacy of the workers of the implementation of the prefabricated components on-site.
and crane operators in the on-site prefabricated component
installation operation.
6 M. H. HANAFI ET AL.

Research Notes of the Issues of the On-Sites Prefabricated Installation Systems

Type of Systems Factors Influencing Selection of the Systems
• Horizontal-Based Installation • Availability of prefabricated components
System • Construction site conditions
• Vertical-Based Installation • Competency of project manager
System • Location of construction site
• Mix-Based Installation System • Cost, time and quality
• Building complexity

Type of Systems
Key Dimensions Horizontal-Based Vertical-Based Mix-Based
Identified Installation Installation System Installation
System System
Availability of Frequently Often available Sometimes
Prefabricated available when when the available when
Components at the components components are the components
Construction Site are needed needed are needed
Construction site Low Medium High
conditions- difficulty
circumstances fot the
crane; number of moves
Competency of project Low importance; Medium importance; High importance;
manager (minimum deliveries good; deliveries medium; deliveries worst;
requirement) easier; not easy; medium difficult; stressed
stressed stressed
Location of construction Easy to deliver Not Easy to deliver Difficult to
site the components the components deliver the
components
Cost, time and quality High preference Medium preference Low preference
factors - preferences
Building complexity Low; not suitable Medium High is best

Figure 3. The mapping of issues related to the on-site installation system of prefabricated components.

in carrying out the installation operation, two unskilled beams and floors at that respective level. The prefabri-
workers play the role of tying each prefabricated compo- cated components which are to be installed must be
nent to the crane’s hook as well as to grout the prefabri- made available at the site to avoid the sequence of
cated component. At the same time, the participants work from being disrupted. Any disruption at this
also stated that this operation would also need at least point will lead to negative effects on the aspects of
two skilled workers to place and support components costs, quality and time. Project location was discovered
hoisted to the location by the crane as well as the pres- to have an impact to the selection of this system
ence of site supervisor to oversee the entire operation. because it influences the availability of the components
Another element that was discovered is the fact that a at the site. For instance, if a project happens to be
crane and operator are always needed in any prefabri- located in a city area, with high rates of congestion,
cated component installation system chosen on-site. this will complicate the delivery of prefabricated com-
ponents to sites as scheduled by project managers or
planners, subsequently causing this system to become
Findings and discussion
ineffective on-site. Location of projects far from the
From data analysis, three types of systems as well as six fabrication factory may also affect the timely delivery
influencing factors were discovered. These systems and of components to site and this may be exacerbated fur-
their underlying selection factors are as discussed in the ther if road conditions leading to the site are poor.
following sub sections: This causes this system to be difficult to be imple-
mented at remote sites as the availability of compo-
nents according to schedule is a major factor here. In
Horizontal-based installation system
terms of project execution, even project managers with
A horizontal-based system requires all prefabricated minimal experience may be able to successfully imple-
components to be installed in a predetermined order, ment this system as it involves minimal complexity of
where columns are installed first, followed by all the the prefabricated component installation.
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 7

The elements of effective costs, quality and time con- and vertical component installation. This combined
trol can be achieved through the use of this system at approach also makes this system the most complex to
construction site. This is mainly due to the fact that only implement according to participants. This system is usu-
a very small number of workers (skilled, unskilled and ally selected when the availability of the components is
crane operator) are needed to perform the repetitive difficult to anticipate at the site. Problems leading to
tasks of positioning, supporting and grouting the same component availability may be caused by transportation
types of components over and over again in a particular issues, building design complexity and site geo-structural
duration of time. This contributes to their improved effi- condition which may not permit cranes to freely move
cacy in carrying out operations. This system was found about on built platforms. This system is often chosen by
to require a site layout as well as building design that the participants if the location of the site is far from pre-
allows for cranes to have almost complete access and fabrication factories as well as if there is regular traffic
mobility. This is important to enable cranes to move congestion. As component supply and delivery to the
freely from one corner to another to complete the whole site may be hampered, this combined system allows the
installation of components as planned. flexibility of installation to be done horizontally or in
grid-based vertical installation. The participants pointed
out that in selecting this system, it is important for the
Vertical-based installation system
project manager to be able to decide on the type of sys-
Another system identified by the participants is the ver- tem that best responds the unpredictable site conditions.
tical-based installation system. This system differs from As with the vertical-based installation system, the ability
the horizontal-based installation system as installation is to achieve effectiveness of cost, quality and time is inevi-
done in predetermined grids. The main factor that leads tably reduced in the use of this system. This is mainly
to the selection of the system is the extent of component due to the fact that workers are not able to carry out
availability. The main difference here in comparison to repetitive activities in a particular timeframe effectively.
the horizontal-based system is that this system can still
be implemented even if all required components cannot
Conclusion
be supplied to the site as required. This system, accord-
ing to participants, will normally be selected if the loca- Three systems dominate on-site prefabricated component
tion of the site is far from the prefabrication factory or if installation, namely the horizontal-, vertical- and mixed-
the road systems leading to the site are not satisfactory. based systems. This study has found that the determina-
Another influencing factor that was discovered is design tion and selection of either one of three main systems are
complexity of the building. Projects that have high influenced by several specific factors. These factors as
design complexity were found to impede full mobility of identified by the data analysis are availability of the prefab-
cranes. This system was preferred by the participants ricated components, the state and location of sites, the effi-
when site conditions necessitate the prefabricated com- cacy of project managers, building complexity and factors
ponent installation operation to concentrate on a partic- related to the effectiveness of the cost, quality and time.
ular station with crane movement at a minimum level. This study also discovered that these factors influence
This system requires the project manager to play a the selection of installation system in varying degrees.
very important role especially in determining the type While some factors may have direct positive correlation
and group of component that need to be installed within with the selected system, some factors were fould to be
a particular construction grid. The participant also inversely related to the systems. There is no definite
voiced their concerns about how vital the role of project approach to selecting an installation system as each under-
manager is in ensuring a smooth continuous installation lying influencing factors will need to be assessed before a
operation. On the downside, this system may lead to a suitable system can be selected. This is where proper and
reduction in effective costs, quality and time control as effective project planning and management comes into
the workers are forced to bind, install, support and finish play. As the study participants indicated the project man-
different types of components in completing the con- ager plays a crucial role in determining the best system for
struction of a monolithic building structure. a certain site based on existing conditions.
Arguably, it was discovered that the most effective
system in the context of costs, quality and time control
Mixed-based installation system
would be the horizontal-based installation system. How-
The third system normally selected according to partici- ever, as this study found out, this may not be the only
pants is mixed-based installation system. As its name consideration that needs to be assessed when making
implies, this system is a combination of both horizontal system selection. It is important to note that the most
8 M. H. HANAFI ET AL.

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Russell B. 1981. Building systems, industrialisation and archi-
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. tecture. London: Wiley.
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