lecture 01

INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIALISED
BUILDING SYSTEM (IBS)

LECTURE CONTENT
1. History of IBS
2. Earliest IBS in Malaysia
3. Definition and terminologies
4. IBS stage of works
5. Classification/Categories of IBS
6. Prerequisite of IBS
7. Characteristics of IBS
8. Advantages and disadvantages

Prepared by:
Ts Dr Nurul Amira Abd Jalil (Puncak Alam Campus)

<a href='https://www.freepik.com/vectors/abstract'>Abstract vector created by macrovector - www.freepik.com</a>

WHEN DO YOU THINK THE CONCEPT OF IBS STARTED?
Source: https://www.thesun.co.uk/tech/7668771/egypt-pyramids-built-how-ramp/
The Crystal Palace, erected in London in 1851, designed by
Joseph Paxton was a highly visible example of iron rods and
glass prefabricated construction.
The main body of the building was 1,848 feet (563 metres) long
and 408 feet (124 metres) wide; the height of the central
transept was 108 feet (33 metres).

(Source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London)
HISTORY OF IBS
Prefabrication has been used
since ancient times.
The method was widely used in
the construction of prefabricated
housing in the 20th century, such
as in the UK to replace houses
bombed during World War 2.
Assembling sections in factories
saved time on-site and reduced
cost.
However, the quality was low, and
when such prefabricated housing
was left in use for longer than its
designed life, it acquired a certain
stigma.

Source: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5215485/The-return-prefabs-28-new-pre-built-council-homes.html
Source: https://ww2today.com/15th-february-1941-british-housing-destroyed-or-damaged

Source: https://www.findmypast.co.uk/blog/help/where-to-search-for-ww2-ancestors
“The first attack must
evidently be made upon
houses which are damaged,
but which can be
reconditioned into proper
dwellings…the second attack
on the housing problem will
be made by what are called
the prefabricated, or
emergency, houses.”

— Winston Churchill
Source: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5215485/The-return-prefabs-28-new-pre-built-council-homes.html
 Source: https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205212021

Source: https://heritagecalling.com/2018/07/24/5-things-you-didnt-know-about-prefabs/

Source: https://veterinariancolleges.org/photo/life-in-postwar-modern-history-cookbook-cookit.html
 The Moelven Senior in Norway…
HUS-GUIDEN 1978 catalogue

Source: http://www.roomofpossibilities.com/index.php/2018/01/31/70s-modular/

“This is how a house should be delivered”

SO, WHAT ABOUT IBS IN MALAYSIA?
 HISTORY OF IBS | Earliest IBS in Malaysia

PEKELILING FLAT, KL (1964) RIFLE RANGE FLAT, PENANG (1965)

After a successful visit in 1964, first affordable housing In 1965, the second housing project was initiated in
project had started under the 2nd Malayan Plan 1960- Jalan Rifle Range, Penang. It consists of 6 blocks of 17-
1965 / 1st Malaysian Plan 1966-1970. storey flats and 3 blocks of 18-storey flats, utilising the
French Estoit System of large pre-cast concrete panel
A 22.7-acre plot of land along Jalan Pekeliling, Kuala systems.
Lumpur, was allocated for the construction of 7 blocks
of 17-storeys, with 3000 units of flats and 40 units of Another significant projects : 1000 units 5-storey flat in
shops, using the Danish system of large panel pre-cast Taman Tun Sardon, Penang utilising British’s
concrete walls and slabs. The project was completed BRECAST System.
within 27 months, from 1966 to 1968.
Journey of IBS in Malaysia
Construction Industry Scenario in Malaysia
High economic growth (especially during the
economic booming period of 1996) in Malaysia
has created a high demand for construction
activities. As a consequences, this has attracted
a huge number of unskilled foreign workers into
the country.

Despite their contribution, this has lead to a host

of problems such as low quality works, delays,
wastage, apart from social problems and
diseases.

The government intervention of the

industrialisation of the construction industry is the
only feasible way forward. The government (CIDB
Malaysia) has laid out a comprehensive National
IBS Roadmap to be adopted by the construction
industry players.

Source: http://www.themalaysiantimes.com.my/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Pekerja-Asing.jpg
 National IBS Roadmap
CIDB Malaysia promotion of IBS
involves the following:

Moving the industry towards

zero defects in construction.

Construction Industry Promoting of modularisation

Transformation Program and standardisation.
(CITP 2016 - 2020)

Increasing in R&D efforts and

ROADMAP IBS 2011 - 2015 enhancement of best practice
guidelines.

The Roadmaps evolve on the policy to phase out

dependency of foreign labours and encouragement Integration of roles in the
ROADMAP IBS 2003 - 2010
policy in technologies, techniques and processes of industry.
construction.
In ensuring its success, the government urges the
industry players to act upon the call for the
adoption of IBS.
 National IBS Roadmap
ROADMAP IBS
2003 – 2010

Once adopted, construction industry players can look ROADMAP IBS

forward to enhancement of the construction process, 2011 - 2015
allowing for higher productivity, quality and time-cost
savings. Published in 2010 in replacement to the first roadmap, the
policy objective is to impose high level intended outcomes of
In going global, it is necessary for local player to be implementing IBS. It focused more on private sector
efficient and equipped with the relevant technology and adoption of IBS.
experience. Therefore since 1998, CIDB has been actively
promoting the use of IBS. IBS Roadmap 2003-2010 was To remain focused, it has been narrowed down to four policy
formulated to effectively coordinate the industry towards objectives:
globalisation; concentrating the usage of IBS in the ✦ Quality
building industry. ✦ Efficiency
✦ Competency
Based on the 5M, (manpower, materials-components- ✦ Sustainability
machines, management-processes-methods, monetary
and marketing) it has the aim of having an industrialised A sustainable IBS industry will contribute to the
construction sector by the year 2010. competitiveness of construction industry.

The IBS promises elevated levels of expertise throughout the

industry, from manufacturers, installers, engineers, planners,
architects and developers.
National IBS Roadmap
THE PILLARS OF NEW ROADMAP (CIDB, 2010)

Good quality designs, To ensure that, by using To have a ready pool of To create a financially
components and buildings IBS, completion time of a component IBS sustainable IBS industry
are the desired outcomes building is speedier, more professionals and workers that balances users
of IBS. Aesthetics should be predictable and well throughout the entire affordability and
promoted through managed. project lifecycle: from manufacturers viability.
innovations. design, manufacture, build
and maintenance.

Many incentives provided to IBS adopters as outlined in Budget 2005. The example is the implementation of minimum percentage of
IBS in government building projects. Besides helping the government to provide homes for the population, the usage of IBS
components exceeding 50% in building works will also qualify builders for full exemption of their CIDB Levy. The current levy is at
0.125%.
10 Buildings Adopting IBS in Malaysia (video)
INDUSTRIALISED
BUILDING
SYSTEM
WHAT IS IT?
Various Terminologies of IBS

Precast building,
Off-site precast
manufacturing, construction, non-
Industrialised and traditional
Off-site Off-site pre-fabricated
automated building,
construction production building, pre-
construction innovative building
assembled
building solutions, modern
method of
construction

(Pan, 2008) (Blismas, 2006) (Gibb,2003) (Warszawski, 1999) (Goodier et. al, 2003)
Various definitions of IBS
Chung (2007) Mass production of building components either in a factory or at site according to specifications with standard
shapes and dimensions and which are then transported to the construction site to be rearranged with certain
standards to form a building.
Rahman & Omar (2006) A construction system that is built using pre-fabricated components. The manufacturing of the components is
systematically done using machine, frameworks and other forms of mechanical equipment.
Lessing et al. (2005) An integrated manufacturing and construction process with well planned organisation for efficient management,
preparation and control over resources used, activities and results supported by the use of highly developed
components.
Gibb (1999) Preassembly for a given piece of work; the organisation and completion of a substantial proportion of its final
assembly work before installation in its final position including forming any temporary work or pre-assembly and it
can also be carried out on or offsite which would involve the standard coordination.
Trikha (1999) Two definitions have been created:
1. A system of construction that has been made to be mainly industrialised in its manner and process, such as
the manufacturing of automotive components and furniture.
2. A system in which concrete components are prefabricated at site or in a factory and are assembled to form
the structure with minimum on-site construction
Warszawski (1999) A set of interrelated elements that act together to enable the designated performance of the building.
Esa & Nurudin (1998) A continuum beginning from utilising craftsmen for every aspect of construction to a system that make use of
manufacturing production in order to minimise resource wastage and enhance value for end users.
Parid Wardi (1997) A system which uses industrialised production techniques either in the production of components or assembly of
the building or both.
Junid (1986) A process, by which components of a building are conceived, planned and fabricated, transported and erected at
site. The system includes a balanced combination between software and hardware component. The software
element includes system design, which is a complex process of studying the requirement of the end user, market
analysis and the development of standardised components.
Dietz, A. G. H. (1971) Total integration of all subsystem and components into overall process fully utilising industrialised production,
transportation and assembly technique.
Source: Abedi,M., Fathi M.S., and Mirasa A.K. (2011)
 CIDB Malaysia define IBS as…

Construction technique/system in which components are manufactured in a

controlled environment (on or off-site), transported/delivered, positioned
and assembled into a structure with minimal additional site works

OR

A system or method of building construction in which the components are

produced in controlled conditions (in a factory or on a construction site),
transported and installed during construction with the minimal use of
workers on site.
STAGES OF WORK IN IBS
STAGES OF WORK IN IBS

[ DESIGN
(OFFICE) + PRODUCTION LINE
(FACTORY) ][ TRANSPORTATION
(FACTORY to SITE) ][
ASSEMBLE & ERECTION
(SITE) + FORM A
FINAL UNIT ]

1. MANUFACTURING 2. TRANSPORTING 3. ASSEMBLING

 1. MANUFACTURING

What is produced during manufacturing?

Ready to use building materials Pre-fabricated components: structure & Transportable spaces such as toilet
such as high quality mortar, non-structural components pods, operation theatres etc.
plaster, skim-coat etc.
 Firstly, the design stage is carried out where
the IBS components are designed according
to specifications;

Then, the components are prefabricated at

factory, where components of IBS are
manufactured according to specified
dimensions and specifications;
What occurs during
MANUFACTURING Quality-controlled and highly aesthetic end
Stage? products through the processes of controlled
pre-fabrication & simplified installations has
maintained and ensured the quality of work in
the construction industry;

The process of manufacturing includes

computerised batching, testing of IBS
products & packaging.
 2. TRANSPORTING

Transporting involves transferring or moving the IBS components from the factory to the site for the assembling
process. Hence, strategies must be established to ensure the products can be delivered as scheduled.
 So what needs to be considered for
TRANSPORTING?

1. 2.

Plan/schedule time of Types of transportation

transportation and depend on size/weight of
method components and location of
site LOADING OF IBS PRODUCTS (FACTORY)

3. 4.
UNLOADING
(SITE)

MODE OF TRANSPORTATION (SHIP, TRAIN, TRUCK)

Transport route - by Unloading at site using
ship, air or land [train, machinery, storage or direct
truck etc.] install
 3. ASSEMBLING

✦ At site, the IBS components are

assembled accordingly with the
assistance of a crane;

✦ Assembling process includes

unloading method, storage,
assembly of components &
method of erection on site;

✦ The reduction of construction

waste with the usage of the
standardised components and
less in-site works provides a
cleaner site due to lesser
construction waste;
 The crane ready to lift
the components from
the delivery truck.
The components are lifted
straight off of truck beds
into their final location.

The installation of the

component.

Final fixing process at

it's location.

Steps taken during ASSEMBLING stage

CLASSIFICATION/CATEGORIES OF IBS
 CIDB identifies
• 6 CLASSIFICATION/CATEGORIES OF IBS

01 Precast Concrete Framing System

Steel Framing System 02

03 Timber Framing System

Formwork System 04

05 Blockwork system

Innovative system 06
01 | PRECAST CONCRETE
FRAMING SYSTEM
The most common group of
IBS products is the precast
concrete elements; precast
concrete columns, beams,
slabs, walls, “3-D”
components

(e.g. balconies, staircases,

toilets, lift chambers, refuse
chambers), lightweight Source: https://gharpedia.com/what-is-precast-concrete/ Source: https://gharpedia.com/what-is-precast-concrete/

precast concrete, as well as

permanent concrete
formworks.

https://paddyengineering.blogspot.com/2017/06/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-
Singapore’s Building and Construction Authority.
precast.html
02 | STEEL FRAMING
SYSTEM
Commonly used with precast
concrete slabs, steel
columns, and beams. It has
always been the popular
choice and is extensively
used in the fast-track
construction of skyscrapers.

Recent developments in this

type of IBS include the
https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/lightweight-steel-framing-system-14034472273.html https://www.scafco.com/steel/products/soundguard-silent-steel-framing-system/
increased usage of light
steel trusses consisting of
cost-effective profiled cold-
formed channels and steel
portal frame systems as
alternatives to the heavier
traditional hot-rolled
sections.

https://www.framecad.com https://www.scottsdalesteelframes.com/
03 | TIMBER FRAMING
SYSTEM
The system consists of
timber building frames and
timber roof trusses.

While the latter are more

popular, timber building
frame systems also have
their own niche market; https://timurbiru.com https://www.jnl.co.nz/product/framing-j-frame/

offering attractive designs

from simple dwelling units to
buildings requiring high
aesthetical values such as
chalets for resorts.

https://www.greenedge.com.my/ https://www.buildershoponline.co.uk/
04 | FORMWORK SYSTEM
Considered one of the “low-
level” or “least
prefabricated” IBSs, as the
system generally involves
site casting and is therefore
subject to structural quality
control, the products offer Source: http://suncorpscaffolding.com
high-quality finishes and fast
construction with fewer site
labour and material
requirements. Source: https://www.archiproducts.com/en/products/condor/formwork-and-
formwork-system-for-concrete-circular-formwork-for-pillars_23059

Source: http://www.mevaformwork.com/en/formwork/circular-formwork-radius.php Source: http://suncorpscaffolding.com

05 | BLOCKWORK SYSTEM
The development and usage
of interlocking concrete
masonry units (CMU) and
lightweight concrete blocks
have revolutionised
conventional brick
construction.

The tedious and time-

consuming traditional brick-
laying tasks are greatly http://www.cidb.gov.my/index.php/en/focus-areas/teknologi-dan-inovasi/ibs/ibs-centre-
facilities https://www.aathaworld.com/block-brick
simplified using these
effective alternative
solutions.

http://www.surfacematters.co.nz/coatings-project.php?id=3 http://www.legendarystonemasons.ws/
06 | INNOVATIVE SYSTEM
New materials and
technology.

Source: KTH Royal Institute of Technology UMSNH of Morelia

https://geniebelt.com/blog/10-innovative-construction-materials Innovative Concrewall (M2) Building System http://cbsibs.my/

https://youtu.be/ItCToQSSdhQ?si=G2HQ4Lucvxzrtit-
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
PRECAST & PREFABRICATED?
 PRECAST
is a construction product (mostly concrete) produced
by casting concrete in a reusable mould or “form”
PREFABRICATION
which is then cured in a controlled environment,
is the practice of assembling components of a structure
transported to the construction site and lifted into in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting
place. In contrast, standard concrete is poured into complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to the
site-specific forms and cured on site. construction site where the structure is to be located.
What is required/necessary for IBS to take place?
The pre-requisite of IBS are:

1 2 3 4
Invention of new Suitable Dimension and Modular Detailed construction
material and the use techniques - Coordination (MC) concept planning - ahead of
of prefabricated and manufacturing, required during designing construction schedule.
precast concrete fixing, jointing and the building. This will result This may include the off-
components in detailing for the in the use of standardised site production of
construction materials. and repetitive components in the
(building) industry. components. factory.

8 7 6 5
Complete and reliable Skill and specialist Performance Sequence of work:
infrastructure. workers in the industry standard and quality manufacturing -
(especially during control. transporting -
manufacturing assembling.
process).
RONANT POINT
Ronan Point was a 22-storey tower block in Newham,
East London which suffered a partial collapse on 16 May 1968, only
two months after opening. A gas explosion resulted in the progressive
collapse of an entire corner of the tower block, which killed 4 people
and injured 17 other resident.

The cause of the explosion was a resident striking a match to

boil water which ignited the gas that was leaking from a joint in a
newly-installed cooker.

The explosion blew out the load-bearing flank walls, which had been
supporting the four flats directly above, lifting the ceiling and floor
slab. This resulted in a house-of-cards progressive collapse as
the floors above were then unsupported.
 1. CLOSED SYSTEM OR OPEN SYSTEM

2. MODULAR COORDINATION (MC)

3. STANDARDISATION AND TOLERANCES

4. MASS PRODUCTION

5. SPECIALISATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF 6. GOOD ORGANISATION
IBS
7. INTEGRATION

8. PRODUCTION FACILITY

9. TRANSPORTATION

10. EQUIPMENT AT SITE

1 | Closed system vs Open system
CLOSED SYSTEM OPEN SYSTEM

Production based on client’s design. Allow greater flexibility in design and maximum
Design to meet the client’s special requirement, coordination between the designer and pre-caster.
various function, architectural design and
specification of building. Manufacturer to The system allows the manufacturers to produce a limited
produce specific component according to client’s number of elements with a predetermined range of product
needs. and at the same time maintaining architectural aesthetic
value.
Production based on manufacturer’s design.
Design and produce a uniform type of building Setback - e.g. joint and connection problem occur when 2
component for general use in housing, school, elements from different system are fixed together. This is
factory and warehouses. because similar connection technology must be observed
in order to achieve greater structural performance.
2 | Modular Coordination (MC)
MC is an international system, a concept for coordinating dimension and space
for which buildings and components are dimensionalised and positioned in
basic units or modules.

Introduced in Malaysia since 1986, the use of MC in Malaysia is guided by MS

1064: Modular Coordination in Building Construction provides the general
principles, room and storey heights, coordinating sizes and preferred sizes for
various building components, dimension of elements, components and spaces
in the planning and design of building.

The MC for building component applies the basic length unit or module of M =
100mm. This allows the designer to apply this size or its multiple in the
production of building components.

Although this concept seems easy for adoption, its application involves a great
degree of coordination and adjustment in the manufacturing process and the
interfacing aspects of components.

Major dimensions (e.g., grid lines on drawings, distances between

wall centers or surfaces) are multiples of 100 mm, i.e. one decimetre.
This size is called the "basic module" (and represented in the
standards by the letter M). For larger dimensions, preference is
given to multiples of the modules 12 M (= 1.2 m), 15 M (= 1.5 m), 30 M
(= 3 m), and 60 M (= 6 m).
3 | Standardisation & Tolerances 5 | Specialisation
For accomplishing the requirement of MC, all components need Large production output and standardisation of precast
to be standardised for production. Such standardisation of elements allow a high degree of labour specialisation with
space and elements need prescribing tolerances at different the production process. The process can be subdivided
construction stages such as manufactured tolerances, setting into a large number of small homogenous tasks. In such
out tolerances, and erection tolerances; so that the combined working condition, workers are exposed to their work
tolerances obtained on statistical considerations is within the repetitiously with higher productivity level.
permitted limits.

Production resources can be use in the most efficient manner if

the output is standardised. Then the production process,
machinery and workers’ training can be best absorbed to the
particular characteristics of the product. 6 | Good organisation
4 | Mass production High production volume, specialisation of work and
centralisation of production require an efficient and
The investment in equipment, human resources and facilities experienced organisation, capable of a high level of
associated with IBS can be justified economically only when planning, organising, coordination and control functions
large production volume is observed. Such volume provides a with respect to production and distribution of the
distribution of the fixed investment charge over a large number products.
of product units without unduly inflating their ultimate cost.
7 | Integration 9 | Transportation
In order to obtain an optimal result, a high degree of It is found that casting of large panel system can reduce
coordination must exist between various relevant labour cost. However these cost savings are partially offset
parties such as designer, manufacturer, owner and by the transportation costs. The transportation of large
contractor. This is achieved through an integrated panels is also subjected to the country’s road department
system in which all these functions are performed requirement. These limitations must be taken into
under a unified authority. consideration when adopting IBS.

8 | Production facility 10 | Equipment at site

The initial capital investment for setting up a
permanent factory is relatively expensive. Plant, For the purpose of erecting and assembling precast
panels into their position, heavy crane is required
equipment, skilled workers, management resources
need to be acquired before production can be especially for multi storey building. It is therefore
important to incorporate this additional cost when
commenced. Such huge investment can only be
breakeven if there is sufficient demand for the adopting IBS.
products. On the other hand, a temporary casting
yard can be set up at the project site in order to
minimise the transportation costs.
WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF IBS?
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
1. Reliable construction
2. Faster construction (time saving)
3. Streamlined construction at site
4. High strength and high load capacity 1. No alteration
5. High quality products 2. Connection must be precise and detailed that requires
6. All-weather construction standardisation
7. Cheaper construction (cost saving) 3. Transportation cost may be higher
8. *Increase site safety and neatness 4. Expensive in capital investment
9. *Environmental friendly 5. Inflexible, monotonous and repetitive design
10. * Optimised use of materials 6. Only economical in a large building (large quantity of
11. *Less labour at site (labour saving) components)
7. Technology transfer
8. *Shortage of adequate awareness
9. *Local building regulation unlikely to change
ADVANTAGES OF IBS?
1. RELIABLE CONSTRUCTION
2. FASTER CONSTRUCTION
✦ Concurrent manufacturing
schedule at factory and 3. STREAMLINED CONSTRUCTION
construction site. ✦ Faster components are AT SITE
✦ Reduction of construction lightweight, standardised
materials at site through usage prefabricated components and
✦ Manageable, safer and
of prefabricated components. its uniform dimension allows for comfortable construction sites
✦ Reduction of conventional easy and fast assembly through environment due to reduction of
timber framework and prop, simplified installation methods.
site workers, materials and
replaced by prefabricated ✦ This will reduce construction
construction waste.
components and alternative time that leads to earlier ✦ Streamlined construction at site
moulds with multiple usage occupancy hence saves on
will reduce the cost of
capability. financial and labour cost.
construction debris clearing and
✦ Requires small numbers of reduce other construction
highly skilled workers. Low site related hazards and accidents.
workers requirement due to ✦ The components directly lifted in
simplified construction methods. position reduce site storage and
this particularly deals in a
congested buildings site.
ADVANTAGES OF IBS? (cont.)
4. HIGH STRENGTH AND HIGH
LOAD CAPACITY

5. HIGH QUALITY PRODUCTS

Some components are of
high strength pre-stressed 6. ALL-WEATHER
reinforced concrete which Manufactured using highly CONSTRUCTION
is durable and resistant to sophisticated machineries in
abrasion and impact. factory conditions under 7. CHEAPER CONSTRUCTION
All year round production -
Therefore the frames stringent quality
the components are
provide maximum strength control/assurance (QA/QC) manufactured in the factory Cheaper total construction
and high land capacity with resulting in highly aesthetic costs; made possible due to all
and can be installed upon
minimum dead load. end products of uniform, of the above. Maximum
arrival independent of
reliable and assured quality. weather and time of year, efficiency and economy can be
Some components are being achieved by mass production
under the best possible
cast on smooth steel methods in factories aimed at
environmental and working
formwork, thus producing producing large outputs of
conditions. This all-weather
smooth surface that can be standardised components.
capability helps maintain
easily painted or sprayed.
project schedules and
provides covered working
spaces.
DISADVANTAGES OF IBS?

1. No alteration can be made to the 3. Transportation costs may be 5. Inflexible, monotonous and
component except cosmetic higher. For voluminous repetitive design.
remedial works. prefabricated sections than for
the materials of which they are
made, which can often be 6. Only economical in a large
2. The connection must be precise packed more compactly. Large
and detailed, requiring building (large quantity of
prefabricated sections require components).
standardisation. Attention must
heavy duty cranes and precision
be paid to the strength and measurement and handling to
corrosion resistance of the place in position. Careful
jointing of prefabricated sections 7. Technology transfer - It is costly
handling of prefabricated
to avoid failure. Similarly, leaks components such as concrete due to extensive R&D effort to
can form at joints in panels or steel and glass panels achieve the best solutions
prefabricated components.
is required.

4. Expensive in capital investment

for the machineries
requirements.
LIST OF EXTRA READING MATERIALS FOR THIS TOPIC:

1. Abedi, M., Fathi M. S., and Mirasa A. K. (2011), Establishment and development of IBS in Malaysia.
2. Construction Industry Development Board (2017), Malaysia’s Construction Marvels in 60 years of Merdeka.
3. Construction Industry Development Board (2016), Industrialised Building Systems in Malaysia.
4. Construction Industry Development Board (2015), Construction Industry Transformation Programme 2016-2020.
5. Construction Industry Development Board (2016), Industrialised Building System: The path to enhanced productivity, Heights,
Vol 3.
6. MIDF Research (2014), Construction IBS: Practical solution to rising cost.
7. Mydin, M.A.O, Sani, N.M, and Taib, M. (2014), Industrialised Building Systems in Malaysia.
8. Razak, M.F. and Awang, H. (2014), The contractors’ perception of implementation of Industrialised Building Systems in
Malaysia.
9. Kamar, A. M., Abd Hamid, Z., & Azman, N. A. (2011). Industrialized building system (IBS): Revisiting issues of definition and
classification. International Journal of Emerging Sciences, 1(2), 120.
10. Thanoon, W. A., Peng, L. W., Kadir, M. R. A., Jaafar, M. S., & Salit, M. S. (2003, September). The essential characteristics of
industrialised building system. In International Conference on Industrialised Building Systems (Vol. 10, No. 11, pp. 283-92).
11. Hamid, Z. A., Kamar, K. A., & Alshawi, M. (2011). Industrialised Building System (IBS): Strategy, People and Process.
 THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION :)

END OF LECTURE 01