Rural Development :

Administration and Planning

Unit 1

Rural Planning and

Development
Topics:
Concept of Rural Development

Basic Elements of Rural Development

Importance of Rural Development for
creation of Sustainable Livelihood

Program and Policies in Agricultural Sector

Program in Social Security
Program in the area of Social Sector
What is Rural Development?

Rural development refers to the process of

improving the economic, social, and
environmental conditions of rural areas.

It usually refers to the process of improving the quality of life and financial well-
being of people living outside the urbanized area.

It is a strategy designed to improve the economic and social life of rural poor.
Scope of Rural Development
Scope of Rural Development includes:

Agricultural Growth
Economic Development
Social Well-being
Infrastructure Development
Employment Generation
Health and Sanitation
Poverty Allevation
Housing and House-site for Landless
Village Planning
Education and Functional Literacy
Importance of Rural Development

About three-fourth of India's population live in rural areas,

Nearly half of the country's national income is derived from agriculture

Around 70% of Indian population get employment through agriculture

Bulk of raw materials for industries come from agriculture and rural sector

Growing disparity between the urban elite and the rural poor can lead to
political instability.
Need of Rural Development
The majority of people live in rural areas, and their growth is vital for building a
stronger nation.
The rural economy, supplying essentials like milk, food, and raw materials, is
integral to urban sectors, and its backwardness poses a significant obstacle to
overall economic progress.
Improvements in education, health and sanitation in villages can help avoid many
urban problems namely, begging, rack picking and road side slumming.
Development of agriculture and allied activities are necessary for providing gainful
employment in rural areas and improving overall food production.

Rural-urban migration can be reduced if rural areas are developed.

Developing the rural economy is necessary to better utilize unused and under-
utilized resources.
Major Objectives of Rural Development

To improve productivity and wages of rural people.

To bring about a greater socio-economic equity
To bring about a spatial balance in social and economic development
To guarantee an increase in the standard of living of the underprivileged
To provide the basic needs: elementary education, healthcare, clean
drinking water, rural roads, etc.
 Key Issues in Rural Development:
Key Issues

Development of Reduction Development Development Development

infrastructure of poverty of health of productive of human
facilities resources resources
Basic Elements of Rural Development:

Three Basic Elements

Basic Necessities Self Respect Freedom

of Life
Ensuring everyone has food, Recognizing and respecting True development means freedom in
shelter, education, and healthcare individuals' dignity is integral beliefs, economic stability, and no
is vital for rural development, with to development, and the control. Any control or unfairness
the government holding the absence of self-respect signals underdevelopment and a need
primary responsibility. indicates a need for progress. for progress.
Importance for Creation of Sustainable Livelihood

Vital for Livelihoods

Poverty Reduction
Coordination for Value
Agricultural Foundation
Effective Participation
Urban-Rural Integration
Job Creation Potential
Investments for Success
Programs and Policies in Agricultural Sector

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY)

Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)

Rainfed Area Development Programme (RADP)

National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA)

National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)
Integrated Crop Insurance: Government-sponsored scheme integrating multiple
stakeholders.
Launch Date: Ministry of Agriculture from Kharif 2016.
Premium Structure: Actuarial premium-based with farmer contributions (2% for Kharif,
1.5% for Rabi, 5% for annual crops).
Cost Sharing: Farmer pays a portion, and the remaining premium is equally shared by
the Centre and State Government.
Quick Claims Settlement: Aims for settlement within 2 months of harvest for prompt
benefits.
Objectives:-
Insurance Coverage
Income Stabilization
Promote Innovation
Credit Flow Assurance
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY)
PMKSY Vision: Extend irrigation coverage, enhance water use efficiency.
Approval: Approved by Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs on July 1, 2015.
Comprehensive Solution: Covers source creation, distribution, management, field
application, and extension activities.
Launch Objective: Provides end-to-end solutions in irrigation supply chain.
Focus on Assurance: Aims for assured irrigation and protective irrigation using rainwater at
the micro-level.

Objectives:- Investment Convergence

Cultivable Area Expansion
Water Use Efficiency
Technology Adoption
Aquifer Recharge
Private Investment
Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)
PKVY and NMSA: Component of Soil Health Management in National Mission of Sustainable
Agriculture.
Objective: Boost soil fertility, ensure healthy, chemical-free food production.
Main Goal:Boost soil fertility, ensuring the production of healthy, chemical-free food.
Empowerment: Empower farmers through cluster-based development.
Training Focus: Train farmers in diverse practices, emphasizing quality.
Quality Assurance: Implement Participatory Guarantee System (PGS)-India.
Flexibility: Farmers choose compliant organic farming methods.

Objectives:-
Promote Organic Farming
Propagate Latest Technologies
Expert Service Utilization
Cluster Demonstrations
Rainfed Area Development Programme (RADP)
Launch: in 2011-12 under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY).

Objective: Improve the quality of life, especially for small and marginal farmers.

Comprehensive Package: Offers a complete set of activities to maximize farm returns.

Focus on Integration: Enhances productivity and minimizes climate-related risks

through an integrated farming system.

Objectives:-
Sustainable Productivity Boost
Risk Mitigation
Income Enhancement
Convergence for Optimal Utilization
National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas
(NWDPRA)
Beneficiaries: Aimed at cultivator families below the poverty line.
Launch Year: Initiated in 1990-91.
Primary Focus: Concentrates on field activities to uplift the land use pattern and
develop land and water resources in rainfed areas.

Objectives:-
Natural Resource Management
Enhance Cash Flow
Community Participation
Ecological Balance Restoration
Socio-Economic Improvement
Farm Production Enhancement
Livelihood Support.
National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture(NMSA)

Objective: Enhance agricultural productivity in rainfed areas through integrated

farming, water use efficiency, soil health management, and resource conservation.

Mandate Source: Derives mandate from the Sustainable Agriculture Mission under
the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).

Objectives:-
Integrated Farming Systems
Mandate Source
Natural Resource Conservation
Soil Health Management
Water Resource Optimization
Capacity Building
Rainfed Farming Improvement
Inter-Departmental Coordination
 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA)
Mandate of MGNREGA: To provide at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment
in a financial year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do
unskilled manual work.
Objectives:- Guaranteed Employment
Livelihood Strengthening
Social Inclusion Focus
Panchayati Raj Strengthening
Goals:- 1. Social Protection
2. Livelihood Security
3. Natural Resource Rejuvenation
4. Durable Asset Creation
5. Empowerment
6. Participatory Planning
7. Grassroots Democracy Deepening
Programs in the Social Security:-

Definition:
Concept and System of Protection for Individuals in Need, Enacted by the State as
a Societal Agent.
2015 Budget Initiatives:
Government announced three social security schemes, progressing towards a
universal system, with a focus on the poor and underprivileged.

The three social security schemes are :

1.Atal Pension Yojana (APY)

2. Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY)
3. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY)
Programs in the Social Security:-

1.Atal Pension Yojana (APY)

Open to all Indian citizens aged 18-40.
Guaranteed monthly pension between Rs. 1,000 and Rs. 5,000.
Spouse receives the same pension after subscriber's demise.
Nominee entitled to pension wealth after demise of subscriber and spouse.

2. Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY)

Accidental death and disability cover with annual renewal.
Risk coverage: Rs. 2 lakh for accidental death and permanent total disability,
Rs. 1 lakh for permanent partial disability.
Eligibility: Individual bank account holders aged 18-70.
Offered by Public Sector General Insurance Companies or other General
Insurance Companies.
Premium: Rs. 12 per annum, paid by the account holder.
3. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY)

One-year life insurance scheme with Rs. 2 lakh coverage.

Covers death for any reason, available to individuals aged 18-50
(life cover up to age 55) with a savings bank account.
Annual premium of Rs. 330 per member, renewable each year.
Offered by Life Insurance Corporation and other life insurers.
Programs in the Social Sector:-
1. 20 - Point Programme
2. Minimum Needs Programme (MNP)
3. Food For Work Programme (FFW)
4. National Rural Employment Programme (NREP)
5. Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP)
6. Jawahar Rojgar Yojana(JRY)
7. Self-Employment for the Educated Unemployed Youths (SEEUY)
8. Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
9. Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
20 - Point Programme:-
Launch: Initiated in 1975.
Restructuring: Evolved through restructuring in 1982, 1986, and 2006.
Current Status: Operative with alignment to national and global priorities.
Objectives: Targets priority areas necessitating immediate action.
Alignment: Harmonized with National Common Minimum Programme, UN
Millennium Development Goals, and SAARC Social Charter.
Approval: TPP-2006 approved by Cabinet on October 5, 2006.
Design: 20 points, 66 items carefully selected for strategic impact.
State Involvement: Many items under State sector purview.
Objectives:-
Goal: End poverty, uplift lives.
Scope: Socio-economic focus.
Approach: Holistic transformation.
Minimum Needs Programme (MNP):-

Start: Launched in Fifth Five Year Plan.

Aim: Ensure basic rural life standards.
Strategy: Establish facilities for social needs within time limits.
Initial Components: Education, health, water, electrification, roads,
housing, urban slums, nutrition.
Evolution: Sixth Plan added adult education; Seventh Plan included energy,
sanitation, and public distribution.
Achievements: Vary across components; some successful, others lag.
Challenges: Persistent inter-state achievement gaps.
Minimum Needs Programme (MNP):-

Objectives:-
A. Rural Health:
1. Establish one peripheral health centre for 30,000 (plains) and 20,000
(tribal/hilly).
2. Set up one sub-centre for 5,000 (plains) and 3,000 (tribal/hilly).
3. Establish one community health centre for 100,000.
4. Upgrade and expand peripheral health centres.
B. Nutrition:
1. Provide nutritional support to 11 million individuals.
2. Integrate mid-day meal program with health, potable water, and sanitation.
Food For Work Programme (FFW):-
Launch: April 1977.
Objective: Generate rural employment, build durable community assets.
Payment Method: Workers compensated in food grains.
Implementation: Central Government assistance, Planning Commission,
Ministry of Rural Development, State Governments.
District Level Oversight: District Collector responsible for planning,
coordination, and implementation.
Transition (2006): Merged into Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) with policy changes.
Objectives:-
Primary: Save lives with food grains.
Secondary: National building through various works..
National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) :-
Launch: 1980, aimed at rural employment surge.
Poverty Alleviation: Key step for poverty reduction.
Replacement: Substituted Food for Work (FFW) program.
Functions:
i) Generate substantial rural employment.
ii) Develop durable community assets for rural infrastructure.
Preference: Focused on landless labor in all NREP works.
Funding: Centrally sponsored, sharing expenses equally between the
center and states.
Objectives:-
Employment Boost: Generate rural jobs.
Asset Creation: Build community assets.
Life Quality Enhancement: Improve rural living..
Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP):-
Launch: 1983-84.
Focus: Exclusively for landless, offering 100 days guaranteed employment.
Similarity to NREP: Shared objectives and implementation approach.
Funding: Centrally sponsored.
Funds Earmarked:
25% for social forestry.
10% for SC/ST-benefitting works.
20% for housing (Indira Awas Yojana).
Merger: Integrated with NREP in the 1989-90 annual plan.
Objectives:-
Employment Assurance: Ensure 100 days' work for rural landless.
Infrastructure Strengthening: Build lasting assets for rural economic needs.
Jawahar Rojgar Yojana(JRY):-
Launch: April 1, 1989, merging NREP and RLEGP.
Funding: Central and state in 80:20 ratio.
Target Group: Below poverty line individuals.
Preference: Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and freed bonded laborers.
Gender Inclusion: 30% employment opportunities reserved for rural women.
Local Involvement: Gram Panchayats in planning and implementation.
Successor: Replaced by Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojna on April 1, 1999.
Merger: Integrated with Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojna from September
25, 2001.
Objectives:-
Rural Employment: Boost jobs.
Infrastructure Strengthening: Develop lasting assets..
Self-Employment for the Educated Unemployed Youths
(SEEUY):-
Initiation: 1983-84.
Guidelines: Clear eligibility criteria and institutional mechanism.
Targets: State, district, and bank-wise targets specified.
Monitoring: Introduced effective monitoring and evaluation.
Objective: Promote self-employment for educated unemployed youth
through industry, service, and business ventures.
Assistance Package: Subsidy, easy-term loans, information, and guidance.
Duration: Implemented as a central scheme from 1983-84 to 1993-94.
Merger: Merged with Prime Minister's Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) from 1994-95.
Objectives:-
Youth Entrepreneurship
Assistance Package.
Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP):-
Inception: Proposed in 1976-77, operational in 1978-79.
Objective: Provide employment and skill development for poverty
alleviation.
Benefits: Subsidies for the poor, improving living standards.
Impact: Address poverty through subsidies and employment opportunities.

Objectives:-

Enhance Living Standards

Empowerment Focus
Asset Provision.
Indira Awas Yojana (IAY):-
Construction Support: Aid during rural house construction.
Comprehensive Housing: Support houses with workplaces.
Customized Design: Design based on dweller requirements.
Technology Promotion: Encourage affordable, employment-generating,
eco-friendly, and sustainable materials.
Panchayat Empowerment: Empower and involve Panchayats in village-
level scheme implementation.

Objectives:-
Construction Support.
Comprehensive Housing.
Customized Design.
Technology Promotion.
Panchayat Empowerment.
 Previous Year Questions
2 Marks
1. State the mandate of MGNREGA. (2022-23)
2. List out the various policies or program for social security of rural sector
undertaken by government of India. (2022-23)
3. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana: Explain. (2021-22)
4. Second Five-Year Plan (1956-61): What was this addressing? (2021-22)

5 Marks
1. Explain the need and importance of rural development in India.(2022-23)
2. Explain the basic elements of rural development in detail.(2022-23)
3. Describe in detail any one policy or program undertaken by government
of India for rural development in agriculture sector. (2022-23)
4. What are the benefits of National Rural Livelihood Mission? Give a detailed
report.(2021-22)
5. Explain 4th , 5th and Rolling Plans of Government schemes in Indian
agriculture and rural development.(2021-22)
6. Problems associated with rural development. Discuss. (2021-22)
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