DEI BOARD

QUESTION BANK – 2024 XII IPH- 301 PHYSICS

UNIT 1: ELECTROSTATICS (Electric Charges and Field; Potential & Capacitance)

Very short questions

1. What is meant by Quantization of Charge?

2. Write Coulomb’s formula for the force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges.
3. What is Permittivity? State the SI unit of permittivity.
4. The dielectric constant of medium is unity. What will be its permittivity?
5. What is the dimensional formula for 1/4πε0?
6. If the distance between the two charged particle is halved, what will be the effect on the force
between them?
7. How does the forces between two point charges change if the dielectric constant of the medium in
which they are kept increases?
8. Write SI units and dimensions of Electric field.
9. Why do electric field lines never cross each other?
10. Differentiate between discrete and continuous charge distributions.
11. What is an Electric dipole? Give two examples.
12. Write the dimensions and unit of electric dipole moment.
13. Define Electric flux. Is it a scalar or vector quantity?
14. A charge Q is placed at the center of the cube. What is the electric flux through the cube?
15. What is meant by equipotential surface? Give two characteristics of the same.
16. Name the physical quantity which has joule coulomb-1 as its unit. Is it a scalar or vector quantity?
17. Can Electrostatic potential at a point be zero, while electric field at that point is not zero?
18. The electric potential is constant in a given region. What is the electric field there?
19. Why no work is done in moving a test charge over an equipotential surface?
20. What is the Dielectric constant of a metal? Justify.
21. Define Capacitance. Write its SI unit and its dimensions.
22. How is dielectric constant expressed in the terms of capacitance?
23. Write the expression for the energy stored in a capacitor of C farad carrying a charge of Q coulomb.

Short answers-(2)

1. Define Electric field intensity at a point. Is it a scalar or vector quantity?

2. Define the potential energy of an electric dipole in an electric field. What is the unit of potential
gradient and Permittivity of free space?
3. Define 1 Electron volt and write its value in joule.
4. Draw the Equipotential surfaces for a system of (i) two identical positive point charges placed at a
distance d (ii) dipole
5. The force of attraction between two point charges at a distance r apart is F. What should be the
distance apart in the same medium so that the force becomes F/3?
6. An electric dipole is free to move in a uniform electric field. Explain its motion when it is placed (i)
parallel to the field (ii) perpendicular to the field
7. How much work is done in moving a 500 µc charge between 2 points on an equipotential surface?
8. State Gauss law.
9. What will be the intensity of electric field and the electric potential at the surface of a spherical
charge conductor of q coulomb and radius R m?

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 10. A point-charge is placed at the center of a closed Gaussian spherical surface. How is electric flux
through the surface affected when (i) the sphere is replaced by a cylinder of the same or different
volume (ii) the charge is shifted from the center to some other place inside the sphere, (iii) a second
charge is placed inside the sphere, (iv) the charge is replaced by a an electric dipole.
11. Define Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor. On what factors it depends?
12. What is a farad? How many pico-farad are there in farad?
13. What do you understand by dielectric constant of a medium? How it is related to the permittivity of
a medium?
14. How would you connect two capacitors across a battery, series or parallel, so that they store
greater energy?
15. A bird perches on a high power line and nothing happens. A man standing on the ground touches
the same line and gets a fatal shock. Explain the reason.
16. A parallel plate capacitor having vacuum between the plates has capacitance C. What will be the
capacitance when (i) the distance d between the plates is doubled (ii) a sheet of thickness t and
dielectric constant k is placed between the plates (Assume t = d)
17. Write the three expressions for the energy stored in the capacitor.
18. Two capacitances C1 and C2 are connected in parallel. If a charge q be given to this system, in what
ratio will it be distributed on them? If the capacitances were connected in series, then?
19. What is Electrostatic Shielding? Mention its two applications.

Long Questions - (4)

1. State Coulomb’s law in electrostatics. Express it in SI units. Mention two similarities and two
Dissimilarities between electrostatic and gravitational interactions.
2. Derive an expression for the intensity of electric field at a point distant r from an electric dipole on
(i) axial line (ii) on perpendicular bisecting axis.
3. Derive an expression for the electric potential at an equatorial point of an electric dipole.
4. What is meant by linear charge density? Find an expression for the electric field near a
uniformly charged long wire whose linear charge density is  coulomb/m.
5. State Gauss law of electrostatics. Derive an expression for electric field intensity due to uniformly
charged spherical shell at a point (i) outside, (ii) on the surface and (iii) inside the shell.
6. State Gauss’ theorem of electrostatics. Give its mathematical expression. Derive an expression for
the electric field intensity at a near point between two uniformly charged infinite parallel sheets of
charge densities σ and – σ respectively.
7. What is an electric dipole? Derive the formula for electrostatic potential at a point on the axis of an
electric dipole.
8. Derive an expression for the Torque experienced by the Dipole.
9. Draw the equipotential surface for a point-charge. Show that electric field is always directed
perpendicular to an equipotential surface.
10. Distinguish between Polar and Non polar dielectrics, giving examples also.
11. Explain polarization in dielectrics.
12. What do you mean by the potential energy of a system of charges? Derive energy expression for two
point-charges separated by a distance. Generalize the result for a system of n point-charges.
13. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor filled with dielectric slab of
thickness “t” between the plates, separated by distance “d”. (Assume t<d)
14. Obtain an expression for equivalent C when the 3 capacitances are connected in parallel.
15. Three capacitors of capacitances C1,C2 and C3 are connected in series. Derive expression for the
equivalent capacitance for the combination.

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Numericals-

1. What is the force between two small charged spheres having charges of 2 × 10–7C and 3 × 10–7C placed 30
cm apart in air?
2. The electrostatic force on a small sphere of charge 0.4 µC due to another small sphere of charge –0.8 µC in
air is 0.2 N. (a) what is the distance between the two spheres? (b) What is the force on the second sphere
due to the first?
3. Two point charges q1= 0.2 C and q2=0.4 C are 0.1 m apart. Find the electric field at (i) midpoint between the
charges (ii) a point on the line joining q1, q2 such that it is 0.05m away from q1and 0.15m away from q2.
4. Two point-charges of 1.0 µC and 0.25 µC are placed in air at a distance of 0.40m from each other. Find out at
which point on the line joining the two charges should a third charge be placed so that no force acts upon
it?
5. There are 3 point A, B and C at the corners of an equilateral triangle. There is a point charge of +0.100µC at
A. What will be the intensity of field at the midpoint between B and C, if the side of the triangle is 10 cm?
6. ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 10m and D is the mid –point of BC. Charges of + 100, -100 and +75 µC
are placed at B, C and D respectively. Find the force on a +1 µC charge placed at A.
7. Three equal charges each having a magnitude of 2 x10-6 C are placed at the 3 corners of a right angled
triangle of sides 3cm, 4cm and 5cm. Find the force on the charge at the right-angle corner.

3 cm 5 cm

B
4 cm

8. An electron is accelerated under a potential difference of 15 x103 V . Find the increase in its energy in joule
and in eV.
9. Three equal charges “q” are places at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side “l”. What is the force
experienced by charge Q (with the same sign as q) placed at the centroid of the triangle?

10. Each side of a square is 60cm long. Charges of -2, 3-4 and 5 µC are placed at its corners. Calculate the
potential at the center of the square.
11. A regular hexagon of side 10 cm has a charge 5 µC at each of its vertices. Calculate the potential at the
center of the hexagon.
12. An electric dipole with dipole moment 4 × 10–9 C m is aligned at 30° with the direction of a uniform electric
field of magnitude 5 × 104 NC–1 . Calculate the magnitude of the torque acting on the dipole.
13. A point charge causes an electric flux of –1.0 × 103 Nm2 /C to pass through a spherical Gaussian surface of
10.0 cm radius centered on the charge. (a) If the radius of the Gaussian surface were doubled, how much
flux would pass through the surface? (b) What is the value of the point charge?
14. A spherical conductor of radius 12 cm has a charge of 1.6 × 10–7C distributed uniformly on its surface. What
is the electric field (a) inside the sphere (b) just outside the sphere (c) at a point 18 cm from the center of
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 the sphere?
15. A conducting sphere of radius 10 cm has an unknown charge. If the electric field 20 cm from the center of
the sphere is 1.5 × 103 N/C and points radially inward, what is the net charge on the sphere?
16. A uniformly charged conducting sphere of 2.4 m diameter has a surface charge density of 80.0 µC/m 2 (a)
Find the charge on the sphere. (b) What is the total electric flux leaving the surface of the sphere?
17. In a parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates, each plate has an area of 6 × 10 –3 m2 and the
distance between the plates is 3 mm. Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor. If this capacitor is
connected to a 100 V supply, what is the charge on each plate of the capacitor?
18. A parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates has a capacitance of 8 pF (1pF = 10 –12 F). What will be
the capacitance if the distance between the plates is reduced by half, and the space between them is filled
with a substance of dielectric constant 6?
19. The area of each plate of parallel-plate capacitor is 100 m2 and the distance between them is 0.05 cm.When
it is filled with a dielectric its capacitance becomes 3.54x10-10 F. Find the dielectric constant.
20. Find the equivalent Capacitance of the arrangement of capacitors.

21. Five capacitors of capacitance 10 µF each are connected with each other as shown in figure. Calculate the
equivalent capacitance between the points A and B.

22. What is the equivalent capacitance of the given circuit? What is the charge and voltage drop across 4µ F?

23. Calculate the equivalent capacitance of the network in figure given below. For a 300 V supply, determine
the charge and voltage across each capacitor.

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UNIT- 2 : CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Very short answers-

1. What is the relaxation time of free electron in metals?

2. A steady current flows in a metallic conductor of non-uniform cross-section. Is there any electric field
within the conductor?
3. Define electric conductivity and Mobility of charge carriers in a conductor. Give their SI units also.
4. A potential difference V is applied across a conductor of length “l”. How is the drift velocity affected whenV is
doubled and “l” is halved?
5. Two conducting wires X and Y of same diameter but different materials are joined in series across a battery.
If the number density of electrons in X is twice that in Y, find the ratio of drift velocity of electrons in the two
wires.
6. Write the units and dimensions of Resistance and specific resistance. How much is the resistance of an air
gap?
7. Define Internal Resistance. Write the two factors on which the internal resistance of a Cell depends.
8. What is the difference between emf and terminal p.d. for a cell? Derive relationship between the two.
9. Two identical cells, each of emf E, having negligible internal resistance, are connected in parallel witheach
other across an external resistance R. What is the current through this resistance?
10. Define Temperature coefficient of Resistivity?
11. Name the principle on which a Metre bridge works.
12. The meter-bridge wire is made of what material and why? It must be of uniform cross-section, why?

Short answers-(2)

1. State Ohms law. Give the difference between ohmic and non-ohmic resistances.
2. (i) Define specific resistance and on what factors it depends. (ii) How does the resistivity of alloy manganin
change with temperature?
3. What is the effect of rise in temperature on the electrical conductivity of a (i) metal (ii) semiconductor
4. What is1 Kwhr? How many joules equal to 1Kwhr ?
5. Compare the special characteristics of a heater wire and a fuse wire.
6. A bulb and a toaster, joined in parallel are connected to the mains. The toaster is producing more heat.
Which one has a larger resistance and why?
7. Define Power. Give the different formulae for the electric power.
8. Define EMF of a cell & on what factors does it depend?
9. What is the difference between the emf and terminal voltage of a cell? Derive relation between them.
10. Under what condition terminal voltage p.d of a cell equal to its emf?
11. State both Kirchhoff’s Laws for an electrical circuit.
12. (i) On the conservation of which quantity is Kirchhoff’s first and the second law of electrical circuitbased?
(ii) Can these laws be applied to both d.c. and a.c. circuits?
13. Derive an expression for the Heat produced in a resistor R when V is the voltage drop across it.
14. An electric motor operates on 50 V and draws a current of 12 A. If the motor yields a mechanicalpower
of 150 W, what is the percentage efficiency of the motor?
15. Three bulbs of rating 40W, 60W and 100W designed to work on a 220V line. Which one will glow most
brightly when all are connected in series across the line?
16. A heater coil rated 100W, 200V is cut into two identical parts. Both parts are connected together in
parallel to the same source. Calculate the energy liberated per second in the new combination.
17. Deduce the vector form of Ohms law. j = σ E

Long Questions - (4)

1. What is meant by the drift velocity of free electrons? Deduce an expression for it.
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 2. Two identical cells of internal resistance r and emf E are connected in parallel. Find the equivalent EMF and
resistance for the combination.
3. Find the condition for the maximum flow of current through an external resistance R from a series
combination of “n” cells.
4. Explain why a metallic wire is heated when a current flows through it? Obtain an expression for the heat
produced.
5. Write down the Kirchhoff’s laws and with the help of them deduce the balanced condition for a
Wheatstone’s bridge and also draw the diagram.
6. Explain the principle of Wheat stone bridge. How will you determine with its help the unknown resistance
of the material of wire? Derive the formula used.

Numericals-

1. A wire has resistance R. If it is stretched to 4 times its length what will now be its resistance?
2. Compute the resistance of aluminum wire if its length is 50 cm and cross sectional area 1mm2. The
resistivity of Al is 2.5×10-8 Ωm.
3. A copper wire is stretched to reduce its diameter to half its previous value. What would be the new
resistance?
4. The storage battery of a car has an emf of 12 V. If the internal resistance of the battery is 0.4 Ω, what is the
maximum current that can be drawn from the battery?
5. A battery of emf 10 V and internal resistance 3 Ω is connected to a resistor. If the current in the circuit is 0.5
A, what is the resistance of the resistor? What is the terminal voltage of the battery when the circuit is
closed?
6. Three bulbs with R = 5 Ω, 10 Ω and 25 Ω are connected in series and lighted at 120 V (a). What is the
current in the circuit (b) what is the potential drop across each bulb?
7. At room temperature (27.0 °C) the resistance of a heating element is 100 Ω. What is the temperature of the
element if the resistance is found to be 117 Ω, given that the temperature coefficient of the material of the
resistor is 1.70 × 10–4 °C–1.
8. A silver wire has a resistance of 2.1 Ω at 27.5 °C, and a resistance of 2.7 Ω at 100 °C. Determine the
temperature coefficient of resistivity of silver.
9. Compute the resistance of aluminum wire if its length is 50 cm and cross sectional area 1mm2. The
resistivity of Al is 2.5×10-8 Ωm.
10. The number density of electrons in copper is 8.5x10 28m-3. Determine the current flowing through a copper
wire of length 0.2 m, area of cross-section 1mm2, when connected to a battery of 3V. Given the electron
mobility = 4.5x10-6 m2 V-1s-1 and charge on an electron is 1.6x10-19 C.
11. Six lead-acid type of secondary cells each of emf 2.0 V and internal resistance 0.015 Ω are joined in series to
provide a supply to a resistance of 8.5 Ω. What are the current drawn from the supply and its terminal
voltage?
12. Compute the values of I1 and I2 in the given circuit.

13. Determine the current in each branch of the network shown in Figure.

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 14. A network of resistors is connected to a 16 V battery with internal resistance of 1Ω, as shown in Fig. (i)
Compute the equivalent resistance of the network. (ii) Obtain the current in each resistor [iii] Obtain the
voltage drops VAB, V BC, V CD.

15. In the circuit , E,F,G and H are cells of EMF 2V,1V,3V and 1V and internal resistances are 2 Ω ,1
Ω ,3 Ω and 1 Ω resp. Calculate the potential difference between B and D.

16. The four arms of a Wheatstone bridge has resistances AB = 100Ω, BC = 10Ω, CD = 5Ω, and DA = 60Ω. A
galvanometer of 15Ω resistance is connected across BD. Calculate the current through the galvanometer
when a potential difference of 10 V is maintained across AC.

17. A storage battery of emf 8.0 V and internal resistance 0.5 Ω is being charged by a 120 V dc supply using a
series resistor of 15.5 Ω. What is the terminal voltage of the battery during charging? What is the purpose of
having a series resistor in the charging circuit?

UNIT- 3 MAGNETISM (Magnetic Effect of Current)

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Very short answer-

1. When is the force acting on a charged particle moving through a uniform magnetic field minimum?
2. Draw the magnetic field lines due to a circular wire carrying current I.
3. Define 1 ampere current.
4. How does the radius of a circular path of a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic field depend on
its momentum and charge?
5. Define 1 tesla. Write the relation between tesla (1NA-1M -1)and Gauss.
6. Give the SI unit of magnetic field and magnetic flux.
7. What is the importance of radial magnetic field in Moving coil galvanometer?
8. Why should an Ammeter have a low resistance?
9. Why a Voltmeter always connected in parallel with a circuit element in a circuit? What happens if an
ammeter is placed in parallel in a circuit?
10. Which one has the lowest and which one has the highest resistance: an ammeter; a voltmeter or a
galvanometer and why?
11. In what way is the behavior of a diamagnetic material different from that of paramagnetic, when kept in an
external magnetic field?
12. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is 0.9858. Identify the type of magnetic material.
13. Write two characteristics of a material used for making permanent magnets.
14. What is permeability of free space? Give its unit.
15. Mention important properties of Magnetic Field lines.
16. An electric current of 0.25 A flows in loop of radius 0.2 cm. Calculate the magnitude of the
magnetic dipole moment.

Short answer- (2)

1. What is the magnetic field at the center of the circular loop due to semi circles (i) APB (ii) AQB

2. Give 2 differences between the magnetic lines of force and electric lines of force.
3. State Bio-Savart’s law and express in vector form.
4. How will the magnetic field intensity at the center of a circular coil carrying current change, if the
current is doubled and the radius of the coil is halved?
5. If an electron is not deflected while passing through a region, can we be sure that there is no magnetic
field in that region? Explain.
6. Which will experience maximum force, when projected with the same velocity v perpendicular to the
magnetic field: (i) α particle (ii) β particle?
7. Two protons P and Q moving with the same speed enter magnetic fields B 1 and B2 respectively at right
angles to the field directions. If B2 is greater than B1, for which of the protons P and Q, the circular path
in magnetic field will have a smaller radius?
8. An electron and proton moving with the same speed, enter a uniform magnetic field perpendicularly
then which particle will have large radius of its circular path and why?
9. A proton and an alpha particle moving with the same speed enter the same uniform magnetic field at
right angle to the direction of field. Depict their trajectories in the field. Find the ratio of the radii of the
paths.

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 10. What is a Magnetic Dipole? Give an example of magnetic dipole and its unit.
11. Write the expression for moment of couple on a magnetic dipole due to external magnetic field.
12. Write the unit of magnetic dipole moment and define it.
13. Why is the core of an electromagnet made of ferromagnetic materials? How is a permanent magnet
different from an Electromagnet?
14. Define the following- (a) Intensity of magnetization (b) Magnetic permeability (c) Relative magnetic
permeability (d). Magnetic susceptibility 
15. State and explain Curie’s law of magnetism. Plot a graph to establish relation.
16. Give 2 examples of each (a) ferromagnetic substance (b) paramagnetic(c) diamagnetic substance.
17. What is the purpose of concave (cylindrically-cut) pole-pieces in a moving-coil galvanometer?
18. What is the function of the soft-iron core within the coil of the moving-coil galvanometer?
19. A magnet of moment m is situated in the direction of a magnetic field B. What is its potential energy? If
it is rotated by 180o , then what amount of work will be done?
20. Identify the materials as (i) Paramagnetic (ii) Diamagnetic:
(a) Aluminum (b) Bismuth (c) Copper (d) Sodium e) Platinum
21. A short bar magnet placed with its axis at 300 with a uniform external magnetic field of 0.25 T
experiences a torque of magnitude equal to 4.5 × 10–2 J. What is the magnitude of magnetic moment of
the magnet?

Long Questions (4)

1. Write the formula of Biot-Savart law. Derive an expression for magnetic field at a distance r meter from an
infinitely long wire carrying a current i ampere.
2. Obtain an expression for the magnetic field at the centre of a current carrying –circular coil using Biot-
Savart law.
3. State Biot- Savart law. Using this law, derive an expression for the magnetic field due to a current carrying
circular loop of radius ‘a’ at a point which is at distance ‘x’ from its centre along the axis of the loop.
4. Describe the motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field. Show that for a charged particle
moving perpendicular to a magnetic field, the radius of the path is proportional to the momentum(mv) and
inversely proportional to the specific charge (q/m) of the particle. Also prove that the frequency of
revolution of the particle is independent of its speed.
5. Derive an expression for the force experienced by a current- carrying straight conductor placed in a
uniform magnetic field. State the rule to find the direction of this force. Write the condition for which this
force will have (i) maximum, (ii) minimum value
6. Two straight long parallel conductors curry currents I1 and I2 in the same direction. Deduce that expression
for the force per unit length between them. Depict the pattern of magnetic field lines around them.
7. The rectangular loop of a metallic wire has length l and breadth b. This loop is placed in a uniform
magnetic field B so that the axis of the loop makes an angle with the direction of magnetic field. A current I
is flown through the loop. Derive the formula for the moment of couple acting on the loop.
8. With the help of a diagram, explain the principle and working of a moving coil galvanometer. (i) What is the
importance of a radial magnetic field and how is it produced? (ii) Why is it that using a moving – coil
galvanometer as a voltmeter a high resistance in series is required whereas in an ammeter a shunt is used?
9. With the help of a circuit, show how a moving –coil galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter of a
given range. Write the necessary mathematical formula.
10. How can a moving –coil galvanometer be converted into a voltmeter of a given range? Draw a labeled
diagram to illustrate the conversion.
11. What is a diamagnetic material? Explain the origin of diamagnetism.
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 12. Explain Para magnetism on the basis of atomic model. Mention any two paramagnetic substances.
13. Describe the domain theory of ferromagnetism in detail. Give the name of any two ferromagnetic
substances.
14. Derive an expression for the torque experienced by a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field. Hence
obtain the expression for the potential energy of the dipole.
15. A short bar-magnet of magnetic moment m is aligned parallel to the direction of a uniform magnetic field B.
What is the work done to turn the magnet, so as to align its magnetic moment ‘M’(i) opposite to the field
direction and (ii) normal to the field direction

Numericals-
1. An electron moving with velocity 6 x107 m/sec enters a magnetic field of 2wb/m2 at an angle of 30 owith
the field. Calculate the force on the electron.
2. A circular coil of wire consisting of 100 turns, each of radius 8.0 cm carries a current of 0.40 A.What is the
magnitude of the magnetic field B at the center of the coil?
3. A 40 cm long wire carrying a current of 2.5A is placed perpendicularly to B= 8 x10-3Wb/m2. Find the force
experienced by the wire.
4. A long and straight wire carries a current of 10A. Calculate the magnetic field at a distance of 10 cmfrom the
wire. Which rule will decide the direction of the field?
5. A long straight wire in the horizontal plane carries a current of 50 A in north to south direction. Find the
magnitude and direction of B at a point 2.5 m east of the wire.
6. Two long straight wires, each carrying on electric current of 5A are kept parallel to each other at a
separation of 2.5 m. Find the magnitude of the magnetic force experienced by 10 cm of a wire.
7. What is the magnitude of magnetic force per unit length on a wire carrying a current of 8A and making an
angle of 300 with the direction of a uniform magnetic field of 0.15 T?
8. A 3.0 cm wire carrying a current of 10 A is placed inside a solenoid perpendicular to its axis. The magnetic
field inside the solenoid is given to be 0.27 T. What is the magnetic force on the wire?
9. A closely wound solenoid 80 cm long has 5 layers of windings of 400 turns each. The diameter of the
solenoid is 1.8 cm. If the current carried is 8.0A, estimate the magnitude of B inside the solenoid near its
center.
10. A 100-turns coil carrying current of l A is kept in a B = 0.5 wb/m2. Find the magnitude of torque acting on
the coil. ( Area = 15cm × 15cm)
11. A square coil of side 10 cm consists of 20 turns and carries a current of 12 A. The coil is suspended
vertically and the normal to the plane of the coil makes an angle of 300 with the direction of a uniform
horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 0.80 T. What is the magnitude of torque experienced by the coil?
12. A rectangular coil of size 1.0 cm x 1.5 cm has 30 turns and carries a current of 1.0 x 10-4 A. What is its
Magnetic moment? If this coil be suspended in a uniform magnetic field of 0.60N A -1 m-1, then what will be
the torque acting on it, when its plane is (i) parallel to the magnetic field (ii) perpendicular to the magnetic
field, and (iii) at an angle of 300 with the field.
13. A uniform magnetic field of 3000 G is established along the positive z-direction. A rectangular loop of sides
10 cm and 5 cm carries a current of 12 A. What is the torque on the loop in the different cases shown in
Fig.? What is the force on each case? Which case corresponds to stable equilibrium?

14. A galvanometer coil has a resistance of 12 Ω and the metre shows full scale deflection for a currentof 3 mA.
How will you convert the metre into a voltmeter of range 0 to 18 V?
15. A galvanometer coil has a resistance of 15 Ω and the metre shows full scale deflection for a current of 4
10
 mA. How will you convert the metre into an ammeter of range 0 to 6 A?
16. A bar magnet made of steel has a magnetic moment of 2.5 Am2 and a mass of 6.6 x 103 kg. If the density of
steel is 7.9 x 103 kg / m3 find the intensity of magnetization of the magnet.
17. A short bar magnet has a magnetic moment of 0.48 J T–1. Give the direction and magnitude of the magnetic
field produced by the magnet at a distance of 10 cm from the center of the magnet on (a) the axis, (b) the
equatorial lines (normal bisector) of the magnet.
18. A circular coil of 100 turns and having an effective radius of 0.05 m carries a current of 0.1 A. How much
work is required to turn it in an external magnetic field of 1.5 Wb/m2 through 1800 about an axis
perpendicular to the magnetic field? The plane of the coil is initially perpendicular to the magnetic field.
19. The magnetic field B and the magnetic intensity H in a material are found to be 1.6 T and 1000A/m
respectively. Calculate the relative permeability µ, and susceptibility χ of the material.

UNIT- 4 : ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION & ALTERNATING CURRENT

Very short answer-

1. What is the dimensional formula and SI unit for induced emf, Magnetic flux?
2. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
3. State the law that gives the polarity of induced emf.
4. A circular conducting loop is held above a current carrying wire PQ as shown in the figure. Predict the
direction and magnitude of the induced current in the loop when (i) a staedy current “I” is flowing in the
wire PQ (ii) current is increasing.

5. Predict the direction of induced current in the situation described by the following figure.

6. Define self-inductance of a coil, write its SI unit.

7. How does the self-inductance of a coil depend on the number of turns of the coil?
8. Give two factors on which self-inductance of a long solenoid depend.
9. Define 1 Henry.
10. How does the mutual inductance of a pair of coils change when (i) distance between the coils is increased
(ii) no of turns in each coil is increased.
11. The motion of copper plate is damped when it is allowed to oscillate between two poles of a magnet. What
is the cause of damping?
12. What is meant by wattless current?
13. Give two advantages of AC voltage over DC voltage.

11
 14. Calculate the rms value of alternating current in given figure:

15. The instantaneous emf of an AC source is given by V=300 sin 314t. What is the rms value of the“emf”?
16. On which effect of current, a.c. ammeters are based? Why?
17. Which is more dangerous 220 V a.c. or 220 V d.c.? Why?
18. What is the reactance of an Inductor in a d.c. circuit and a.c. circuit?
19. If the frequency of a.c. is doubled, how do R, XL and XC get affected?
20. Distinguish between resistance, reactance and Impedance of an ac circuit.

Short answer- (2)

1. On what factors do the magnetic flux associated with a coil depends?

2. What do you understand by self-induction and mutual induction?
3. Define the co-efficient of mutual induction and co-efficient of self-induction and write their units.
4. Give the factors on which the induced current in a coil depends.
5. A copper loop and aluminum loop are removed from a magnetic field in the same time-interval in which
loop induced current will be high?
6. What is an alternating current? Mention its advantages over DC.
7. Predict the polarity of Capacitor in given situation below:

8. Define power in a.c circuit?

9. A 100 Ω iron is connected to 220 V, 50 cycles wall plug. What is (i) peak potential difference (ii) average
potential difference (iii) rms current?
10. What do you understand by choke coil? Why is choke coil needed in the use of fluorescent tubes with ac
mains?
11. What happens when a capacitor is used in the primary circuit of an induction coil?
12. What is a step- up transformer and a step-down transformer?
13. What will be the phase difference between the current flowing in circuit and emf when 220v, 50Hz a.c
source is connected to (i) an ohmic resistance (ii) a pure inductor?
14. What is capacitive reactance Xc? What is its value for d.c?
15. A coil has an inductance of 2 H. At what frequency will it have a reactance of 3124 Ω? What should be the
capacity of a capacitor which has the same reactance at that frequency?
16. Why is an inductance more appropriate than a resistance to decrease d.c?

Long Questions (4)

1. State Lenz’s law. Briefly explain how Lenz’s law supports the Law of conservation of energy.
2. Write down Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction. Derive the formula for induced electromotive
force developed between the ends of a straight wire moving in a uniform magnetic field.
3. Prove that the magnitude of emf induced in a conductor of length “l” when it moves with velocity “v” and
perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field “B” is Blv.
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 4. What is self-induction? Calculate it for a plane coil having number of turns N and radius r.
5. Define-self-inductance and mutual inductance. Distinguish clearly between them, giving one example of
each.
6. Two inductances L1 and L2 are connected in (i) series, (ii) parallel and are separated by a large distance.
Find the equivalent inductance in each case. How will the result be affected if the separation is not large?
7. Define coefficient of mutual induction of two coils. A secondary coil of N2 turns and radius r2 is placed
coaxially near a primary coil of N1 turns of radius r1 . Find the mutual inductance of the two coils.
8. Establish a relation between peak value and rms value of alternating current.
9. What is impedance of an a.c. circuit? Find the impedance Z of an alternating current circuit consisting of a
capacitance C and a resistance R. Also, find the phase difference between current and applied voltage.
10. Inductance L, capacitance C and resistance R are connected to an alternating voltage source V = Vo
sin 𝜔t in series. Show that the impedance Z of the circuit is
Z=  
  
 

tan  = 𝜔C
R
Where  is the phase angle between the current and the voltage?

11. What is meant by power of an alternating current? Show that the average power dissipated per cycle in an
L-C-R circuit is given by P = Vrms irms cos, where is the phase angle of lag or lead.
12. Define Q factor and give its significance, explain by plotting a graph. For which value of the resistance out of 2
different curves, a sharper resonance is produced
13. Explain the principle of choke-coil. Why is the current passing in choke-coil wattless?

Numericals-

1. An average induced emf of 0.60V appears in a coil when the current in it is changed from 5A in one
direction to 5A in the opposite direction in 0.2sec. Find the self- inductance of the coil.
2. A coil having 100 turns and area 0.20 m2 is place normally in a magnetic field. The field changes from 0.2
wb/m2 to 0.6 wb/m2 uniformly over a period of 0.01 sec. Calculate emf induced in the coil.
3. A 50 cm long wire is moving in a uniform magnetic field of 0.8N/Am with a velocity of 2m/s perpendicular
to both its length and the magnetic field. Calculate the induced emf in the wire. If the wire be moving
parallel to the field, what will be the value of induced emf.
4. A rectangular loop of area 20 cm × 30 cm is placed in a magnetic field of 0.3 T with its plane [i] normal to
the field, (ii) inclined 300 to the field (iii) parallel to the field. Find the flux linked with the coil in each case
5. A coil of area 1000 cm2 has 500 turns. If the value of the magnetic field normal to the plane of the coil is
reduced from 0.2 web/m2 to zero in 0.1 second, then find the average value of induced emf in the coil.
6. A long solenoid with 15 turns per cm has a small loop of area 2.0 cm2 placed inside the solenoid normal to
its axis. If the current carried by the solenoid changes steadily from 2.0 A to 4.0 A in 0.1 s, what is the
induced emf in the loop while the current is changing?
7. A circular coil of radius 8.0 cm and 20 turns is rotated about its vertical diameter with an angular speed of
50 rad/s in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 3.0 × 10–2 T. Obtain the maximum and average
emf induced in the coil. If the coil forms a closed loop of resistance 10 Ω, calculate the maximum value of
current in the coil. Calculate the average power loss due to Joule heating. Where does this power come
from?
8. Current in a circuit falls from 5.0 A to 0.0 A in 0.1 s. If an average emf of 200 V induced, give an estimate of
the self-inductance of the circuit.
9. A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5 H. If the current in one coil changes from 0 to 20
A in 0.5 s, what is the change of flux linkage with the other coil?
10. A 60 μ F capacitor is connected to a 110 V, 60 Hz a.c. supply. Determine the rms value of current in the
circuit.
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 11. A 44 mH inductor is connected to 220 V, 50 Hz ac supply. Determine the rms value of the current in the
circuit.
12. Find the resonant frequency ωr of a series LCR circuit with L= 2 H; C=32 μ F and R=10 Ω. What is the Q
value of the circuit ?
13. A charged 30 μ F capacitor is connected to a 27 mH inductor. What is the angular frequency of free
oscillations of the circuit?
14. A 20 V, 5W lamp is used on a.c source of 400 V, 50 Hz. Calculate the inductance of the choke required to be
put in series to run the lamp.
15. Given figure shows a series LCR circuit connected to a variable frequency 230 V source. L = 5.0 H, C =

80μF, R = 40 Ω. (a) Determine the source frequency which drives the circuit in resonance. (b) Obtain
the impedance of the circuit and the amplitude of current at the resonating frequency. (c) Determine
the rms potential drops across the three elements of the circuit.

16. An A.C source of voltage V = 100 sin 300t is connected in the circuit. Calculate the (a) impedance, (b) power
factor (c) peak value of current for the circuit.
17. A 100V – ac source of frequency 400 Hz is connected to a series L-C-R circuit with L = 8.1mH,C = 13µ F, R =
40 Ω . Find the potential difference across the resistance.
18. A 100 μF capacitor in series with a 40 Ω resistance is connected to a 110 V, 60 Hz supply. (a) What isthe
maximum current in the circuit? (b) What is the time lag between the current maximum and the voltage
maximum?
19. Obtain the resonant frequency and Q-factor of a series LCR circuit with L = 3.0 H, C = 27 μF, and R = 7.4 Ω. It
is desired to improve the sharpness of the resonance of the circuit by reducing its ‘full widthat half
maximum’ by a factor of 2. Suggest a suitable way.
20. The transformation ratio of a transformer is 12.5. Its primary is connected to a 220 V ac supply. What
voltage will be obtained across the secondary?

UNIT-5 EM Waves & DUAL NATURE

Very short answer-

1. Write the relation for speed of electromagnetic waves in terms of the amplitude of electric and fields.
2. In which direction do the electric and magnetic field vectors oscillate in an electromagnetic wave
propagating along the X-axis?
3. Arrange the following radiations in descending order of wavelength. X-rays, infrared rays, radio waves,
microwaves, blue light.
4. Which part of electromagnetic spectrum has largest penetrating power?
5. Name the electromagnetic waves used for studying crystal structure of solids. What is its frequency range?
6. What physical quantity is the same for X-rays of wavelength 10–10 m, red light of wavelength 6800 Å and
radio waves of wavelength 500m?
7. A plane electromagnetic wave travels in vacuum along z-direction. What can you say about the directions of
its electric and magnetic field vectors? If the frequency of the wave is 30 MHz, what is its wavelength?
8. Name the part of electromagnetic spectrum which is suitable for treatment of cancer tumors.
9. Why long-distance radio broadcasts use short-wave bands.
10. It is necessary to use satellites for long distance TV transmission. Why?
11. Why Optical and radio telescopes are built on the ground but X-ray astronomy is possible only from
satellites orbiting the earth.
12. What is de-Broglie wavelength of a 2-kg object moving at a speed of Im s1 ?

14
 13. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of a proton of momentum 2.55×10 22 kg ms1
14. A moving particle has a de-Broglie wavelength of 1.0m. What is the momentum of the particle?
15. Find the de-Broglie wavelength of a neutron of mass 1.671024 g moving with kinetic energy of
0.04 eV.
16. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of electrons of speed 0.5k ms1.
17. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of electrons of an electron-beam accelerated through a
potential difference of 60V.
18. The work function of a metal is 4.9 eV. Calculate the threshold frequency of the metal.

Short answer - (2)

1. What evidence is there to show that sound is not electromagnetic in nature?

2. Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does the wavelength 10 -10 m corresponds to and mentions its
one application?
3. Arrange the following electromagnetic radiations in the ascending order of their frequencies;
4. [a] Microwave (ii) Radio wave (iii) X-ray (iv) γ ray. Write two uses of any one of them.
5. The electric field amplitude of an electromagnetic wave is E0 = 120 N/C and that its frequency is ν = 50.0
MHz. (a) Determine, B0, ω, k, and λ. (b) Find expressions for E and B.
6. Name the constituent radiation of electromagnetic spectrum which: (i) is used in satellite (ii) is used for
studying crystal structure communication (iii) is similar to the radiations emitted during decay of
radioactive nuclei. (iv) has its wavelength range between 390 nm and 770 nm (v) is absorbed from
sunlight by ozone layer (vi) Produces intense heating effect.
Mention one more application for each radiation.
7. State Maxwell’s equations in integral form.
8. The magnetic field in an electromagnetic wave is given by By = 2 × 10–7 sin (0.5×103 x+1.5×10 t) T.
(a) What is the wavelength and frequency of the wave? (b) Write an expression for the electric field.
9. Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum is used in operating RADAR? Give order of their
wavelength. Explain why the particular waves are used in radar
10. The electric field amplitude of an electromagnetic wave is E0 = 120 N/C and that its frequency is ν =
50.0MHz. (a) Determine, B0, ω, k, and λ. (b) Find expressions for E and B.
11. The de-Beoglie wavelength of an electron is 2o A. Its momentum is:
i.6.61024kgms1 ii.3.31024kgms1 iii.0.301024kgms1 iv.13.21044kgms1

12. The de-Beoglie wavelength  of a particle and its kinetic energy are related as:
i.K ii. K iii.0.301024 kgms1 iv.13.2 1044 kgms1

13. The de-Broglie wavelength  of an electron in the nth Bohr orbit is related to the radius of the orbit
in  r ii.n  2r iii.n  4r iv.n  r.
3
as:
2

15
 14. What is the difference between ‘photoelectric emission’ and ‘thermionic emission’?
15. Are all the photoelectrons emitted with same kinetic energy? Why?
16. Intensity of any light is increased, keeping its wavelength fixed. Which will increase: energy of
photon, or number of photons?
17. If, in an experiment, X-rays instead of ultra-violet rays be incident on the negative plate, what will
be the effect on the (i) kinetic energy of photoelectrons (ii). Photoelectric current, if intensit y remains
same?
18. The photoelectric threshold wavelength for sodium is 6800Å. Explain its meaning.
19. The work –function of copper is greater than that of sodium. For which of these metals the threshold
frequency will be higher? Threshold wavelength?
20. Some photographic plates are not affected by red light, but are immediately blackened by white light;
why?
21. In context of photoelectric effect, explain the meaning of stopping potential.

Long Answer:

1. What is displacement current? Why this concept was introduced, explain. Give the direction in which
energy of electromagnetic waves flows in free space.
2. Describe, with the help of a labeled diagram, the electromagnetic spectrum from gamma rays to radio
waves, showing approximate wavelength ranges.
3. Draw a sketch of electromagnetic spectrum, showing relative positions of X -rays and microwaves with
respect to visible light. State approximate wavelengths of any two.
4. Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum is used in operating RADAR? Give order of their wavelength.
Explain why the particular waves are used in radar.
5. The magnetic field in an electromagnetic wave is given by By = 2 × 10–7 sin (0.5×103 x+1.5×1011 t). [a]
What is the wavelength and frequency of the wave? (b) Write an expression for the electric field.
6. Show that the de-Broglie wavelength  of electron of energy K is given by   h
7. Derive the expression for the de-Broglie wavelength of an electron moving under a potential
difference of V volt.
8. What is photoelectric effect? How does the emission of photoelectrons depend on the intensity
and frequency of the incident radiation?
9. Draw a graph between the frequency of the incident light and the maximum kinetic energy of the
emitted electrons in photoelectric effect. i) Show threshold frequency in the graph (ii) Give the
value ofthe slope of the graph.
10. Explain the photoelectric effect on the basis of quantum model and derive Einstein’s
photoelectricequation.
11. Write the laws of photoelectric emission and explain them.
12. Establish the formula for maximum kinetic energy of ejected electron from the metallic surface
when photon of light falls on metallic surface.
13. Define work function. Establish Einstein’s photoelectric equation and discuss it.
14. What is photoelectric effect? Write down the Einstein’s photoelectric effect equation.
15. Explain the working principle of a photoelectric cell. Describe their different types.
16. Explain, with the help of diagram, the construction and working of a photovoltaic cell.

Numericals-

1. The oscillating magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given by 8 x 10-6 (sin 2 x 1011t +300 πx)T.
(i)Calculate the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave. (ii) Write down the expression for the oscillating
electric field.
2. The oscillating electric field of an electromagnetic wave is given by:
16
 Ey= 30sin (2 x1011t + 300 πx) Vm-1.(i) Obtain the value of the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave. (ii)
Write down
y the expression for the oscillating magnetic field.
3. A parallel plate capacitor made of circular plates each of radius R = 6.0 cm has a capacitance C = 100 pF. The
capacitor connected to a 230 V ac supply with a (angular) frequency of 300 rad s–1.

[a] What is the rms value of the conduction current? (b) Is the conduction current equal to the displacement
current? (c) Determine the amplitude of B at a point 3.0 cm from the axis between the plates.
4. An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of (i) 64V, (ii) 144V. What is the de-
Broglie wavelength associated with it? To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does this
wavelength correspond?
5. Calculate de-Broglie wavelength of an electron of energy 400eV.
6. A radio-station is transmitting waves of wavelength 3 meter. Calculate: (a) energy of a photon ofthis
transmission. (b) Number of photons radiated per second, if the radiated power is 10 kilowatts.
(ii) The maximum wavelength of a photon which can eject photoelectrons from the metal

7. The work function of a metal is 3.8eV. Radiation of wavelength 2200Å is incident upon its
surface. What is the kinetic energy of fast moving photoelectrons emitted from the surface? What
should be the retarding potential to prevent the emission of electrons from the surface?
8. The work function of a substance is 1.2 eV. The wavelength of light incident of it is 450 nm. Find the
Stopping potential for the photoelectric emission.
9. The work function of cesium metal is 2.14 eV. When light of frequency 6 ×10 14Hz is incident on the
metal surface, photoemission of electrons occurs. What is the (a) maximum kinetic energy of the
emitted electrons, (b) Stopping potential, and (c) maximum speed of the emitted photoelectrons?
10. The photoelectric cut-off voltage in a certain experiment is 1.5 V. What is the maximum kinetic
energy of photoelectrons emitted?
11. Monochromatic light of wavelength 632.8 nm is produced by a helium-neon laser. The power
emitted is 9.42 mW. (a) Find the energy and momentum of each photon in the light beam, (b) How
many photons per second, on the average, arrive at a target irradiated by this beam? (Assume the
beam to have uniform cross-section which is less than the target area), and (c) How fast does a
hydrogen atom have to travel in order to have the same momentum as that of the photon?
12. The threshold frequency for a certain metal is 3.3 × 10 14 Hz. If light of frequency 8.2 × 1014 Hz is
incident on the metal, predict the cutoff voltage for the photoelectric emission.
13. The work function for a certain metal is 4.2 eV. Will this metal give photoelectric emission for
incident radiation of wavelength 330 nm?
14. Light of frequency 7.21 × 1014 Hz is incident on a metal surface. Electrons with a maximum
speed of 6.0 × 105 m/s are ejected from the surface. What is the threshold frequency for
photoemission of electrons?
15. The threshold wavelength for silver is 3800Å. Ultra-violet rays of wavelength 2600Å are incident on
silver surface. Calculate (i) Work-function of silver (ii) maximum kinetic energy of the emitted
photoelectrons.
16. Emission of photoelectrons from a cathode of lithium is not possible when radiation energy of
wavelength more than 8000Å is incident on it. Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted
photoelectrons when light of wavelength 5000Å is incident on its cathode.
17. The threshold wavelength for the surface of a photocathode is 600 nm. Calculate the maximum
kinetic energy of the emitted electrons if a light of wavelength 500nm is incident on this surface.
17
 How will this kinetic energy change if the intensity of the incident light is doubled, keeping its
wavelength unchanged at 500nm?
18. What is the (a) momentum, (b) speed, and (c) de Broglie wavelength of an electron with kinetic
energy of 120 eV

18