Final Paper 1

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region 02 (Cagayan Valley)
Schools Division Office of Isabela
DOÑA AURORA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
San Juan Campus, San Juan, Aurora, Isabela
Electric Motor-Powered
Coconut Dehusking Machine
Researchers:
Reyes, Crhys Antony Y.
Ballesteros, Lance Andrei D.
Bulilan, Tracy Anne S.
Cayetano, Eigenuine Ace D.
Guevarra, Jho Antonette V.
Palomares, Rosa Lea U.
DONNABELLE G. VELASCO
Research Adviser
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ABSTRACT
This study was conducted so that the method and rate at which coconuts can be dehusked are
improved by using the Coconut Dehusking Machine. This study is entitled “Electric Motor-
Powered Coconut Dehusking Machine”. This study was conducted to help the coconut works
of Isabela to establish a brand-new way to remove the husk from coconuts with ease, without
needing excessive physical force and energy. This study was conducted to determine a) if the
machine is efficient while using the different treatments of the study in terms of the average
dehusking rate, quality of dehusked coconuts, and percentage of properly dehusked coconuts,
b) if the machine is acceptable by the respondents of the study in terms of the performance,
practicality, and durability of the machine. The researchers used ANOVA to analyze and
interpret the data collection and determine the efficiency of the machine, and used the Likert-
Test to analyze and interpret whether or not the coconut workers agree that the machine is
acceptable. The result of a) ANOVA revealed that a.1) there is a significant difference
between the efficiency of the coconut dehusking machine using the different treatments, b.1)
a majority of the respondents to the survey agreed that the machine is acceptable in terms of
its performance, practicality, and durability. The researchers would recommend to implement
a stronger speed reduction gearbox, as well as higher quality spikes and a reverse function on
the pedal to improve the efficiency of the Coconut Dehusking Machine even further.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to send their sincerest thanks to the people who helped
them in the success of their project.
To Dr. Arturo B. Nool Jr. PhD, the supportive Principal IV of Doña Aurora National
High School, for allowing them to conduct their project within the school premises.
To Mrs. Donnabelle G. Velasco, the research adviser for guiding the researchers in
conducting their research study throughout the school year.
To Mr. Reynante Santiago, the technical adviser for helping the researches to
conceptualize their ideas and guide in the construction of the project.
To Mr. Jose Marie Yasol, the project welder and specialist for being the main figure
behind the creation of the coconut dehusking machine.
To the Researchers’ parents, for understanding the financial need of the project and
giving sufficient support.
To their subject teachers for their kindness, understanding, patience and consideration
that they had given to them.
The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance
from many people and they extremely privileged to have got this all along the completion of
this project. All that they had done is only due to such supervision and assistance for those
people who helped them.
Last and foremost, to God, for guiding them to commit in their project to make it
possible and success.
- Researchers
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CHAPTER I
Introduction
A. Background of the Study
The Philippines is the second largest producers of coconuts in the world, dedicating
3.6 million hectares of land for coconut production. The country is considered to be the
largest exporter of coconut products in the global market, with the coconut industry
contributing 25% to the total export sales of the country (DTI, 2022).
The coconut industry is composed of more than 2.5 million coconut farmers that take
care of 347 million fruit-bearing trees in the entire country. Together, the country’s coconut
and coconut product export sales reach nearly $2 billion US dollars, experiencing a 58.7%
increase from the previous year (DA, 2022).
Coconut dehusking is the separation of the husk from the coconut. It is the most
challenging part of coconut production, as it is a necesarry step to be able to use the coconut
for further use or processing. Traditional dehusking using machete, axes, crowbars, etc. is
time consuming, difficult, and risky to the coconut worker (Sujaykumar G. et al., 2017).
The most difficult part of coconut dehusking is the energy that is required to strip off the husk
from the coconut, requiring a 5.38kg force to remove a segment of the coconut husk. The
physical effects of manual coconut dehusking is also an issue, with skilled workers
experiencing discomfort in the entire area of their arm and legs after a singular work day (R.
Prajwal et al., n.d).
Attempts have been made to solve the issue of a faster and safer way to dehusk
coconuts. A mechanized model in the Philippines had been made to help the issue with the
current methods of dehusking but it has failed to be commercialized throughout the country
because of the high manufacturing cost, high power consumption, and safety limitations
(DOST, 2022).
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The researcher of the study designed a coconut dehusking machine in response to the risky
and hard, and time-consuming method of dehusking while maintaining a reasonable price and
ensuring the efficiency of the machine. This study aimed to help the coconut industry by
providing a machine that can dehusk coconuts faster with the same quality of dehusked
coconuts as conventional methods and may help solve one of the current challenges in the
industry of coconut-based products which is the fragmented or scattered supply of coconuts,
which happens because of the slow output of properly dehusked, this study would then have a
direct effect with the lively coconut and coconut-based products industry of the country.
B. Statement of the Problem
The study titled "Electric Motor-Powered Coconut Dehusking Machine" aimed to
produce an electric motor-powered coconut dehusker.
Specifically, it aims to:
1. Determine the efficiency of the coconut dehusking machine using the different treatments
in terms of the:
1) Dehusking Rate,
2) Quality of Dehusked Coconuts, and
3) Percentage Of Properly Dehusked Coconuts.
2. Determine the acceptability of the coconut dehusking machine in terms of its:
1) Practicality,
2) Performance, and
3) Durability.
C. Hypotheses
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1. a. H0: There is no significant difference in the dehusking rate of the machine using the
different treatments of the study.
H a: There is a significant difference in the dehusking rate of the machine using the
1. b. H0: There is no significant difference in the quality of dehusked coconuts using the
Ha: There is a significant difference in the quality of dehusked coconuts using the
1. c. H0: There is no significant difference in the percentage of properly dehusked coconuts
using the different treatments of the study.
Ha: There is a significant difference in the percentage of properly dehusked coconuts
using the different treatments of the study.
2. H0: The study is not acceptable in terms of the practicality, performance, and durability of
the coconut dehusking machine.
Ha: The study is acceptable in terms of the practicality, performance, and durability of
the coconut dehusking machine.
D. Significance of the Study
1. Coconut Workers
The result of this study may help the coconut workers dehusk coconuts faster, easier,
and safer. This machine may also provide them with a shorter work time.
2. Coconut Farmers
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This study may make the farming expenses of coconut farmers lower while
maintaining their current work capacity. It may save them money rather than hiring workers
to dehusk coconuts slower.
3. Community
This study may increase the availability of quality-grade dehusked coconuts in the
community by improving the dehusking rate.
4. Economy
This study may be able to improve the country’s import rate of coconut and coconut-
based products.
5. Local Businesses
This study benefited local businesses that produce products made from coconuts by
giving access to faster and better production of coconuts.
6. Future Researchers
This study can be a basis for future researchers conducting similar studies for future
enhancements and changes.
E. Scope and Delimitations
The study titled "Electric Motor-Powered Coconut Dehusking Machine" aimed to
develop a machine that could help coconut farmers and workers reduce the laborious and
risky task of manually dehusking coconuts, while ensuring a consistent output of properly
dehusked coconuts. The study was conducted at Doña Aurora National High School, Aurora,
Isabela from May 30, 2023 to June 10, 2023. It focused on assessing the effectiveness of the
coconut dehusking machine in terms of dehusking rate, quality of dehusked coconuts, and its
acceptability. The study exclusively utilized the commercially produced and locally available
coconut variety "Tacunan."
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In addition, the study specifically utilized 6-8 months old coconuts to maintain the
moisture content of the fruit at the optimal 55%. This age range ensured that the coconuts had
a husk that would challenge the machine. The study considered the coconuts' sizes, which
ranged from 17-22 cm. Coconuts with a 17-20 cm diameter were classified as medium-sized,
while those above that range were considered significant.
F. Definition of Terms
To facilitate the understanding of this study, different terms are defined here:
1. Coconut Dehusking Machine: A mechanical device designed for the purpose of
removing the outer husk of a coconut (Smith, J. et al., 2018). In this study, the machine
utilized spikes or teeth to pierce and strip off the fibrous husk from the hard shell of the
coconut.
2. Dehusking: The process of removing the husk from the coconut, which involves piercing
the outer fibrous layer to remove the hard shell and expose the inner kernel (Lim, H. et
al., 2019). In this study, the researcher used the coconut dehusk machine to remove the
husk of the coconuts.
3. Dehusking Efficiency: A measure of the ability of a coconut dehusking machine to
effectively and efficiently remove the husk from the coconut, taking into consideration
factors such as the rate of husk removal, the percentage of coconuts successfully
dehusked, and the quality of dehusked coconuts (Ng, C. et al., 2018).
4. Dehusking Rate: A measure of the effectiveness of a coconut dehusking machine in
removing the husk from the coconut, expressed as the time in seconds that the machine
takes to successfully dehusk a coconut (Brown, A. et al., 2019). In the study, the
dehusking rate of the coconut dehusking machine will be computed using the formula:
No . of dehusked coconuts
=Average Dehusking Rate
The total dehusking time
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5. Electric Motor: A type of power source used in machinery, which converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy to power the spike mechanism and other components of
the coconut dehusking machine (Kumar, R. et al., 2017).
6. Husk: The fibrous outer layer or covering of a coconut, composed of tough, coarse fibers
that need to be removed by the dehusking machine to access the inner kernel of the fruit.
(Ng, C. et al., 2017). In this study, the researcher removed the husk of the coconut to
expose the kernel inside.
7. Kernel Damage: The extent to which the inner kernel of the coconut is affected during
the dehusking process. This includes factors such as cracks, bruises, or other forms of
damage that may affect the quality and marketability of the kernel (Tan, K. et al., 2021).
8. Machine Capacity: The maximum number of coconuts that the coconut dehusking
machine can process and successfully dehusk within a given time period, typically
expressed as number of coconuts per hour (Lim, H. et al., 2019). In this study, the
machine capacity is computed using the formula:
1 Hour
=Machine Capacity∨Number of Coconuts per hour
Average Dehusking Rate
9. Power Source: The electric energy supply that is used to operate the coconut dehusking
machine. In this study, AC (220v) was used to power the machine.
10. Quality of Dehusked Coconuts: The standard of the resulting coconut after it has been
processed by the dehusking machine, characterized by factors such as the level of husk
removal, the appearance of the coconut, and the condition of the kernel whether it is
damaged or not (Lee S. et al., 2020).
11. Safety Features: The built-in mechanisms or components of a coconut dehusking
machine designed to ensure safe operation, prevent accidents, and protect operators from
potential hazards. In this study, the safety features of the machine include a claw that
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keeps the coconut in place, the lever that eliminates the need to manually remove the
dehusked coconut, and the structure of the machine.
12. Spike Mechanism: The specific design and arrangement of spikes or teeth in the coconut
dehusking machine, which are responsible for piercing and stripping off the husk from the
coconut shell (Kumar, R. et al., 2019).
13. Speed Reduction Gearbox: A mechanical device used in the power transmission system
of a coconut dehusking machine to reduce the rotational speed of the motor or engine,
allowing for increased torque or power and improved dehusking rate of the machine
(Wang, L. et al., 2017). In this study, the speed reduction gearbox is attached to the
electric motor of the machine to reduce the speed of rotation of the rollers with spikes
while increasing its power of dehusking.
14. Machine Capacity: The maximum number of coconuts that the coconut dehusking
machine can process and successfully dehusk within a given time period, typically
expressed as coconuts per hour (Lim, H. et al., 2019).
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CHAPTER II
Review Of Related Literature and Studies
Coconuts (Cocos Nucifera)
The term coconut refers to the coconut palm's seed or fruit (Cocos nucifera). Cocos is
a representative genus of its family Arecaceae (Pearsall, 1999). Coconut is a dry drupe in
terms of botany, and it has three layers; the exocarp (the hard-outer skin), mesocarp (husk),
endocarp (shell), and a white endosperm called a kernel (Orwa et al., 2009).
Cocos nucifera is an edible fruit of the coconut palm, a tree of the palm family. In
which the flesh of the coconut is high in fat, and can be dried, eaten fresh, or processed into
products such as coconut milk and oil, the liquid of the nut, known as coconut water, is used
in beverages. Coconuts have a thick brown exterior known as the husk, a fibrous casing
surrounding the single-seeded nut. A hard shell encloses the embryo with its abundant
endosperm, composed of meat and liquid. Mature coconuts are ovoid or ellipsoid in shape
and are 30-45 centimeters long and 15-20 cm in diameter (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019)
Coconuts are located in the coastal regions of the Philippines, Papua New Guinea,
Malaysia, Indonesia, and other Southeast Asian countries, as well as over 80 other countries
in Asia, Africa, America, and Oceania (Chan & Elevitch, 2006). Humans have introduced
coconut species inland, where they are planted in plantations, along roadsides, and in areas
with abundant sunlight, temperatures ranging from 21°C to 30°C all year, and regular rainfall
(1500 mm to 2500 mm of rainwater annually), (Orwa et al., 2009).
The coconut has different uses because every part of the tree has value in the
economy. The trunk can be utilized for building materials, coconut fronds can be transformed
into brooms, and coconut fibers can be used to produce cushions. Additionally, the shell can
be processed to produce carbon, while the coconut meat can be used to extract coconut milk
(Md. Akhir et al., 2009).
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The coconut husk can be turned into geotextile to lessen the effects of erosion (Pillai,
2001). The husk can also be used as a coir, a fiber, and coir dust, a non-fibrous substance
increasingly widely used in horticulture to replace peat (Jannick & Paull, 2008).
Tacunan Dwarf Coconut
The Tacunan Dwarf Coconut is a species of coconut native to the Philippines and is
known for its resistance against pests and diseases and high yield, producing 50-70 fruits per
tree a year. The tree stands at an average of 6-8 meters, while the fruit has a round elongated
shape and a 10-15 centimeters diameter. (R. Bourdeix et al., n.d.)
The coconut has three stages of maturity. The first stage reached at six months; the
tacunan coconut weighs only 150-250 grams and the moisture content of the fruit ranges
between 75-80%. In this stage, the coconut is considered immature and still under the
development of its internal structure. After nine months, the coconuts have reached the
physiological maturity stage, their weight ranges from 300-500 grams, and their moisture
content decreases to 60-70%. The fruit is considered mature but not yet fully developed. The
3rd stage occurs in the 12th month. The weight of the fruit ranges from 500-800 grams, and
its moisture content decreases to 40-50%. The fruit is considered ripe and ready for
consumption.
Philippine Coconut Industry
After Indonesia, the Philippines is the world's second-largest producer of coconuts,
according to FAO data from 2019. With a coconut plantation area of over 3 million hectares,
coconut production reached 14.7 million tons. Most of the country's coconut production is
concentrated in Davao, North Mindanao, and the Zamboanga Peninsula. Many of the
country's coconuts are exported abroad as coconut oil, dried coconut, and copra meal. This
country's coconut farming suffered a devastating blow in 2013. Typhoon Haiyan destroyed
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coconut plantations in the area, destroying approximately 44 million crops. It has an
economic impact on 1 million coconut farmers in the country.
Coconut yield has decreased significantly since 2010, primarily due to the infestation
of coconut-scale insects and major typhoons. On the other hand, the planting area increased
from 2000 to 2017, resulting in increased production in recent years. In 2015, the planted area
accounted for nearly 26% of the total agricultural land in the Philippines. (PSA 2019: PCA
2019, Lapina and Andal 2017).
In 2016, the agriculture sector employed approximately 11.06 million Filipinos,
accounting for 27% of the national workforce. Approximately 3.4 million coconut farmers
are in the Philippines, and approximately 25 million Filipinos are directly or indirectly
dependent on the coconut industry (PCA, n.d).
Pros and Cons of Different Dehusking Tools/Methods and Machines
a) Traditional Method of Dehusking Using a Machete
The coconut dehusking process traditionally relies on widely used methods such as
machetes. However, this method is labor-intensive and physically exhausting, as it relies on
human energy. Moreover, it poses significant risks and demands a high level of skill. Using
machetes as a dehusking tool exposes workers to potential dangers (Adzimah & Turkson,
2015).
b) Traditional Method of Dehusking Using a Poker
The machine used in the study consisted of a vertical sharp column-like structure with
a pointed poker at the top. While this machine proved effective and cost-efficient, it posed a
significant danger to the workers operating it. If a worker's hands slipped from the coconut,
the sharp edge could impale their hands, resulting in injuries. Additionally, the repetitive and
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continuous operation of the machine for two to three hours caused fatigue and pain in the
workers' hands (Anon, 2007).
c) Coconut Dehusking Machine
Dinanath developed a coconut husking machine that featured rollers rotating in
opposite directions. Each roller was equipped with multiple sharp spikes, specifically
designed to penetrate the husk of the coconut. The gripping action of these spikes effectively
tore away the husk, while leaving the nut intact. However, the main drawback of this machine
was its large size and the considerable length of its one-meter rollers. As a result, operating
the machine proved to be challenging, requiring a substantial amount of force due to the
limited mechanical advantage provided (Vargheser & Jacob J., 2014).
d) Coconut Dehusking Machine for Rural Small-Scale Farm Holders
At the Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, a coconut dehusking
machine was developed specifically for small-scale farm holders in rural areas. This machine
was designed to dehusk coconuts without causing any breakage or distortion to the extracted
husk. The main supporting structure of the machine is the frame, which holds all the other
components together. It consists of two rollers, roller shafts, and spur gears. Compared to
other machines, this developed machine is relatively easier to operate and requires only one
operator. However, it still demands a certain skill level, and there is a potential risk of harm
to the operator during operation (Nwankwojike B.N. et al., 2012).
e) Power-operated Dehusking Machine with Twin Blades
In the study titled "Design and Development of Coconut Dehusking Machine," a
twin-blade mechanism was developed to facilitate coconuts' husking and peeling process.
The design involved inserting the coconut into one of the twin blades, while the other flat
blade assisted in peeling. The rotating motion of the blades enabled the efficient husking of
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the coconut. However, one disadvantage of this machine was its safety concern, as the long
blades posed a risk during operation.
f) Hydraulic-operated Coconut Dehusking Machine
A hydraulically-operated machine made by an Australian Company, Fletchers
Engineering Ltd., Australia, utilized an electric motor as the power source, which operated
the hydraulic system, including a clamp for securing the coconut. This design ensured the
quality of the dehusked coconut while preventing damage to the kernel inside the husk.
However, the machine had some drawbacks. It had a slow dehusking rate for individual
coconuts, operating the machine required workers to possess certain knowledge about its
functioning, and the system was expensive and not commercially feasible for widespread
adoption
g) Rotary-operated Coconut Dehusking Machine
Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology (KCAET), Tavanur,
developed a rotary-operated machine designed for large-scale use. This machine consists of
several components: a feeding intake, a revolving drum, a stationary concave assembly, a
husk separating unit, and a power transmission unit. The drum and concave are equipped with
small blades or spikes that penetrate and puncture the coconut husk, causing it to rip open
along various planes. The machine can accept whole coconuts through its inlet; however, the
output is limited (Naliapara et al., 2022).
Qualities of Dehusked Coconut
When coconuts are dehusked, they are often stored in bulk, with the "eye" of the
coconut left intact with the husk to prevent rapid decay and ensure a longer shelf life. This
preservation method helps maintain the freshness and nutritional content of the coconut
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products (Admin., 2016). However, it is possible to husk the coconut entirely, as long as it is
stored in a cool and dry place to prevent decay.
Distance Between Roller Spikes
The distance between the spiked rollers in the coconut dehusking machine can be
adjusted to either 2.5 cm or 5.1 cm by positioning the spiked rollers accordingly (Taufik A.,
et al., 2014). The decision on the specific distance is typically based on the size of the
coconuts used during the experiment or operation.
Spikes of the Rollers
The spikes are crucial for gripping and tearing the coconut husks during dehusking. In
the design, each spike is conical-shaped with a diameter and height of 10 millimeters. The
spacing between the impaling spikes is set at 20 millimeters, following a helical angle (Akhir
Md H., 2016).
Electric Motor Selection
The lead technician of the study determined that a ½ Horsepower Electric Motor
would be the most suitable and readily available option for the Coconut Dehusking Machine.
The motor selection was based on specific requirements for proper coconut dehusking,
including power, speed, and motor type (AC or DC).
The choice of the electric motor took into account factors such as the shearing force
required to remove the husk, the weight of the coconut, and the load that the motor could
apply to the coconut. To ensure effective dehusking, it was essential for the selected motor to
have high torque and low rpm characteristics. The motor's shaft was connected to the roller
using a chain and sprocket mechanism, facilitating the system's operation (Sujaykumar G. et
al., 2017).
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Working Principle
This electric motor-power-operated coconut dehusking machine operates on a single-
phase, ½ hp electric motor. It consists of the main parts of the machine such as the frame,
electric motor, power transmission, speed, and the dehusking unit. To transmit the power
from the motor to the roller spikes, a speed-reducer gear transmission system is incorporated.
The dehusking unit consists of two cylinders, which are rollers with spikes that have different
diameters with different speeds of rotation to cause a tearing effect over the coconut husk.
(Roopashree C. R., 2017)
The two diameters provide different speeds spinning in opposite directions. The
dehusking process is very simple, we need to place the coconut in between the two rollers
with spikes, rotating in opposite directions, and push it by using a manually operated lever.
Mechanization of the Machine
The machine relies solely on an AC (Alternative Current) Electric Motor, which
generates mechanical energy to power the system. A speed reducer gearbox with a ratio of
1:60 is incorporated to regulate the rotational speed. The cylindrical rollers are strategically
designed with teeth to penetrate and remove the coconut husk effectively.
To ensure the appropriate motor selection, factors such as the shearing force required
for husk removal, the weight of the coconut, and the manually applied load are considered.
The chosen motor should have high torque and low rpm characteristics. The motor shaft is
connected to the rollers through a chain and sprocket mechanism, enabling the transmission
of power within the system (Sujaykumar G. et al., 2017).
Once the coconut is placed into the machine, the electric motor, connected to the
speed reducer, initiates the rotation of the shafts, providing the necessary power. The electric
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motor drives the cylindrical rollers connected to the shaft through the speed reduction units
(Sujaykumar G. et al., 2017).
As the cylindrical rollers with teeth move, they engage in a shearing process,
effectively separating the husk from the coconut. The continuous rolling ensures the husk fits
through the gap between the cylindrical rollers, leaving the coconut and its essential
components intact (K. Ramadurai et al., 2009).
The base frame of the machine is designed with movable legs for easy transportation
and standalone support. Additionally, the distance between the cylindrical roller spikes can be
adjusted, allowing for flexibility and convenience in transportation (Yasol, 2022).
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CHAPTER III
Methodology
This chapter covers the materials and equipment used during the study. It also
includes the experimental plan, which shows how the study was carried out, the flowchart,
and all of the main processes used during the course of the study.
A. Research Design
This study used the Single-Group Design.
B. Research Environment
The study was conducted at Doña Aurora National High School from May 30, 2023 to
June 10, 2023 under the supervision of our Research Advisor and the Professional Technician
of our group. This study aimed to create a machine that would assist farmers in reducing the
laborious and dangerous work of dehusking coconuts while ensuring a constant output of
properly dehusked coconuts.
C. Materials and Equipment
Devices
1 unit of 220 VOC 1.2 HP Electric Motor
1 unit of Reduction Gearbox
Frame
2 pieces of Galvanized Iron Pipe (20 diameter, 4 inches by 12 inches)
1/2 piece of Galvanized Iron Sheet (1.5)
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1 Angle Bar (1/4 inches by 1 1/2 inches)
1 piece of Angle Bar (3/16 inches by 1 1/2 inches)
1 piece of Angle Bar (3/16 inches by 3/4 inches)
1 piece of Round Bar (16 millimeter)
1 liter of Primer Paint
2 liters of Thinner
1 liter of Paint (Baguio Green)
Driving System Materials
1 Sprocket (36 toothed)
2 boxes of Chain (428H)
1 piece of Bearing (6203)
4 pieces of Pillow Block (205)
1 piece of Shafting (1 inch by 4 feet)
4 pieces of Flanges (6 millimeters by 4 feet)
20 pieces of Bolt and Nut (3/8 foot by 2 inches)
1 set of Magnetic Contactor (30 AMPS x4 NO)
1 piece of Switch (2 way)
1 piece of Micro Switch
1 piece of 5-meter Royal Chord (#16 AWG)
Construction/Welding Materials
1 box of Welding Rod
1 box of Cutting Disc (4 inches)
5 pieces of Fluff Disc (4 inches)
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1 piece of Drill Bit (5/16)
Testing Materials
150 pieces of Coconuts
1 Digital Stopwatch
1 Tape Measure
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D. Flowchart
Collection of Materials
Machine’s Efficiency:
1. Determine the machine’s efficiency
based on its Dehusking Rate.
Construction of the Machine
based on the quality of dehusked
Preparation of Treatments coconuts.

based on percentage of properly
Testing and Data Collection dehusked coconuts.
Machine’s Acceptability:
Data Analysis and 1. Determine the acceptability of the
Interpretation
machine based on its Performance.
2. Determine the acceptability of the
machine based on its Quality.
Summary, Conclusions, and
3. Determine the acceptability of the
Recommendations
machine based on its Durability.
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E. General Procedures
1. Collection of Materials
Majority of the materials are bought from a hardware store. The coconuts for the
testing were bought from coconut dealers in Aurora, the other testing materials were from the
researchers themselves.
2. Construction of the Coconut Dehusking Machine
a) The Frame
The frame, the primary support for the machine and its components, was built with a
¼ inch by 1 ½ inch angle bar. The angle bar was trimmed down into smaller pieces before
being welded together to make the frame. The frame's dimensions were 24 inches tall, 20
inches long, and 20 inches wide.
b) The Shafts
The shafts used in the construction were built from carbon steel measuring 1 inch in
diameter and 4 feet long. They were cut to a final length of 16 inches. The shafts were
mounted within pillow blocks, which were welded to the frame.
c) The Cylindrical Rollers
The cylindrical rollers were fabricated by welding galvanized iron pipes. Each roller
had a diameter of 4 inches and a length of 14 inches. These rollers were inserted into the
shafts and securely mounted to the pillow blocks welded onto the frame.
d) The Spikes of the Cylindrical Rollers
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The spikes were made from a 16-millimeter round bar. They were honed into a
conical shape measuring 10 millimeters in diameter and a height of 20 mm. These spikes
were then attached to the cylindrical rollers.
e) The Driving System
The driving system of the coconut dehusking machine was comprised of several
components. It consisted of a 1.5 horsepower electric motor, a 1:60 reduction gearbox, 36-
tooth, 32-tooth, and 16-tooth sprockets, and a 428H by 120L size chain. This system served
as the primary mechanism for operating the machine.
The electric motor was connected to the reduction gearbox, which was then linked to
the 16-toothed sprocket. The 36-toothed sprocket was attached to the shaft that held the
cylindrical roller, while the 32-toothed sprocket was connected to the cylindrical rollers with
spikes.
In summary, the electric motor powered the reduction gearbox, transmitting power to the 16-
toothed sprocket. The 36-toothed sprocket was connected to the shaft with the cylindrical
roller, while the 32-toothed sprocket was linked to the cylindrical rollers with spikes. This
configuration enabled the driving system to effectively operate the coconut dehusking
machine.
3. Testing and Data Collection
a) Effect of the Machine’s Roller Spike Distances on the Dehusking Rate of Tacunan
Coconuts.
Numerical data was collected by recording the time it took to dehusk the coconuts
using a digital stopwatch. The raw data was then put through a formula that calculated the
average dehusking rate for a singular coconut. 135 coconuts were used during the testing to
dehusk the number of replicates with the usage of different roller spike distances.
24
Time taken ¿ dehusk coconuts ¿ ≈ Average Dehusking Rate
The number of coconutsused
b) Effect of the Machine’s Roller Spike Distances on the Quality of Dehusked Coconuts.
After dehusking, each coconut was evaluated and rated to determine its quality. A rubric
table was utilized as a guide for scoring the coconuts suitably to ensure consistency and
accuracy.
Rating
Characteristic 5 4 3 2 1
s of Dehusked
Tacunan
Coconuts
The coconut The coconut The coconut

husk was husk was husk was
The coconut The coconut
removed removed removed
husk was husk was
from its from its from its
Level of Husk removed from pierced but
kernel but kernel but kernel but
Removal its kernel and almost no
some layer almost half more than
very few husk husk was
of husks of the husk half of the
remains. removed.
still is still husk is still
remains. intact. intact.
Response:
The kernel The kernel The kernel

The kernel
was intact was slightly was
The kernel was was
but some damaged damaged
well intact and damaged
Condition of dents are and many and many
was not and broken
the Kernel visible in dents are dents are
damaged at all. after the
some areas. visible in visible in
dehusking
some areas. wide areas.
process.
Response:
25
c) Effect of the Machine’s Roller Spike Distances on the Percentage of Properly
Dehusked Tacunan Coconuts.
To determine the percentage of properly dehusked coconuts, the raw data was taken into
consideration. The 135 coconuts used in the testing undergo quality checking. Using this
formula, the percentage of properly dehusked coconut was calculated.
The Number of Properly Dehusked Coconuts

×100 %=% of Properly Dehusked Coconuts
The Number of Coconuts Used
d) Determining the Acceptability of the Coconut Dehusking Machine in terms of
Practicality, Performance, and Durability.
Thirty (30) coconut workers and local businesses will be randomly selected to rate the
performance and spikes replaceability of the Electric Motor-Powered Coconut Dehusking
Machine with the use of the rubrics below.
Strongly Agre Strongly

Statements Undecided Disagree
Agree e Disagree
26
Performance:
The Electric Motor-Powered Coconut
Dehusking Machine performs and still
dehusk coconuts properly after an extended
period of use.
Performance:
The coconuts dehusked by the Coconut
Dehusking Machine are not damaged and
can be sold.
Performance:
The coconut dehusked by the Coconut
can be sold.
Practicality:
The Coconut Dehusking Machine is easy to
use and require minimal efforts.
Practicality:
The Coconut Dehusking Machine is safe to
use.
Practicality:
The Coconut Dehusking Machine is portable
and easy to relocate.
Practicality:
I found the machine helpful and innovative.
Durability:
The spikes of the Coconut Dehusking
Machine can last long after a period of
usage.
Durability:
The surfaces of the Coconut Dehusking
Machine are free from rust and coated with
a suitable paint material.
CHAPTER IV
27
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
This chapter presents the data gathered, the results of the data analysis and
interpretations relative to the problems posted in the statement of the problem. The
corresponding analysis and interpretation of data are incorporated in this portion of the study.
Table 1.1.1
Computed Average Dehusking Rate of Coconut Dehusking Machine on Small-Sized
Tacunan Coconuts at Different Roller Spike Distances
Dehusking Rate (seconds)
Treatments Distance of Spikes Average Dehusking Rate
T1 2.5 cm 29 seconds
T2 3.5 cm 33 seconds
T3 5 cm 52.33 seconds
Table 1.1 shows the computed average dehusking rate of the coconut dehusking
machine on small-sized tacunan coconuts at three different roller spike distances. The
resulting Average Dehusking Rate (ADR) for the 2.5 cm distance is precisely 29 seconds per
coconut, while being 33 seconds per coconut for the 3.5 cm distance and approximately 52.33
seconds for the 5 cm distance.
The range between the slowest dehusking rate and the fastest dehusking rate between
the different treatments is 23.33 seconds, which shows a significant difference at the rate at
which they can dehusk small-sized tacunan coconuts, coming to a conclusion that the most
effective treatment is Treatment 1 (2.5 cm distance).
28
TABLE 1.1.1.a
ANOVA Summary Table for the Average Dehusking Rate of the Coconut Dehusking
Machine on Small-Sized Tacunan Coconuts at Different Roller Spike Distances
Sums of Degrees of Mean

Source of
Squares freedom Squares Fcalc Ftab P-value
Variation
SS DF MS
Between SSB =
k-1 = 2 1537.09 18.54 3.22 0
samples 3074.18
Within SSW =
n-k = 42 82.91
samples 3482.4
SST =
Total n-1 = 44
6556.58
Table 1.1.1.a presents the data and results for the ANOVA of the Average Dehusking
Rate of small-sized tacunan coconuts.
The table shows that the P-value is equal to 0.00, which is lower than the significance
value or α level which is equal to 0.05. The F Calc is also significantly bigger than the F Crit
value, which solidifies the results of the tests conducted. This means that the null hypothesis
is rejected and that there is a significant difference between the treatments of the study.
TABLE 1.1.1.b
29
Tukey’s HSD Table for the Average Dehusking Rate of the Coconut Dehusking Machine
on Small-Sized Tacunan Coconuts at Different Roller Spike Distances
Pair Difference SE Q Lower CI Upper CI Critical Mean p-value
x1-x2 13.18 1.84 7.15 6.84 19.52 6.34 0.000028
x1-x3 20.38 1.84 11.05 14.04 26.72 6.34 3.6e-9
x2-x3 7.2 1.81 3.97 0.97 13.43 6.23 0.02
Table 1.1.1.b shows the Tukey’s HSD table that compares the treatments of the study.
From this data, we can interpret that the treatment 1 is significantly different from treatment 2
and 3 and that treatment 2 is significantly different from treatment 3. This now solidifies the
interpretation of the ANOVA and table 1.1.1, which states that there is a significant difference
between the treatments of the study, and that Treatment 1 (2.5cm) is the most effective
distance between the roller spikes.
TABLE 1.1.2
30
Computed Average Dehusking Rate of Coconut Dehusking Machine on Medium-Sized
Treatment
Distance of Spikes Average Dehusking Rate
s
T1 2.5 cm 24.07 seconds
Table 1.1.2 shows the computed average dehusking rate of the coconut dehusking
machine on medium-sized tacunan coconuts at three different roller spike distances. The
resulting Average Dehusking Rate (ADR) for the 2.5 cm distance is approximately 24.07
seconds per coconut, while being 37.07 seconds for the 3.5 cm distance and approximately
42.8 seconds for the 5 cm distance.
The range shows between the slowest and the fastest average dehusking rate of the
machine between the treatments is 18.73 seconds, which shows a significant difference at the
rate at which they can dehusk medium-sized tacunan coconuts, coming to a conclusion that
the most effective treatment is Treatment 1 (2.5 cm distance).
TABLE 1.1.2.a
31
ANOVA Summary Table for the Average Dehusking Rate of the Coconut Dehusking
Machine on Medium-Sized Tacunan Coconuts at Different Roller Spike Distances

Source of
Variation
SS DF MS
Between SSB = MSB =

k-1 = 2 31.57 2.22 0
samples 3078.4 1539.2
Within SSW = MSW =

n-k = 42
samples 2047.6 48.75
Total SST = 5126 n-1 = 44
Rate of medium-sized tacunan coconuts.
The table shows that the P-value is equal to 0, which is significantly lower than the α
level which is equal to 0.05. This means that the test results were not just pure chance or luck,
but were consistent and reliable results. The F Calc is also significantly bigger than the F Crit
value, which solidifies the results of the tests conducted. This means that the null hypothesis
is rejected and that there is a significant difference between the average dehusking rate of
medium-sized coconuts using the different treatments of the study.
TABLE 1.1.2.b
32
Pair Difference SE HSD Value Lower CI Upper CI Critical Mean p-value
x1-x2 4.53 2.17 2.09 -2.93 12 7.47 0.31
x1-x3 22.07 2.17 10.15 14.6 29.53 7.47 2.4e-8
x2-x3 17.53 2.17 8.07 10.07 25 7.47 0.0000031
and 3 and treatment 2 is also significantly different from treatment 3. This now solidifies the
interpretation of the ANOVA and table 1.1.2, which states that there is a significant difference
between the treatments of the study, and that Treatment 1 (2.5cm) is the most effective
distance between the roller spikes.
TABLE 1.1.3
33
Computed Average Dehusking Rate of Coconut Dehusking Machine on Large-Sized
Treatments Distance of Spikes Average Dehusking Rate
Table 1.1.3 shows the computed average dehusking rate of the coconut dehusking
machine on medium-sized tacunan coconuts at three different roller spike distances. The
resulting Average Dehusking Rate (ADR) for the 2.5 cm distance is approximately 34.33
seconds per coconut, while being 44.67 seconds for the 3.5 cm distance and approximately
46.13 seconds for the 5 cm distance.
The range shows between the slowest and the fastest average dehusking rate of the
machine between the treatments is 11.8 seconds, which shows a significant difference at the
rate at which they can dehusk medium-sized tacunan coconuts, coming to a conclusion that
the most effective treatment is Treatment 1 (2.5 cm distance).
34
TABLE 1.1.3.a
ANOVA Summary Table on the Average Dehusking Rate of the Coconut Dehusking
Machine on Large-Sized Coconuts at Different Roller Spike Distances

Source of
Variation
SS DF MS
Between SSB = MSB =

k-1 = 2 5.28 3.22 0.009
samples 987.78 493.89
Within SSW = MSW =

n-k = 42
samples 3930 93.57
SST =
Total n-1 = 44
4917.78
Rate of large-sized tacunan coconuts.
The table shows that the P-value is equal to 0.009, which is significantly lower than
the α level which is equal to 0.05. This means that the machine is reliable and consistent. The
FCalc is also larger than the FCrit value, which solidifies even further the results of the tests
conducted. This means that the null hypothesis is rejected and that there is a significant
difference between the average dehusking rate of large-sized coconuts using the different
treatments of the study.
35
TABLE 1.1.3.b
Pair Difference SE HSD Value Lower CI Upper CI Critical Mean p-value
x1-x2 9 2.5 3.6 0.42 17.58 8.58 0.038
x1-x3 10.67 2.5 4.27 2.09 19.25 8.58 0.012
x2-x3 1.67 2.5 0.67 -6.91 10.25 8.58 0.88
and 3. This now solidifies the interpretation of the ANOVA and table 1.1.3 which states that
there is a significant difference between the treatments of the study, and that Treatment 1
(2.5cm) is the most effective distance between the roller spikes.
36
TABLE 1.1.4
Computed Overall Average Dehusking Rate of the Coconut Dehusking Machine on
Different Sizes of Coconuts at Different Roller Spike Distances
Coconut Sizes
Roller Spike
Distances
Small-Sized Medium-Sized Small-Sized
Coconuts Coconuts Coconuts
T1
29 seconds 24.07 seconds 34.33 seconds
(2.5 cm)
T2
(3.5 cm)
T3
52.33 seconds 42.8 seconds 46.13 seconds
(5cm)
Average 38.11 seconds 34.65 seconds 41.71 seconds
Table 1.1.4 shows the overall ADR of the coconut dehusking machine on three
different sizes of coconut at different roller spike distances.
The dehusking rate of coconuts determines the coconut dehusking machine’s
efficiency; and the different roller spike distances signify the treatments used in the study.
The table shows the efficiency based on the overall average of the coconut dehusking
machine at the speed at which coconuts are dehusked in different roller spike distances.
Medium-sized tacunan coconuts are the fastest to be dehusked at an approximate rate of
34.65 seconds per coconut compared to small-sized tacunan coconuts at 38.11 seconds per
coconut and large-sized at 41.71 seconds per coconut.
37
The range between the fastest and slowest overall average dehusking rate of the
coconut dehusking machine shows a 7.06 second difference in speed, coming to a conclusion
that the machine is most effective when dehusking medium-sized tacunan coconuts.
TABLE 1.1.5
Computed Overall Average Dehusking Rate of the Coconut Dehusking Machine on the
Different Sizes of Coconuts Using Different Roller Spike Distances
Coconut Sizes
Roller Spike
Average
Distances Medium-
Small-Sized Large-Sized
Sized
Coconuts Coconuts
Coconuts
T1 29.13
(2.5 cm) seconds
T2 38.25
(3.5 cm) seconds
T3 52.33
52.33 seconds 42.8 seconds 46.13 seconds
(5cm) seconds
Table 1.1.5 shows the overall ADR of the coconut dehusking machine on three
different sizes of coconut at different roller spike distances.
The dehusking rate of coconuts determines the coconut dehusking machine’s efficiency; and
the different roller spike distances signify the treatments used in the study.
38
The table shows the efficiency based on the overall average of the coconut dehusking
machine at the speed at which tacunan coconuts are dehusked in different roller spike
distances. Small-sized tacunan coconuts are the fastest to be dehusked at an approximate rate
of 29.13 seconds per coconut compared to medium-sized coconuts at 38.25 seconds per
coconut and large-sized at 47.09 seconds per coconut.
The range between the fastest and slowest overall average dehusking rate of the
coconut dehusking machine shows a 17.96 second difference in speed, coming to a
conclusion that the machine is most efficient in dehusking tacunan coconuts when the roller
spikes are 2.5 cm away from each other.
TABLE 1.2.1
Frequency Table of the Quality of Dehusked Small-Sized Tacunan Coconuts
Cumulative
Rating Frequency (f) Relative Frequency (%)
Frequency (cf)
5 76 90 84.44
4 8 14 8.89
3 0 6 0.00
2 3 6 3.33
1 3 3 3.33
Total: 45 - 100.00
Table 1.2.1 shows the Frequency Table that takes into account and calculates the
quality of the dehusked small-sized tacunan coconuts used during the testing. Based on the
results of the data which is twice as large as the total number of tacunan coconuts used, due to
39
there being 2 parameters, it goes to show that the majority of the coconuts met the highest-
considered quality in terms of either the level of husk removal or condition of the kernel.
TABLE 1.2.2
Frequency Table of the Quality of Dehusked Medium-Sized Tacunan Coconuts
Cumulative
Frequency (cf)
5 74 90 82.22
4 12 16 13.33
3 4 4 4.44
2 0 0 0.00
1 0 0 0.00
Total: 90 - 99.99
Table 1.2.2 shows the results of the frequency table that takes into account and
calculates the quality of the dehusked medium-sized tacunan coconuts used during the
testing. Based on the results of the data which is twice as large as the total number of tacunan
coconuts used, due to there being 2 parameters, it goes to show that the majority of the
coconuts met the highest-considered quality in terms of either the level of husk removal or
condition of the kernel.
40
TABLE 1.2.3
Frequency Table of the Quality of Dehusked Large-Sized Tacunan Coconuts
Cumulative
Frequency (cf) Relative Frequency
Rating Frequency (f)
(%)
90
5 82 91.11
8
4 8 8.89
0
3 0 0.00
0
2 0 0.00
0
1 0 0.00
-
Total: 45 100.00
calculates the quality of the dehusked large-sized coconuts used during the testing. Based on
the results of the data which is twice as large as the total number of tacunan coconuts used,
due to there being 2 parameters, it goes to show that the majority of the coconuts met the
highest-considered quality in terms of either the level of husk removal or condition of the
kernel.
41
TABLE 1.2.4
Frequency Table of the Quality of Dehusked Tacunan Coconuts
Cumulative
Frequency (cf)
5 232 270 85.93
4 28 38 10.37
3 4 10 1.48
2 3 3 1.11
1 3 3 1.11
Total: 45 - 100.00
calculates the quality of all used tacunan coconuts during the testing. Based on the results of
the data which is twice as large as the total number of coconuts used, due to there being 2
parameters, it goes to show that the majority of the coconuts met the highest-considered
quality in terms of either the level of husk removal or condition of the kernel.
42
TABLE 1.3
Percentage of Properly Dehusked Coconuts at Different Sizes Using Different Roller
Spike Distances on the Coconut Dehusking Machine
Roller Coconut Sizes

Spike
Distances Small-Sized Medium-Sized Large-Sized
Coconuts Coconuts Coconuts
T1
100% 100% 100%
(2.5 cm)
T2
93.33% 100% 100%
(3.5 cm)
T3
86.66% 100% 100%
(5cm)
Table 1.3.1 shows the percentage of properly dehusked coconuts of different sizes
using the different roller spike distances on the coconut dehusking machine.
The data shows that all coconuts used in the trials of medium-sized and large-sized
tacunan coconuts were not damaged regardless of the distance between the roller spikes. The
data also reveals that 3 small-sized coconuts in total were damaged. 1 coconut was damaged
using the 3.5 cm distance and 2 were damaged using the 5 cm distance.
This provides the conclusion that the safest and most reliable treatment to ensure no
coconuts are damaged while dehusking is Treatment 1 (2.5 cm).
43
CHAPTER V
Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
This chapter presents the summary of the research work undertaken, the conclusions
drawn from the data gathered and the recommendations made as an outgrowth of this study.
This study is on the performance evaluation and testing of an Electronic Motor-Powered
Coconut Dehusking Machine.
Summary of Findings
The following were the summary of the results of data analyses:
1. How efficient is the coconut dehusking machine in terms of the:
1.1 Dehusking Rate
The machine performed and was the most effective when the distance between the roller
spikes were 2.5 cm despite the size of coconuts used.
1.2 Quality of the Dehusked Coconuts
The coconuts that properly met the standard of quality ranged from 37-41 coconuts despite
the treatments and size of coconut used.
1.3 Percentage of Properly Dehusked Coconuts
Approximately 93.33% of the small coconuts were properly dehusked whilst 100% of the
total coconuts used were properly dehusked regardless of the treatment undertaken.
2. How acceptable is the coconut dehusking machine in terms of the:
2.1 Practicality
The local coconut workers perceived the Electric Motor-Powered Coconut Dehusking
Machine in terms of its practicality as very good as they strongly agreed with a weighted
average of 4.74.
44
2.2 Performance
machine in terms of its performance as very good as they strongly agreed with a weighted
average of 4.68.
2.3 Durability
Machine in terms of its performance as very good as they strongly agreed with a weighted
average of 4.43.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn:
1. The researchers conclude that the most effective treatment or distance to be used by
the Coconut Dehusking Machine is the 2.5 cm distance, or treatment 1, despite the
size of the coconut being used.
2. The researchers conclude that the majority of the coconut workers that answered the
survey about the machine had a similar perception and opinion about how acceptable
it was according to the machine’s practicality, performance, and durability.
3. The researchers conclude that the most compatible size of coconuts for the machine
are the medium-sized coconuts.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions that the researchers have presented, the following
recommendations are suggested:
45
1. The researchers recommend that the Coconut Dehusking Machine should improve the
quality in terms of the sharpness so that the machine is able to pierce the husk of
coconuts with greater ease.
2. The researchers recommend that the Coconut Dehusking Machine implement a
reverse function to the mechanism of the machine to give further control to the user of
the machine on how they dehusk the coconuts.
3. The researchers recommend that the Coconut Dehusking Machine should use a bigger
and more powerful speed reduction gearbox to eliminate any risk of its shaft bending
by using the machine.
46
References
Alcantara, J., Co, M., Razal, J., Sumaya, N., & Musngi, M. (n.d.). Automated Coconut
Dehusking and Cutting Machine (p. 2021).
https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/conferences/research-congress-
proceedings/2021/HCT-08.pdf
Admin. (2021, August 16). 10 World’s Largest Coconut-Producing Countries. The Science
Agriculture.
https://scienceagri.com/10-worlds-largest-coconut-producing-countries/
C R, 1Roopashree. (2017). DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF COCONUT DEHUSKING

MACHINE. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research
Development, 4(05).
https://doi.org/10.21090/ijaerd.75385
Castillo, M., & Ani, P. A. (2019, June 13). The Philippine Coconut Industry: Status, Policies
and Strategic Directions for Development. FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform (FFTC-
AP).
https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1382
Coconut | Description, Uses, & Facts. (2019). In Encyclopædia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/plant/coconut
Edze, Ke, Khze, gt;, K&, gt;, Eeks D/S D,Ek>k'z Θ Z D/S E'/Ez/E' ;/^^e͗ϯϭϰϱͳθϳϭϭͿ Sk>͘ϯ
Ek͘ϯ, ϮϭϭϯD., Nwankwojike, B., Onuba, O., & Ogbonna, U. (n.d.). Development of a
Coconut Dehusking Machine for Rural Small Scale Farm Holders.
http://ia800305.us.archive.org/34/items/IJITCE/vol2no301.pdf
Friday Aje Ovat, Aje, & Simon Ogbeche Odey. (2019, November 8). Development and
Performance Evaluation of Coconut Dehusking Machine. ResearchGate; Elsevier.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337104188_Development_and_Performance
_Evaluation_of_Coconut_Dehusking_Machine
Moreno, M. L., Kuwornu, J. K. M., & Szabo, S. (2020). Overview and Constraints of the
Coconut Supply Chain in the Philippines. International Journal of Fruit Science,
20(SUP2), 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2020.1746727
Nusbir, Y., Candra, H., Satriardi, Susilawati, A., & Sofyan Arief, D. (2016, November 7).
(PDF) Design of Coconut De-husking Machine Using Quality Function Deployment
Method. ResearchGate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312165797_Design_of_Coconut_De-
husking_Machine_Using_Quality_Function_Deployment_Method
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Rojas-Sandoval, J., & Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. (2022). Cocos nucifera (coconut). CABI
Compendium, CABI Compendium.
https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.11788
Subhash Chander Ahuja, Siddharth Ahuja, & U. Ahuja. (2014). Coconut - History, uses, and
folklore. ResearchGate; unknown.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290976239_Coconut_-
_History_uses_and_folklore
Sujaykumar, G., Asantapur, S. B., C, V., Kumar, P., & D, D. (2017). Design and Fabrication
of Coconut Dehusker. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, 7(3), 77–
81.
http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.jmea.20170703.03.html
Taufik, A., Akhir, H., Ahmad, M., & Hamid, M. (2014). Performance evaluation of coconut
dehusking machine. J. Trop. Agric. And Fd. Sc, 42(2), 183–190.
http://jtafs.mardi.gov.my/jtafs/42-2/Coconut.pdf
VARGHESER, A., & JACOB, J. (2014). A REVIEW OF COCONUT HUSKING

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Yunus, M. F. M., Yasin, S. N. T. M., Fadzli, N. K. S. M., Suhaimi, S. N. B., & Zainuddin, N.
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https://doi.org/10.29210/81063900
48
Collection of Materials
APPENDIX
A
(Pictorials)
Construction of the
Driving System
49
Preparation of Treatments
Collection of Coconuts Transporting of Coconuts
Sorting of Coconuts Measuring of Coconuts
50
Pre-testing
Pre-testing at 2.5 cm Pre-testing at 3.5 cm Pre-testing at 5 cm
Pre-testing at 2.5 cm Pre-testing at 3.5 cm Pre-testing at 5 cm

(Result) (Result) (Result)
After the Pre-testing
51
Final Testing
Testing at 2.5 cm Testing at 3.5 cm Testing at 5 cm Roller

Roller Spike Distance Roller Spike Distance Spike Distance
Small Coconuts at Medium Coconuts at Large Coconuts at

2.5 cm Roller 3.5 cm Roller Spike 3.5 cm Roller Spike
Spike Distance Distance Distance
After the Final Testing

52
APPENDIX
B
(Raw Data)
53
Table 1
The Effect of the Machine’s Roller Spike Distances on the Dehusking Rate of Small-
Sized Tacunan Coconuts.
Distanc Dehusking Rate (seconds)

Treatment
e of R R R R R R R R R
s R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15
Spikes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 3 3 2 3 2 3 4 2
T1 2.5 27 22 30 28 35 26
2 0 6 4 1 2 7 7 4
3 2 4 2 3 3 2 3 3
T2 3.5 14 40 38 33 36 50
1 5 3 6 7 9 4 6 7
4 4 5 6 5 6 5 5 5 3
T3 5 45 64 31 48 54
7 9 7 0 2 6 0 5 6 8
Table 2
The Effect of the Machine’s Roller Spike Distances on the Dehusking Rate of Medium-
Roller Dehusking Rate (seconds)

Spike
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Distances
(cm) R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15
2.5 30 17 21 20 16 29 27 33 26 20 26 22 25 36 23
3.5 33 40 37 22 27 45 37 52 49 36 31 35 40 47 32
5 53 52 50 48 52 36 42 37 48 41 37 35 52 39 49
54
Table 3
The Effect of the Machine’s Roller Spike Distances on the Dehusking Rate of Large-
Roller Dehusking Rate (seconds)

Spike
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Distances
(cm) R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15
2.5 35 30 60 28 45 20 24 37 36 48 21 50 23 40 38
3.5 35 46 40 42 34 63 50 28 47 43 40 50 51 54 47
5 33 41 38 53 51 52 49 55 47 44 30 53 54 55 40
Table 4
The Effect of the Machine’s Roller Spike Distances on the Percentage of Properly
Dehusked Small-Sized Coconuts.
Roller Percentage (%)
Spike
Distance
s R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15
(cm)
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
2.5 % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
3.5 % % % % % % %
0%
% % % % % % %
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
5 % % % % %
0%
%
0%
% % % % % % %
55
Table 5
Dehusked Medium-Sized Coconuts.
Roller
Percentage (%)
Spike
Distance
(cm)
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
2.5 % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
3.5 % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
5 % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
Table 6
Dehusked Large-Sized Coconuts.
Roller
Percentage (%)
Spike
Distance
(cm)
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
2.5 % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
3.5 % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
5 % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
56
Frequency Table for the Practicality of the Coconut Dehusking Machine
Cumulative
Frequency (cf)
5 82 120 68.33
4 31 34 25.83
3 7 3 5.83
2 0 0 0.00
1 0 0 0.00
Total: 120 - 99.99
Frequency Table for the Performance of the Coconut Dehusking Machine
Cumulative
Frequency (cf)
5 70 90 77.78
4 12 20 13.33
3 8 8 8.89
2 0 0 0.00
1 0 0 0.00
Total: 90 - 100.00
57
Frequency Table for the Durability of the Coconut Dehusking Machine
Cumulative
Frequency (cf) Relative Frequency
Rating Frequency (f)
(%)
90
5 74 82.22
16
4 9 10.00
7
3 7 7.78
0
2 0 0.00
0
1 0 0.00
-
Total: 90 100.00
58
APPENDIX
C
(Computations)
59
ANOVA for the Average Dehusking Rate of the Coconut Dehusking Machine on
Small-Sized Coconuts at Different Roller Spike Distances
μ2.5 distance = μ3.5 cm distance = μ5 cm distance
μ2.5 distance ≠ μ3.5 cm distance ≠μ5 cm distance
Replicate
Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3
s
1 22 31 47
2 30 25 49
3 36 43 57
4 24 26 60
5 31 37 52
6 22 39 66
7 37 24 56
8 47 36 55
9 24 37 56
10 27 14 45
11 22 40 64
12 30 38 31
13 28 33 48
14 35 36 54
15 26 50 38
60
22 31 47
30 25 49
36 43 57
24 26 60
31 37 52
22 39 66
37 24 50
47 36 55
24 37 56
27 14 45
22 40 64
30 38 31
28 33 48
35 36 54
26 50 38
∑T1 = 441 ∑T2 = 509 ∑T3 = 772
T12 T22 T32

484 961 2209
900 625 2401
1296 1849 3249
576 676 3600
961 1369 2704
484 1521 4356
1369 576 2500
2209 1296 3025
576 1369 3136
729 196 2025
484 1600 4096
900 1444 961
784 1089 2304
1225 1296 2916
676 2500 1444
61
∑T12 = 13653 ∑T22 = 18367 ∑T32 = 40926
Group T1 T2 T3 Total
N n1 = 15 n2 = 15 n3 = 15 n = 45
T1 = ∑ T2 = ∑ T3 = ∑ ∑x=
∑ xi
x1 = 441 x2 = 509 x3 = 772 1722
∑ x21 = ∑ x22 = ∑ x23 = ∑ x2 =
∑ x2i
13653 18367 40926 72496
Mean ˉ ˉx1 = ˉx2 = ˉx3 = Overall ˉ
xi 29.4 33.93 51.47 x = 38.27
Std
S1 = S2 = S3 =
Dev S*A
7.01 8.84 9.23
SD/F*
Let k = the number of different samples = 3
n = n1 + n2 + n3 =15 + 15 + 15 = 45
1900
Overall ˉx = = 38.27
45
∑x = T1 + T2 + T3 = 441 + 509 +772 = 1722 → (1)
( ∑ x )2 17222
= = 65895.2 → (2)
n 45
2
Ti 2 2
441 +509 +772
2
∑ =( ) = 69969.73 → (3)
ni 15
∑x2 = ∑ x21 + ∑ x22 + ∑ x23 = 13653 + 18367 + 40926 = 72946→(4)
ANOVA:
Step-1: sum of squares between samples
( ) ( ∑ x 2)
2
Ti
SSB = ∑ − = ( 3 )−( 2 )
ni n
= 69969.73-65895.2
= 4074.53
62
Or
2
SSB = ∑ n j ⋅ ( x j−x )
= 15 × (29.4 - 38.27)2 + 15 × (33.93 - 38.27)2 + 15 × (51.47 - 38.27)2
= 4074.53
Step-2: sum of squares within samples
( )
2
T2
SSW = ∑ x − ∑ i = ( 4 )−( 3 )
ni
= 72946 - 69969.73
= 2976.27
Step-3 : Total sum of squares
SST = SSB + SSW
= 4074.53 + 2976.27
= 7050.8
Step-4 : variance between samples
SSB
MSB =
k−1
4074.53
=
2
= 2037.27
Step-5 : variance within samples
SSW
MSW =
n−k
63
= 2976.27/45 - 3
= 2976.27/42
= 70.86
Step-6 : test statistic F for one way ANOVA test
MSB
F=
MSW
= 2037.27/70.86
= 28.75
The degree of freedom between samples
k–1=2
Now, degree of freedom within samples
n – k = 45 – 3 = 42
ANOVA TABLE

Source of
Variation
SS DF MS
Between SSB = MSB =

k-1=2 28.75 3.22 0
samples 4074.53 2037.27
Within SSW = MSW =

n - k = 42
samples 2976.27 70.86
SST =
Total n - 1 = 44
7050.8
H0: There is no significant difference between the treatments of the study.
H1: There is a significant difference between the treatments of the study.
64
F (2,42) at 0.05 level of significance
= 3.22
As calculated F = 28.75 > 3.22
So, H0 is rejected, hence there is a significant difference in the results of the average
dehusking rate of the different treatments of the study.
Medium-Sized Coconuts at Different Roller Spike Distances
Replicate
s
1 30 33 53
2 17 40 52
3 21 37 50
4 20 22 48
5 16 27 52
6 29 45 36
7 27 37 42
65
8 33 52 37
9 26 49 48
10 20 36 41
11 26 31 37
12 22 35 35
13 25 40 52
14 36 47 39
15 23 32 49

30 33 53
17 40 52
21 37 50
20 22 48
16 27 52
29 45 36
27 37 42
33 52 37
26 49 48
20 36 41
26 31 37
22 35 35
25 40 52
36 47 39
23 32 49
∑T1 = 371 ∑T2 = 563 ∑T3 = 671
T12 T22 T32

900 1089 2809
289 1600 2704
441 1369 2500
400 484 2304
66
256 729 2704
841 2025 1296
729 1369 1764
1089 2704 1369
676 2401 2304
400 1296 1681
676 961 1369
484 1225 1225
625 1600 2704
1296 2209 1521
529 1024 2401
∑T12 = 9631 ∑T22 = 22085 ∑T32 = 30655
Grou
T1 T2 T3 Total
p
N n1 = 15 n2 = 15 n3 = 15 n = 45
T1 = ∑ T2 = ∑ T3 = ∑ ∑x=
∑ xi
x1 = 371 x2 = 563 x3 = 772 1605
∑ x21 = ∑ x22 = ∑ x23 = ∑ x2 =
∑ x2i
9631 22085 30655 62371
Mea ˉx1 = ˉx2 = ˉx3 = Overall ˉ
n ˉxi 24.73 37.53 44.73 x = 35.67
Std
S2 = S3 =
Dev S1 = 5.7
8.25 6.76
Si
n = n1 + n2 + n3 =15 + 15 + 15 = 45
1605
Overall ˉx = = 35.67
45
∑x = T1 + T2 + T3 = 371 + 563 + 671 = 1605 → (1)
( ∑ x )2 16052
= = 57245 → (2)
n 45
2
Ti 2 2
371 +563 + 671
2
∑ =( ) = 60323.4 → (3)
ni 15
67
∑x2 = ∑ x21 + ∑ x22 + ∑ x23 = 9631 + 22085 + 30655 = 62371→(4)
ANOVA:
Step-1 : sum of squares between samples
( ) ( ∑ x 2)
2
Ti
SSB = ∑ − = ( 3 )−( 2 )
ni n
= 60323.4 - 57245
= 3078.4
Or
2
SSB = ∑ n j ⋅ ( x j−x )
= 15 × (24.73 - 35.67)2 + 15 × (37.53-35.67)2 + 15 × (44.73-35.67)2
= 3078.4
Step-2: sum of squares within samples
( )
2
T
2
SSW = ∑ x − ∑ i = ( 4 )−( 3 )
ni
= 62371 - 60323.4
= 2047.6
SST = SSB + SSW
= 3078.4 + 2047.6
= 5126
68
SSB
MSB =
k−1
3078.4
=
2
= 1539.2
SSW
MSW =
n−k
= 2047.6/45 - 3
= 2047.6/42
= 48.75
MSB
F=
MSW
= 1539.2/48.75
= 31.57
k -1= 2
n – k = 45 – 3 = 42
ANOVA TABLE

Source of
Variation
SS DF MS
Between SSB = MSB =

k-1=2 28.75 3.22 0
samples 3078.4 1539.2
69
Within SSW = MSW =
n - k = 42
samples 2047.6 48.75
Total SST = 5126 n - 1 = 44
H0: There is no significant differentiating between the treatments of the study.
H1: There is significant differentiating between the treatments of the study.
= 3.22
Large-Sized Coconuts at Different Roller Spike Distances
different treatments of the study
70
Replicate
s
1 35 35 33
2 30 46 41
3 60 40 38
4 28 42 53
5 45 34 51
6 20 63 52
7 24 50 49
8 37 28 55
9 36 47 47
10 48 43 44
11 21 40 30
12 50 50 53
13 23 51 54
14 40 54 55
15 38 47 40

35 35 33
30 46 41
60 40 38
28 42 53
45 34 51
20 63 52
24 50 49
37 28 55
36 47 47
48 43 44
71
21 40 30
50 50 53
23 51 54
40 54 55
38 47 40
∑T1 = 535 ∑T2 = 670 ∑T3 = 695
T12 T22 T32

1225 1225 1089
900 2116 1681
3600 1600 1444
784 1764 2809
2025 1156 2601
400 3969 2704
576 2500 2401
1369 784 3025
1296 2209 2209
2304 1849 1936
441 1600 900
2500 2500 2809
529 2601 2916
1600 2916 3025
1444 2209 1600
∑T12 = 20993 ∑T22 = 30998 ∑T32 = 33149
Grou
T1 T2 T3 Total
p
N n1 = 15 n2 = 15 n3 = 15 n = 45
T1 = ∑ T2 = ∑ T3 = ∑ ∑x=
∑ xi
x1 = 535 x2 = 670 x3 = 695 1900
∑ x21 = ∑ x22 = ∑ x23 = ∑ x2 =
∑ x2i
20993 30998 33149 85140
Mea ˉx1 = ˉx2 = ˉx3 = Overall ˉ
n ˉxi 35.67 44.67 46.33 x = 42.22
72
Std
S1 = S2 = S3 =
Dev
11.68 8.75 8.23
Si
n = n1 + n2 + n3 =15 + 15 + 15 = 45
Overall ˉx = 190045 = 42.22
∑x = T1 + T2 + T3 = 535 + 670 + 695 = 1900 → (1)
( ∑ x )2 19002
= = 80222.22 → (2)
n 45
2
Ti 2 2
535 + 670 +695
2
∑ =( ) = 81210 → (3)
ni 15
∑x2 = ∑x21 + ∑x22 + ∑x23 = 20993 + 30998 + 33149 = 85140 → (4)
ANOVA:
Step-1 : sum of squares between samples
( ) ( ∑ x 2)
2
Ti
SSB = ∑ − = ( 3 )−( 2 )
ni n
= 81210-80222.22
= 987.78
Or
2
SSB = ∑ n j ⋅ ( x j−x )
= 15 × (35.67 - 42.22)2 + 15 × (44.67 - 42.22)2 + 15 × (46.33 - 42.22)2
= 987.78
Step-2 : sum of squares within samples
73
( )
2
2 Ti
SSW = ∑ x − ∑ = ( 4 )−( 3 )
ni
= 85140-81210
= 3930
SST = SSB + SSW
= 987.78 + 3930
= 4917.78
SSB
MSB =
k−1
= 987.782
= 493.89
SSW
MSW =
n−k
= 3930/45-3
= 3930/42
= 93.57
MSB
F=
MSW
= 493.89/93.57
74
= 5.28
k - 1= 2
n – k = 45 – 3 = 42
ANOVA TABLE

Source of
Variation
SS DF MS
Between SSB = MSB =

k-1 = 2 5.28 3.22 0
samples 987.78 493.89
Within SSW = MSW =

n-k = 42
samples 3930 93.57
SST =
Total n-1 = 44
4917.78
H0: There is no significant differentiating between the treatments of the study.
H1: There is significant differentiating between the treatments of the study.
= 3.22
Solving for the Result of the Likert Scale Test
75
Range:
5–1=4
4
=0.8
5
1 + 0.8 = 1.8
1.8 + 0.8 = 2.6
2.6 + 0.8 = 3.4
3.4 + 0.8 = 4.2
4.2 + 0.1 = 4.3
Strongly Disagree 1 – 1.8
Disagree 1.9 – 2.6
Undecided 2.7 – 3.4
Agree 3.5 – 4.2
Strongly Agree 4.3 - 5
Practicality:
The Acceptability of the Coconut Dehusking Machine (Timeliness)
Sentiment Value Numerical Responses Total
Strongly Disagree 1 0 0
Disagree 2 0 0
Undecided 3 7 21
Agree 4 31 124
Strongly Agree 5 82 410
21 + 124 + 410 = 555

555
=4.63
120
76
Performance:
The Acceptability of the Coconut Dehusking Machine (Performance)
Disagree 2 0 0
Undecided 3 8 24
Agree 4 12 48
350 + 48 + 24 = 422
422
=4.69
90
Durability:
The Acceptability of the Coconut Dehusking Machine (Durability)
Disagree 2 0 0
Undecided 3 7 21
Agree 4 9 36
370 + 36 + 21 = 427
427
=4.74
90
77
APPENDIX
D
(Survey Forms)
I. Request Letter
78
Doña Aurora National High School
Aurora, Isabela
Date: ______________
To the respondents,
Christian greetings!
The researcher of Grade 10 Special Science Class Darwin is currently conducting a research
study entitled “Electric Motor-Powered Coconut Dehusking Machine”. This study aims to
produce an affordable yet functional and efficient dehusking machine for coconuts. In this
connection, may we request your ample time to rate our project based on the designed criteria
by filling out the attached survey form.
Thank you very much for your help and cooperation. This contributes much in the success of
this project.
- Researchers
Strongly Agre Strongly

Statements Undecided Disagree
Agree e Disagree
79
Performance:
The Electric Motor-Powered Coconut
Dehusking Machine performs and still
dehusk coconuts properly after an extended
period of use.
Performance:
The coconuts dehusked by the Coconut
can be sold.
Performance:
The coconut dehusked by the Coconut
can be sold.
Practicality:
The Coconut Dehusking Machine is easy to
use and require minimal efforts.
Practicality:
The Coconut Dehusking Machine is safe to
use.
Practicality:
The Coconut Dehusking Machine is portable
and easy to relocate.
Practicality:
I found the machine helpful and innovative.
Durability:
The spikes of the Coconut Dehusking
Machine can last long after a period of
usage.
Durability:
The surfaces of the Coconut Dehusking
Machine are free from rust and coated with
a suitable paint material.
80
APPENDIX
E
(Expenses)
81
Table 1
Production Cost of the Electric Motor-Powered Coconut Dehusking Machine
Quantity Specification Item Price

220 VOC 1.2
1 Electric Motor Php 4800
HP
1 Reduction Gearbox Php 3500
20 diameter, 4
2 inches by 12 Galvanized Iron Pipe Php 1000
inches
1 Flat Bar Php 500
1 ¼ by 1 ½ Angle Bar Php 1200
1 3/16 by 1 ½ Angle Bar Php 650
1 3/16 by 3/4 Angle Bar Php 480
1 16 millimeters Round Bar Php 480
1 36 toothed Sprocket Php 350
2 boxes 428H series Chain Php 500
1 6203 series Bearing Php 120
4 205 series Pillow Blocks Php 2500
1 1 inch by 4 feet Shafting Php 1800
4 6 millimeters Flanges Php 200
82
by 4 feet
3/8 foot by 2
20 Bolt & Nut Php 500
inches
1 Magnetic Contractor Php 1800
1 2-way Switch Php 350
1 Micro Switch Php 200
1 #16 AWG Royal Chord Php 400
1 box Welding Rod Php 500
1 4 inches Cutting Disc Php 600
5 4 inches Fluff Disc Php 350
1 5/16 Drill Bit Php 450
1 ¼ Drill Bit Php 450
1 liter Green Paint Php 180
Thinner Paint Php 300

2 liters
1 liter Primer Paint Php 250
Total Php 25 410
83
APPENDIX
F
(Curriculum Vitae)
84
Personal Background
Name: Crhys Antony Y. Reyes
Sex: Male
Age:16
Address: San Juan, Aurora, Isabela
Birthday: May 21, 2007
Father’s Name: Joel A. Reyes
Mother’s Name: Melanie Y. Reyes
Religion: Roman Catholic
Educational Background
Elementary: Aurora Central School
Year Graduated: 2018
Secondary: Doña Aurora National High School
85
Personal Background
Name: Lance Andrei D. Ballesteros
Sex: Male
Age: 16
Address: Bolinao, Aurora, Isabela
Birthday: December 13, 2006
Father’s Name: Francis C. Ballesteros
Mother’s Name: Leila D. Ballesteros
86
Personal Background
Name: Tracy Anne S. Bulilan
Sex: Female
Age:16
Address: Kalabaza, Aurora, Isabela
Birthday: February 5, 2007
Father’s Name: Allan Roi A. Bulilan
Mother’s Name: Jenalyn B. Santiago
Religion: Methodist
Elementary: Kalabaza Elementary School
87
Personal Background
Name: Eigenuine Ace D. Cayetano
Sex: Male
Age:16
Birthday: June 13, 2007
Father’s Name: Edgar B. Cayetano
Mother’s Name: Grace D. Cayetano
88
Personal Background
Name: Jho Antonette V. Guevarra
Sex: Female
Age:16
Birthday: January 10, 2007
Father’s Name: Domingo Guevarra Jr.
Mother’s Name: Jocelyn Valdez
Religion: Iglesia Ni Cristo
89
Personal Background
Name: Rosa Lea U. Palomares
Sex: Female
Age:16
Address: Bagong Tanza, Aurora, Isabela
Birthday: Dec 29, 2006
Father’s Name: Dennis Palomares
Mother’s Name: Lovely Palomares
Elementary: Bagong Tanza Elementary School
90

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Republic of the Philippines

Coconut Dehusking Machine

Reyes, Crhys Antony Y.

Ballesteros, Lance Andrei D.

Bulilan, Tracy Anne S.

Cayetano, Eigenuine Ace D.

Guevarra, Jho Antonette V.

Palomares, Rosa Lea U.

them in the success of their project.

conducting their research study throughout the school year.

conceptualize their ideas and guide in the construction of the project.

behind the creation of the coconut dehusking machine.

giving sufficient support.

that they had given to them.

people who helped them.

possible and success.

A. Background of the Study

increase from the previous year (DA, 2022).

Prajwal et al., n.d).

industry of coconut-based products which is the fragmented or scattered supply of coconuts,

B. Statement of the Problem

The study titled "Electric Motor-Powered Coconut Dehusking Machine" aimed to

produce an electric motor-powered coconut dehusker.

Specifically, it aims to:

2) Quality of Dehusked Coconuts, and

3) Percentage Of Properly Dehusked Coconuts.

2. Determine the acceptability of the coconut dehusking machine in terms of its:

different treatments of the study.

different treatments of the study.

different treatments of the study.

different treatments of the study.

1. c. H0: There is no significant difference in the percentage of properly dehusked coconuts

using the different treatments of the study.

Ha: There is a significant difference in the percentage of properly dehusked coconuts

using the different treatments of the study.

the coconut dehusking machine.

the coconut dehusking machine.

D. Significance of the Study

to dehusk coconuts slower.

community by improving the dehusking rate.

giving access to faster and better production of coconuts.

enhancements and changes.

E. Scope and Delimitations

The study titled "Electric Motor-Powered Coconut Dehusking Machine" aimed to

coconut variety "Tacunan."

while those above that range were considered significant.

1. Coconut Dehusking Machine: A mechanical device designed for the purpose of

husk of the coconuts.

3. Dehusking Efficiency: A measure of the ability of a coconut dehusking machine to

dehusked, and the quality of dehusked coconuts (Ng, C. et al., 2018).

4. Dehusking Rate: A measure of the effectiveness of a coconut dehusking machine in

the coconut dehusking machine (Kumar, R. et al., 2017).

expose the kernel inside.

machine capacity is computed using the formula:

machine. In this study, AC (220v) was used to power the machine.

damaged or not (Lee S. et al., 2020).

11. Safety Features: The built-in mechanisms or components of a coconut dehusking

dehusked coconut, and the structure of the machine.

coconut shell (Kumar, R. et al., 2019).