International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 15, No. 2, June 2024, pp. 1300~1307

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v15.i2.pp1300-1307  1300

Impact of grading capacitor on transient recovery voltage due

to shunt reactor de-energization for different values of
current chopping

Mazyed A. Al-Tak1,2, Mohd Fadzil Ain1, Omar Sh. Al-Yozbaky2, Mohamad Kamarol Mohd Jamil1
1
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Penang, Malaysia
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This paper investigates the impact of grading capacitors on transient recovery
voltage (TRV) during shunt reactor switching in high voltage systems,
Received Aug 8, 2023 considering different levels of current chopping. Shunt reactor
Revised Oct 23, 2023 de-energization can result in voltage surges and instability due to current
Accepted Nov 7, 2023 chopping effects. The study utilizes simulation models using ATP-Draw
software to assess the effectiveness of grading capacitors in mitigating TRV
under various operating conditions as well as of using a proposed method to
Keywords: mitigate the excessive TRV across the circuit breaker. The findings provide
valuable insights into managing TRV during shunt reactor switching,
ATP-Draw enhancing power system stability and reliability. The results obtained showed
Controlled switching that the TRV across the circuit breaker decreased by 61.5% by using circuit
Current chopping modification as well as adding a grading capacitor.
Grading capacitor
Shunt reactor This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Voltage re-ignition

Corresponding Author:
Mohd Fadzil Bin Ain
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus
14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
A shunt reactor is a type of electrical device used in power systems to compensate for reactive power.
Reactive power is the power that oscillates between the generation and consumption of electric energy due to
the presence of inductive or capacitive elements in the system [1]–[4]. Shunt reactors are specifically designed
to consume or produce reactive power, the reactor bank should be switched off during periods of high load on
the transmission line, based on the power system's needs [5], [6]. One of the main problems related to the de-
energization of a shunt reactor is the occurrence of transient overvoltages. Reactive power passing through a
shunt reactor is abruptly interrupted when it is de-energized. This sudden change in the system refers to the
phenomena of current chopping which can lead to voltage surges or overvoltages, which can pose risks to the
power system and connected equipment.
The impact of current chopping on transient recovery voltage (TRV) is significant, as current
chopping can influence the characteristics and behavior of the TRV waveform. The voltage observed across
the contacts of a switching device right after current interruption is referred to as TRV [7], [8]. Current
chopping can lead to higher magnitudes of TRV compared to smooth current interruptions. During current
chopping, the rapid interruption of current can create high-frequency oscillations in the system, resulting in
voltage transients. These transients contribute to higher peak values of the TRV waveform, increasing the
magnitude of the voltage across the switching device's contacts [9], [10]. The voltage distribution across
breaking chambers additionally serves as crucial for circuit breaker (CB) dielectric stresses during switching

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1301

operations, besides the TRV peak value. When the CB has not been equipped with grading capacitors, the
voltage distribution between the breaking chambers is mostly unequal, and this can occasionally result in the
CB failing [11]. The grading capacitor plays a crucial role in controlling the TRV across a circuit breaker
during its operation. Grading capacitors are strategically placed within the circuit breaker mechanism to ensure
a gradual voltage distribution across the interrupting contacts during the current interruption process [12]. By
carefully selecting the capacitance value and placement, the grading capacitors help divide the TRV into
multiple stages, minimizing voltage concentration at any particular point and improving the overall voltage
distribution across the breaker contacts.
In this study, the switching overvoltage for a high-voltage shunt reactor is determined together with
the related equipment that will be placed in a 400 kV switchyard. Furthermore, computer simulations of a
three-phase circuit were conducted to simulate the shunt reactor switching under several values of current
chopping. The objective of the simulations aimed to produce insightful findings to examine the overvoltages
across the breaking chambers and appear significance of adding a grading capacitor to ensure voltage
distribution as well as using the proposed model represented by circuit modification for suppression
overvoltage and to illustrate the variations in the results. The results were obtained using ATP-Draw software
for computer simulation for validation purposes.

2. DE-ENERGIZATION PROCESS OF SHUNT REACTORS

The de-energization process of shunt reactors in power systems is often accompanied by the
phenomenon of current chopping. Current chopping refers to the rapid interruption and re-establishment of
current flow during switching operations, particularly in inductive circuits. The transient behavior can create
various issues and hurdles that require attention to guarantee the secure and dependable functioning of shunt
reactors and their corresponding circuit breakers. [13], [14]. Figure 1 illustrates the circuit corresponding to a
single phase of the shunt reactor, where: LS is the load side inductance; CS is the source side capacitance; CL is
the shunt reactor stray capacitance; L is the shunt reactor inductance; CB is the circuit breaker; Lb is the
connection series inductance; and LP; CP is the breaker stray inductance and capacitance.
De-energizing a shunt reactor involves opening circuit breakers or disconnectors, which are capable
of causing transient overvoltages. The interruption of the current flow causes a rapid change in the magnetic
field, inducing voltage transients. The magnitude of these transients depends on the switching characteristics
of the equipment and the circuit configuration [15]–[17].

Figure 1. Shunt reactor switching analysis using a single-phase equivalent circuit

3. CURRENT CHOPPING
A phenomenon known as "current chopping" occurs when the current abruptly switches off in a circuit
breaker before it reaches its natural zero [18]. When a circuit breaker opens, the current flowing through the
breaker is interrupted, and the voltage across the breaker poles rapidly increases. The problem of current
chopping can occur in shunt reactors during switching operations. Small inductive current interruption is
significant in power systems, especially in high-voltage applications, as it can result in transient overvoltages
that may exceed the system's insulation withstand capabilities. These overvoltages can potentially damage
equipment, cause insulation breakdown, and compromise the reliability of the system [19]. The (1) indicates
that as the chopped current level rises, both the stored energy and chopping voltage increase. Moreover, it's
evident that current chopping significantly affects reactors with lower stray capacitance. The calculation of
suppression peak overvoltage, also known as chopping overvoltage, can be determined using the energy
balance equation provided below [20].
According to the energy balance in (1) current energy interruptions = energy at chopping peak voltage,
1 1 2 1
𝐶𝑉 2 = 𝐿𝐼𝑐ℎ + 𝐶𝑉𝑂2 (1)
2 2 2

where: C is capacitance on the load side; Ich is current chopped level; V is maximum chopping voltage; and Vo
is the maximum voltage observed across the inductor during current interruption.

Impact of grading capacitor on transient recovery voltage due to shunt reactor … (Mazyed A. Al-Tak)
1302  ISSN: 2088-8694

A new equation in (2) is derived by rearranging the previous formula, offering the value of the
suppression peak overvoltage.
2
𝐿𝐼𝑐ℎ
𝑉
= √(1 + (2)
𝑉𝑂 𝐶𝑉𝑂2

The (3) is computed assuming that the arc voltage of the CB before current chopping is negligible. Now, it's
simple to determine the actual chopping current (Ich) based on the measured overvoltage factor (Ka) using the
given expression:

3×𝑖 2 𝑐ℎ
𝑘𝑎 = √1 + 𝑝. 𝑢 (3)
2×𝑤×𝐶𝑡 𝑄

where Ct is shunt reactor capacitance; Ich represents the chopping currents; and Q-reactive power.
When the current flowing through a shunt reactor is abruptly interrupted during current chopping, it
can result in transient overvoltage. This overvoltage can occur due to the sudden collapse of the magnetic field
in the reactor, causing voltage spikes that can stress the insulation of the equipment and potentially damage
connected devices. The overvoltage across the shunt reactor due to current chopping is shown in Figure 2. The
switching devices used for interrupting the current should be carefully selected and coordinated to minimize
the effects of current chopping. Special attention should be given to their switching characteristics and the
associated transient recovery voltage TRV requirements.

Figure 2. Inductive current interruption without arc re-ignition, i(t) – current, u(t) – voltage, ich – chopping
current, IN – nominal maximum current, UN – nominal phase voltage, Up – The highest voltage after de-
energization, f0 – represents the frequency of oscillations

4. TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE

The voltage produced across the terminals of a circuit breaker after interrupting a current is referred
to as TRV. It is an essential parameter of a high-voltage circuit breaker's fault interruption process. The TRV
depends upon several elements, such as the system characteristics associated with both terminals of the circuit
breaker as well as the kind of fault that the circuit breaker is required to interrupt [21]. Figure 3 shows the TRV
circuit breaker terminals when interrupting the current. During current chopping, the arc extinguishes at a non-
zero current level, which causes a transient current to continue flowing for a short duration after the main arc
is gone. This transient current is known as the chopping current. The rapid dielectric recovery across the breaker
contacts results in a brief reignition of the arc, leading to the chopping current. The effect of current chopping
on TRV is significant, as current chopping can influence the characteristics and behaviors of the TRV
waveform. TRV stands for the transient voltage that emerges across the contacts of a switching device
following the interruption of current [22].

Figure 3. The overvoltage produced during shunt reactor switching

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1303

5. METHODOLOGY AND PROPOSED MODEL

The ATP-Draw application is used to model the switching shunt reactor (SR) and analyze the impact
of switching. Figure 4 presents 400 KV as the case study. The characteristics of the reactor with a 150 MVAr
rated power are provided in Table 1. Two breaking chambers constitute the 400 KV high-voltage circuit
breaker. A potential grading capacitor with a C = 500 pF value is connected across each [23].
The circuit was first subjected to uncontrolled switching to provide a comprehensive understanding
of the transient overvoltage, which is presented using the TRV value across the CB, which is believed to be
the worst case. Therefore, mitigation techniques, such as controlled switching, have been used in different
contexts. In a circuit breaker with two braking chambers, the chambers are typically connected in series. This
means that the current flowing through one chamber must also flow through the other chamber [25]. By
connecting the chambers in series, the circuit breaker can effectively interrupt the flow of current in the event
of an overload or short circuit. This series connection ensures that both chambers work together to provide a
higher level of protection and prevent any potential damage to the electrical system. The work will also show
the effect of using a grading capacitor and its impact on controlling the distribution of voltage across the
contacts of a circuit breaker. Consequently, this approach improves the overall interruption capability of the system.
In this context, the proposed model involves a circuit modification essential for preventing transient
overvoltage during the SR switching. It also utilizes a grading capacitor to reduce the high TRV and prevent
re-ignition. A modification in the circuit Figure 4 was made by incorporating circuit breaker (CB2) in series
with resistance across the SR, as illustrated in Figure 5, as part of the study. The circuit's modification would
allow it to absorb the transient overvoltage produced by both the SR and (CB1). Grading capacitors, which
provide regulated voltage distribution across the contacts of circuit breakers and other switching devices, will
be essential in power systems.

Table 1. Parameters of the reactor [24]

Parameter Value Unit Parameter Value Unit
Equivalent source resistance (RS) 0.77 Ὡ/phase Stray capacitance on the load side (CL) 3.2 nF/phase
Equivalent source impedance (XL) 6.19 Ὡ /phase Corresponding reactor resistance (RL) 1.2 Ὡ /phase
Stray capacitance on the source side (CS) 4 nF/phase Inductance of reactor (L) 3.395 H/phase
Bus inductance (LB) 32 μH/phase

Figure 4. Shunt reactor's equivalent ATP-Draw model

Figure 5. Circuit diagram after modification

Impact of grading capacitor on transient recovery voltage due to shunt reactor … (Mazyed A. Al-Tak)
1304  ISSN: 2088-8694

6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The ATP-Draw software was formerly used to create the circuit in this part. This study explores
different shunt reactor switching scenarios, including uncontrolled switching, controlled switching, and a
proposed circuit modification method to suppress transient overvoltage. This approach aims to gain a thorough
understanding of de-energization, identifying both the worst-case and ideal scenarios during the interruption
of a small inductive current, along with its associated transient overvoltage. All cases have been presented with
and without grading capacitors. Figures 6 and 7 show the TRV across the breaking chambers during shunt
reactor switching at (Ich=20 A) in other words this case represents uncontrolled switching.

Figure 6. TRV (breaking chamber 1) at Ich=20 A Figure 7. TRV (breaking chamber 2) at Ich=20 A
without grading capacitor without grading capacitor

As noted from the figures above high transient overvoltage produced during shunt reactor switching
across the circuit breaker chambers as well as unequal distribution of the voltage across the CB contacts, the
case above represents the uncontrolled switching case with the absence of a grading capacitor. The following
case will illustrate the case of using the circuit modification with the use of the grading capacitor at (Ich=20 A)
as shown in Figures 8 and 9.

Figure 8. TRV (breaking chamber 1) at Ich=20 A Figure 9. TRV (breaking chamber 2) at Ich=20 A
with circuit modification and grading capacitor with circuit modification and grading capacitor

The figure noted the effect of using the circuit modification as a suppression method and the obvious
effect of absorbing the transient overvoltage. Besides using the circuit modification, the grading capacitor has
been used. Grading capacitors serve a crucial function in power systems by distributing voltage in a regulated
manner over the contacts of circuit breakers and other switching equipment. The following example is
considered to be the optimal scenario since it uses both the proposed method's circuit modification and grading
capacitor at current chopping (Ich=0 A), which results in the lowest TRV value possible. Figures 10 and 11
illustrate the ideal case which represents the controlled switching with circuit modification in addition to the
use of grading capacitor.

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Figure 10. TRV (breaking chamber 1) at Ich=0 A Figure 11. TRV (breaking chamber 2) at Ich=0 A
with circuit modification and grading capacitor with circuit modification and grading capacitor

This paper focused on the impact of current chopping on TRV during shunt reactor switching, as
depicted in Table 2. The table presents various scenarios, comparing the effects of circuit modification and its
absence, along with the presence or absence of grading capacitors. The results provide insights into the different
values of current chopping and their corresponding influence on TRV.
The analysis of simulated representations of the shunt reactor across various current chopping
scenarios yielded significant findings. The results clearly indicate a direct correlation between higher current
chopping values and elevated levels of TRV. Furthermore, the outcomes also demonstrate the pronounced
impact of grading capacitors on the voltage distribution across the circuit breaker contacts, effectively
regulating the voltage levels. Using a constant value for grading capacitors holds promise in making TRV
consistent across different circuit breaker chambers during shunt reactor de-energization, even when dealing
with different values of current chopping. The objective is to establish a dependable and controlled TRV
environment by maintaining a uniform grading capacitor value, regardless of fluctuations in current chopping.
This strategy aims to standardize TRV properties among various circuit breaker chambers, ultimately
enhancing the stability and reliability of the power system during shunt reactor de-energization.

Table 2. TRV across the breaking chambers of the circuit breaker

TRV (without grading capacitor) TRV (with grading capacitor)
Breaking chamber Breaking chamber Breaking chamber Breaking chamber
Ich
(1) (2) (1) (2)
A B C A B C A B C A B C
Without applying circuit 20 A 363 360 362 695 685 707 502 500 511 502 500 511
modification 15 A 353 350 352 562 556 548 445 441 438 445 441 438
10 A 343 344 340 445 440 433 389 385 382 389 385 382
5A 332 335 333 346 354 349 335 339 336 335 339 336
0A 324 325 326 324 325 323 324 325 326 324 325 323
With applying of circuit 20 A 359 361 362 618 609 629 470 465 474 470 465 474
modification 15 A 351 352 350 466 456 444 393 388 382 393 388 382
(proposed method) 10 A 343 343 342 315 305 295 320 316 311 320 316 311
5A 332 335 333 143 161 152 238 248 243 238 248 243
0A 324 326 325 88 93 85 208 210 206 208 210 206

7. CONCLUSION
In this study, overvoltage during shunt reactor de-energization simulation results are presented. The
shunt reactor switching overvoltages at a functioning substation has been examined using simulations.
Different levels of current chopping have been specifically examined after the shunt reactor was disconnected.
High TRV is produced by the circuit breaker randomly opening. Switching at current zero, which corresponds
to the point at which the reactor has the least amount of energy stored, as well as employing circuit modification
as a suggested approach for overvoltage suppression, can both reduce these amplitudes. Additionally, the
effects of chopped current on the TRV have been investigated. Increased TRV across the circuit breaker is
caused by higher chopping levels. The results obtained showed that the TRV across the circuit breaker
decreased by 61.5% by using circuit modification as well as adding a grading capacitor. Grading capacitors are
employed to balance the electrical potential within the breaking chambers, as per calculations. This balancing
reduces the likelihood of a restrike occurring inside the circuit breaker.

Impact of grading capacitor on transient recovery voltage due to shunt reactor … (Mazyed A. Al-Tak)
1306  ISSN: 2088-8694

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by Universiti Sains Malaysia, under Research University Grant Scheme
(RUI) 1001/PELECT/8014127.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Mazyed A. Al-Tak is a dedicated Ph.D. student at the School of Electrical and

Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Malaysia, since 2020. Concurrently,
he has served as a lecturer, demonstrating his commitment to academia and education since
2017. He earned his B.Eng. degree in Electrical Engineering from the College of Engineering,
Electrical Department, University of Mosul in 2006. Furthering his academic pursuits, he
completed his M.Eng. degree in Power Systems from University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) in
2014. His journey in the field of Electrical Engineering commenced in 2006, marking the
beginning of his illustrious career at the University of Mosul, Iraq. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Mohd Fadzil Ain received the B.S. degree in electronic engineering from Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia, in 1997, the M.S. degree in radio frequency and microwave from
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Malaysia, in 1999, and the Ph.D. degree in radio frequency
and microwave from the University of Birmingham, U.K., in 2003. In 2003, he joined the School
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, USM. He is currently a professor with a VK7 grade,
the dean of research, postgraduate and networking, and the director of the Collaborative
Microelectronic Design Excellence Centre (CEDEC). His current research interests include
MIMO wireless systems on FPGA/DSP, Ka-band transceiver design, dielectric antenna, RF
characterization of dielectric material, and microwave propagation study. His awards and
honours include the International Invention Innovation Industrial Design and Technology
Exhibition, International Exposition of Research and Inventions of Institutions of Higher
Learning, Malaysia Technology Expo, Malaysian Association of Research Scientists, Seoul
International Invention Fair, iENA, Best Paper for the 7th WSEAS International Conference on
Data Networks, Communications, Computers, and International Conference on X-Ray and
Related Techniques in Research and Industry. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Omar Sh. Al-Yozbaky obtained his Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Electrical

Engineering in 2001 from the Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering,
University of Mosul, Iraq. Then he was appointed as an assistant engineer in the same mentioned
department. After that, he got an M.Sc. in “Overcome the effect of Critical distance in XLPE
High Voltage Cables by Inductive Shunt Compensator “, in 2008 from the same department as
well. Upon his graduation, he was appointed as a teaching staff (assistant lecturer) in the
Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Mosul. In 2012, he
obtained the scientific title (lecturer) and the Ph.D. degree in the Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia in 2017. Since 2014,
he has been a member of the Centre for Electromagnetic and Lightning Protection Research
(CELP). Now, he is an Assistant Professor Electrical Engineering Department, College of
Engineering, University of Mosul. The subjects of interest are renewable energy fields
associated with the smart grid, thermal modelling transformer design, and electrical machines.
He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Mohamad Kamarol Mohd Jamil (senior member, IEEE) received a B.Eng. degree
(Hons.) in Electrical Engineering from Universiti Teknologi Mara, Malaysia, in 2000, and the
M.Eng. and D.Eng. degrees from the Kyusyu Institute of Technology, Japan, in 2005 and 2008,
respectively. He joined the Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) with a University ASTS
Fellowship, in 2002, where he was a senior lecturer, in 2008, and was promoted to Associate
Professor, in 2014. From 2013 to 2014, he was a visiting researcher with the High Voltage
Laboratory, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan. He is also involved in temperature rise and
short-circuit electromagnetic study of busbar systems and HVDC systems. His research interests
include insulation properties in oil palm, solid dielectric material, insulation properties of
environmentally benign gas, and PD detection technique for insulation diagnosis of power
apparatus and electrical machine. He is a member of IET, the Board of Engineering Malaysia,
and the Institute of Engineering Malaysia. He received the Chatterton Young Investigator Award
from the IEEE International Symposia on Discharge and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum
(ISDEIV), in 2006. He is a Professional Engineer and a Chartered Engineer. He can be contacted
at email: [email protected].

Impact of grading capacitor on transient recovery voltage due to shunt reactor … (Mazyed A. Al-Tak)