Open Channel 5m Wide

Project Design of Storm Water Drainage Management Plan at
CALCULATIONS FOR DESIGN Batterywatta, Moratuwa

OF RECTANGULAR OPEN
Client Urban Development Authority
CHANNEL
Job No. CL/UDA-01/UrWM-02/2024/09
ID OC Calc by Date Chkd by Date Apprvd by Date Rev.
SIZE 5.0m x 2.0m Muvindu 29-04-2024 Page
REFERENCE CALCULATION OUTPUT
1.0 CULVERT GEOMETRY (UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM)
d1
D
d2
w
t
TBS
TSW
W
Bottom Slab Thickness, TBS = 0.30 m

Side Wall Thickness, TSW = 0.30 m
Internal Width, w = 5.00 m
Internal Depth L/B, d1 = 2.00 m
Internal Depth R/B, d2 = 1.00 m
Offset Width, t = 0.30 m
External Width, W = 5.90 m
External Depth, D = 2.30 m
Length of the Section, L = 1.00 m
Channel Invert Level = 0.00 mMSL
Side Wall Finish Level L/B = 2.00 mMSL
Side Wall Finish Level R/B = 1.00 mMSL
Max. Ground Water Level, GW = 0.80 mMSL
2.0 DESIGN INFORMATION
Design Concrete Class = C20/25

EN1991-1-1:2002 Concrete strength, fck = 25 N/mm2
Table A1
Characteristic strength of reinforcement, fyk = 460 N/mm2
Allowable bearing capacity,foundation soil,qa = 100 kN/m2
Unit weight of concrete, γc = 25 kN/m3
Unit weight of water, γw = 9.81 kN/m3
Unit weight of backfill soil, γs,b = 18 kN/m3
Friction angle of backfill soil, Øs,b = 30 deg
3.0 DESIGN ACTIONS
3.1 Self Weight - SW

Self weight of the rectangulat open channel considering
the unit weight of concrete, γc = 25 kN/m3
3.2 Lateral Earth Pressure - LEP

Lateral earth pressure on walls is due to existing
in-situ soil mass surrounding the open channel.
The load distribution is considered as trapezoidal.
UrWM-SLLDC UrWM/CLP/1/BATW
OF RECTANGULAR OPEN
CHANNEL
Internal Ka= LEP

Section γs,b Ø,
depth, 3 (1-sinØ)/ =Ka*γs,b*h
Element (kN/m ) deg.
d(m) (1+sinØ) (kN/m2) LEP =
Side Wall,L 2.00 18 30 0.33 12.00 12.00 kN/m2
Side Wall,R 1.00 18 30 0.33 6.00 6.00 kN/m2
3.3 Ground Water Pressure - GWP

Maximum ground water pressure is computed as follows.
Ground Water
Height γw
Culvert Element 3
Pressure, GWP
h(m) (kN/m ) = γw*h (kN/m2) GWP =
Side Wall,L 0.80 9.81 7.85 7.85 kN/m2
Side Wall,R 0.80 9.81 7.85 7.85 kN/m2
Base Slab 1.10 9.81 10.79 10.79 kN/m2
3.4 Hydrostatic Pressure - HP

This load condition assumes that the open channel is
filled with water, upto the top level of R/B wall.
Hydrostatic pressure due to moving water will be
exerted on the side walls of the culvert.
Internal Hydrostatic Pressure

γw
Culvert Element depth, 3
on wall, HP
d(m) (kN/m ) = γw*h (kN/m2) HP =
Side walls 1.00 9.81 9.81 9.81 kN/m2
3.5 Surcharge Pressure - SP

Surcharge pressure refers to transient action imposed
by additional materials or loads placed adjacent to the
open channel.
Surcharge load of 10kN/m2 is considered in the
design, and applied on the walls.
Surcharge Pressure, qSP = koq = 0.6*10 = 6 kN/m2
4.0 APPLICATION OF DESIGN ACTIONS
4.1 Basic Design Actions

Design actions considered, with abbreviations, are
as follows.
No. Action Abbreviation

1 Self Weight SW
2 Lateral Earth Pressure LEP
3 Ground Water Pressure GWP
4 Hydrostatic Pressure HP
5 Surcharge Pressure SP
OF RECTANGULAR OPEN
CHANNEL
4.2 Open Channel Support Conditions
The open channel support is modeled as a plate mat,
where spring supports of known stiffness can be used
to model the supporting soil system. The spring
constant ks used is computed according to "Foundation
Analysis and Design, 5th Edition, Equation 9.9" by
Joseph E. Bowles.
ks = 40qa where qa = 100 kN/m2
ks = 40*100 = 4000 kN/m2/m
4.3 Load Combinations
Considering the Ultimate Limit State (ULS), following

partial factors are used.
BSEN1990:2002 All permanent actions including superimposed dead loads,
+A1:2005 γG = 1.35
Eqn 6.10 Surcharge actions, γQ,2 = 1.50
Horizontal earth pressure and ground water pressure
and hydrostatic pressure, γQ,2 = 1.50
In order to reflect the most onerous condition, Structural

(STR) load combination without considering the hydrostatic
pressure (HP) and with following factors is used.
All permanent actions including superimposed dead loads,

γG = 1.35
Surcharge actions, γQ,2 = 1.50
Horizontal earth pressure and ground water pressure
γQ,2 = 1.50
5.0 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN
Calculation of wall pressure

L/B Wall
Active pressure at top of the wall qKo = 6.00 kN/m2
Active pressure at base of the wall qKo+KaγD+γwH = 27.65 kN/m2
R/B Wall
Active pressure at top of the wall qKo = 6.00 kN/m2
Active pressure at base of the wall qKo+Kaγd+γwH = 21.65 kN/m2
Total vertical load (N)

L/B Wall = 0.3 x 2 x 25
= 15.00 kN/m
R/B Wall = 0.3 x 1 x 25
= 7.50 kN/m
Base = 5.9 x 0.3 x 25
= 44.25 kN/m
Water = 0.8 x 5 x 9.81
= 39.24 kN/m
Total vertical load (N) = 105.99 kN/m
OF RECTANGULAR OPEN
CHANNEL
Horizontal forces on drain walls due to surcharge pressure,
lateral earth pressure and ground water pressure
L/B Wall = 0.5 x (qKo + (qKo+KaγD+γwH) x D)

= 0.5 x (6 + 27.65) x 2.3 = 38.70 kN/m
R/B Wall = 0.5 x (qKo + (qKo+KaγD+γwH) x d)

= 0.5 x (6 + 21.65) x 1.3 = 17.97 kN/m
Net horizontal force (PA)
= 38.70 - 17.97 = 20.73 kN/m
5.1 Resistance to Sliding
Frictional force(Ff)
= μN
= 0.5 x 105.99 = 53.00 kN/m
F.O.S. = Ff / PA = 2.6 > 1.5
Hence, the sliding check is satisfied.
5.2 Resistance to Overturning
Taking moment about bottom right corner point of R/B wall;

Sum of overturning moments(MO)
= 20.73 x (2.3/3) = 15.89 kNm/m
Sum of restoring moments (MR)
= (7.5x0.15)+(15x5.45)+(44.25x2.8)
= 206.78 kNm/m
F.O.S. = MR / MO = 13.0 > 2.0
Hence, the overturning check is satisfied.
5.3 Resistance to Uplift
When channel is empty,

Uplift pressure on base, Puplift (considering 1m section)
= γw*h = 9.81 x 2.3 x 1 = 10.79 kN/m
Weight of the structure, W = 66.75 kN/m

F.O.S. = W / Puplift = 6.2 > 2.0
Hence, floation check is satisfied.
5.4 Bearing Capacity Check
Moment about the centreline of the base;

M = (7.5x2.65)+(38.70x2.3/3)-(15x2.65)
-(17.97x1.3/3) = 2.01 kNm/m
Total vertical load (N) = 105.99 kN/m
Eccentricity e = M/N = 0.019 m
Check: B/6 = 5/6 = 0.833 m
Since e < B/6, there is no tension in the channel base.
OF RECTANGULAR OPEN
CHANNEL
Maximum pressure at base (qmax)

= N/B (1+6e/B)
= 105.99/5(1+0.114/5) = 21.68 kN/m2
Minimum pressure at base (qmin)

= N/B (1-6e/B)
= 105.99/5(1-0.114/5) = 20.71 kN/m2
Allowable bearing capacity of soil (after improvement) = 100 kN/m2

Since qmin and qmax are lower than the allowable bearing
pressure of soil, bearing capacity check is satisfied.
6.0 COMPUTER AIDED ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
STAAD.Pro - Structural Analysis and Design software is

used to analyse the open channel for the considered
loads. Analysis results are given below.
6.1 Analysis Results of the Left Side Wall (Critical)
OF RECTANGULAR OPEN
CHANNEL
Considering the above STAAD.PRO analysis results

Design Bending = Max.(|Mx|:|My|) + |Mxy|
Moment, Med = 30.124 + 2.144 Med =
= 32.27 kNm 32.27 kNm
Design Shear Force, = Max.(|SQx|:|SQy|) x b d
Ved = 166.60 x 1 x 0.254 Ved =
= 42.30 kN 42.30 kN
6.2 Analysis Results of the Bottom Slab
Considering the above moment contours of STAAD.PRO

analysis results,
Design Bending = Max.(|Mx|:|My|) + |Mxy|

Moment, Med = 16.537 + 0.20 Med =
= 16.74 kNm 16.74 kNm
Design Shear Force, = Max.(|SQx|:|SQy|) x b d

Ved = 420.05 x 1 x 0.254 Ved =
= 106.70 kN 106.70 kN
OF RECTANGULAR OPEN
CHANNEL
7.0 Design of Structural Elements
7.1 Design of Side Wall

Concrete strength, fck = 25 N/mm2
BSEN1992-1-1:2004 Concrete Cover to Reinforcement
Eq.4.1 Cnom = Cmin + ∆Cdev
Eq.4.2 Cmin = max{Cmin,b; Cmin,dur+∆Cdur,γ-∆Cdur,st-∆Cdur,add; 10mm}
Table 4.2 Cmin,b = Minimum cover due to bond requirement 16 mm
Table 4.1 Exposure Class XC2
Design Working Life of the structure is assumed as 50 years
and Structural Class is S4
Table 4.4N Cmin,dur = Minimum cover due to environmental condition 25 mm
∆Cdur,γ = Additive safety element 0 mm
∆Cdur,st = Reduction of minimum cover for use of SS 0 mm
∆Cdur,add = Reduction of minimum cover for use of additional 0 mm
protection
Cl.4.4.1.3 ∆Cdev = Allowance in design for deviation 10 mm
Cmin = 25 mm
Hence, Cnom = Cmin + ∆Cdev = 35 mm
Consider Concrete Cover to Reinforcement, C = 40 mm
Analysis Output Design Bending Moment, Med = 33 kNm

Assumed diameter of main reinforcement, Ø = 12 mm
Thickness of side wall, h = 300 mm
Effective depth, d = h - c - Ø/2 = 254 mm
Consider 1m strip of wall, b = 1000 mm
K' = 0.168
K = M/fckbd2 = 33/25x1000x254^2 = 0.020
Design as single reinforced section
0.95d = 241.30 mm
0.5
Concise EC2 z = d[0.5+0.5(1-3.53K) ] ≤ 0.95d = 249.33 mm
Cl 6.2.1 Hence, z = 0.95d = 241.30 mm
As,req = M/fydZ = 342 mm2/m
BSEN1992-1-1:2004 Minimum reinforcement required

Cl 9.2.1.1(1) As,min = 0.26(fctm/fyk)bd, but not less than 0.0013bd
Table 3.1 Mean tensile strength of concrete, fctm = 2.2 N/mm2
As,min = 0.26(fctm/fyk)bd = 316 mm2/m
0.0013bd = 331 mm2/m
Hence, As,min = 331 mm2/m
BSEN1992-1-1:2004 Maximum reinforcement area
Cl 9.2.1.1(3) As,max = 0.04Ac = 12000 mm2/m
Provide T12@150c/c as longitudinal reinforcement. 753 mm2/m

(Top and Bottom)
OF RECTANGULAR OPEN
CHANNEL
BSEN1992-1-1:2004 Horizontal/distribution reinforcement area
Cl 9.6.3 As,hmin = 0.001Ac = 300 mm2/m
Provide T10@150c/c as distribution reinforcement. 524 mm2/m
Deflection Check
Reinforced Conc. 100As,req/bwd = 0.13 %
Design - Mosley Effective span/depth ratio = 26
& Bungey, 6th Ed. Modified ratio = As,prov/As,req x effec. l/d ratio = 57
Fig.6.3 Effective length of wall = 2000 mm
Actual l/d ratio = 7.9
Actual l/d ratio < Modified l/d ratio Check satisfied
Shear Capacity Check

Analysis Output Ultimate design shear force, VEd = 42.30 kN
BSEN1992-1-1:2004 Shear capacity of concrete section is given by,
Eq 6.2(a) VRd,c = [CRd,c k(100ρ1 fck)1/3 + k1 σcp] bwd
where CRd,c = 0.18/γc = 0.12
k1 = 0.15
ρ1 = Asl/bwd ≤ 0.02
Area of tensile reinforcement, Asl = 753.33333 mm2
ρ1 = 753.333333333333/(300x254)= 0.00989 < 0.02
k = 1 + (200/d)1/2 = 1.89 < 2.0
The influence of imposed deformations on the axial force
in the cross section (NEd) is ignored. Hence σcp is zero.
VRd,c = [CRd,c k(100ρ1 fck)1/3] bwd = 50.27 kN
Eq 6.2(b) Minimum shear capacity of concrete section without

reinforcement,
VRd,c = (0.035k3/2 fck1/2) bwd = 34.58 kN
Hence, the design shear capacity of concrete section,
VRd,c = 50.27 kN
As VRd,c > VEd no shear reinforcements are required.
7.2 Design of Bottom Slab

Concrete strength, fck = 25 N/mm2
BSEN1992-1-1:2004 Concrete Cover to Reinforcement
Eq.4.1 Cnom = Cmin + ∆Cdev
Eq.4.2 Cmin = max{Cmin,b; Cmin,dur+∆Cdur,γ-∆Cdur,st-∆Cdur,add; 10mm}
Table 4.2 Cmin,b = Minimum cover due to bond requirement 12 mm
Table 4.1 Exposure Class XC2
Design Working Life of the structure is assumed as 50 years
and Structural Class is S4
Table 4.4N Cmin,dur = Minimum cover due to environmental condition 25 mm
∆Cdur,γ = Additive safety element 0 mm
∆Cdur,st = Reduction of minimum cover for use of SS 0 mm
OF RECTANGULAR OPEN
CHANNEL
∆Cdur,add = Reduction of minimum cover for use of additional 0 mm

protection
Cl.4.4.1.3 ∆Cdev = Allowance in design for deviation 10 mm
Cmin = 25 mm
Hence, Cnom = Cmin + ∆Cdev = 35 mm
Consider Concrete Cover to Reinforcement, C = 40 mm
Analysis Output Design Bending Moment, Med = 17 kNm

Assumed diameter of main reinforcement, Ø = 12 mm
Thickness of slab, h = 300 mm
Effective depth, d = h - c - Ø/2 = 254 mm
Consider 1m strip of slab, b = 1000 mm
K' = 0.168
K = M/fckbd2 = 17/25x1000x254^2 = 0.011
Design as single reinforced section
0.95d = 241.30 mm
Concise EC2 z = d[0.5+0.5(1-3.53K)0.5] ≤ 0.95d = 251.62 mm
Cl 6.2.1 Hence, z = 0.95d = 241.30 mm
As,req = M/fydZ = 177 mm2/m
BSEN1992-1-1:2004 Minimum reinforcement required

Cl 9.2.1.1(1) As,min = 0.26(fctm/fyk)bd, but not less than 0.0013bd
Table 3.1 Mean tensile strength of concrete, fctm = 2.2 N/mm2
As,min = 0.26(fctm/fyk)bd = 316 mm2/m
0.0013bd = 331 mm2/m
Hence, As,min = 331 mm2/m
BSEN1992-1-1:2004 Maximum reinforcement area
Cl 9.2.1.1(3) As,max = 0.04Ac = 12000 mm2/m
Provide T12@150c/c as main reinforcement (top & bottom) 753 mm2/m
BSEN1992-1-1:2004 Horizontal/distribution reinforcement area

Cl 9.6.3 As,hmin = 0.001Ac = 300 mm2/m
Provide T10@150c/c as distribution reinforcement. 524 mm2/m
Shear Capacity Check
Analysis Output Ultimate design shear force, VEd = 106.70 kN

BSEN1992-1-1:2004 Shear capacity of concrete section is given by,
Eq 6.2(a) VRd,c = [CRd,c k(100ρ1 fck)1/3 + k1 σcp] bwd
where CRd,c = 0.18/γc = 0.12
k1 = 0.15
ρ1 = Asl/bwd ≤ 0.02
Area of tensile reinforcement, Asl = 753 mm2
ρ1 = 753/(1000x254) = 0.00296 < 0.02
k = 1 + (200/d)1/2 = 1.89 < 2.0
The influence of imposed deformations on the axial force
in the cross section (NEd) is ignored. Hence σcp is zero.
VRd,c = [CRd,c k(100ρ1 fck)1/3] bwd = 112.16 kN
OF RECTANGULAR OPEN
CHANNEL
Eq 6.2(b) Minimum shear capacity of concrete section without

reinforcement,
VRd,c = (0.035k3/2 fck1/2) bwd = 115.25 kN
Hence, the design shear capacity of concrete section,
VRd,c = 115.25 kN
As VRd,c > VEd no shear reinforcements are required.
Crack Width Check

BSEN1992-1-1:2004
Table NA.2 Limiting crack width, wmax = 0.2 mm
Eqn 7.8 Crack width, wk = Sr,max (εsm - εcm)
BSEN1992-3:2006 (εsm - εcm) = 0.5αekckfct,eff(1+1/(αeρ))/Es
Eqn M.1 αe = Es/Ecm
BSEN1992-1-1:2004 Es = 210000 N/mm2
Table 3.1 Ecm (for C20/25) = 30000 N/mm2
αe = 7.0
Cl 7.3.2 kc (for pure bending) = 0.4
k (t=300mm) = 1.0
Table 3.1 fct,eff = fctm = 2.2 N/mm2
ρ = As/Act
Act = (tw - 0.45d)x bw = 185700 mm2
Eqn 7.1 As,min = kckfct,effAct/fyk = 355 mm2
As,prov = 753 mm2
As,prov > As,min Hence ok.
ρ = As/Act = 0.004
(εsm - εcm) = 0.5αekckfct,eff(1+1/(αeρ))/Es = 0.000531
Eqn 7.11 Sr,max = k3c + k1k2k4Ø/ρp,eff
c (concrete cover) = 40 mm
k1 (high bond bars) = 0.8
k2 (for bending) = 0.5
k3 = 3.4
k4 = 0.425
ρp,eff = As/Ac,eff
= As/(2.5*(t-d)*b) = 0.0066
Sr,max = k3c + k1k2k4Ø/ρp,eff = 447.42 mm
Crack width, wk = Sr,max (εsm - εcm) = 0.2 mm

Crack width check is marginally satisfied.

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Project Design of Storm Water Drainage Management Plan at

CALCULATIONS FOR DESIGN Batterywatta, Moratuwa

Bottom Slab Thickness, TBS = 0.30 m

2.0 DESIGN INFORMATION

Design Concrete Class = C20/25

3.0 DESIGN ACTIONS

3.1 Self Weight - SW

3.2 Lateral Earth Pressure - LEP

Internal Ka= LEP

3.3 Ground Water Pressure - GWP

3.4 Hydrostatic Pressure - HP

Internal Hydrostatic Pressure

3.5 Surcharge Pressure - SP

4.0 APPLICATION OF DESIGN ACTIONS

4.1 Basic Design Actions

No. Action Abbreviation

4.3 Load Combinations

Considering the Ultimate Limit State (ULS), following

In order to reflect the most onerous condition, Structural

All permanent actions including superimposed dead loads,

5.0 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

Calculation of wall pressure

Total vertical load (N)

L/B Wall = 0.5 x (qKo + (qKo+KaγD+γwH) x D)

R/B Wall = 0.5 x (qKo + (qKo+KaγD+γwH) x d)

5.1 Resistance to Sliding

5.2 Resistance to Overturning

Taking moment about bottom right corner point of R/B wall;

5.3 Resistance to Uplift

When channel is empty,

Weight of the structure, W = 66.75 kN/m

5.4 Bearing Capacity Check

Moment about the centreline of the base;

Total vertical load (N) = 105.99 kN/m

Eccentricity e = M/N = 0.019 m

Check: B/6 = 5/6 = 0.833 m

Since e < B/6, there is no tension in the channel base.

Maximum pressure at base (qmax)

Minimum pressure at base (qmin)

Allowable bearing capacity of soil (after improvement) = 100 kN/m2

6.0 COMPUTER AIDED ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

STAAD.Pro - Structural Analysis and Design software is

6.1 Analysis Results of the Left Side Wall (Critical)

Considering the above STAAD.PRO analysis results

6.2 Analysis Results of the Bottom Slab

Considering the above moment contours of STAAD.PRO

Design Bending = Max.(|Mx|:|My|) + |Mxy|

Design Shear Force, = Max.(|SQx|:|SQy|) x b d

7.0 Design of Structural Elements

7.1 Design of Side Wall

Design Concrete Class = C20/25

Analysis Output Design Bending Moment, Med = 33 kNm

BSEN1992-1-1:2004 Minimum reinforcement required

Provide T12@150c/c as longitudinal reinforcement. 753 mm2/m

Provide T10@150c/c as distribution reinforcement. 524 mm2/m

Shear Capacity Check

Eq 6.2(b) Minimum shear capacity of concrete section without

7.2 Design of Bottom Slab

Design Concrete Class = C20/25