WATER SUPPLY FUNDAMENTALS ● Healthier ecosystems

● Integrated water management

WATER SCARCITY
• Physical Water Scarcity insufficient
freshwater resources to meet the human
and environmental demands of a given area
• Economic Water Scarcity lack of
investment in water or a lack of human
capacity to satisfy the demand for water,
even in places where water is abundant.

2.2 BILLION PEOPLE LACK SAFELY

MANAGED DRINKING WATER
4.2 BILLION PEOPLE LACK SAFELY
MANAGED SANITATION
3 BILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE LACK
BASIC HAND WASHING FACILITIES AT
HOME
2 IN 5 HEALTH CARE FACILITIES HAVE
NO SOAP AND WATER OR
ALCOHOL-BASED HAND RUB
WATER SCARCITY COULD DISPLACE
700 MILLION PEOPLE BY 2030.
SOME COUNTRIES EXPERIENCE A
FUNDING GAP OF 61% FOR ACHIEVING
WATER AND SANITATION TARGETS

CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION

● Safe drinking water for all
● Sanitation for all
● More local participation
● International cooperation
● Better water quality
● More efficient water use
Water Utility Performance Indicators and
Demand

Target Service Levels and Key Performance

Indicators
Water service levels are classified in the
Philippines under three types3, depending
on the method by which the water is made
available to the consumers:

Target Service Levels and Key Performance

Indicators
•Water service levels are classified in the
Philippines under three types3, depending
on the method by which the water is made
available to the consumers:
 5. Water tariffs or rates that consumers will
pay;
6. Habits and manners of water usage by
the people.
7. Climatological conditions
8. Non-Revenue Water (efficiency)

Consumption Projection

• Sectoral Water
Consumption Analysis:
segments and analyzes the demand by
customer type

• Spatial Water Consumption Analysis:

segments and analyzes demand by land
use.

Target Service Levels and Key Performance

Indicators

Projecting Water Demand

• Constrained Demand
• Water Demand is limited by the
quantity and quality of water sources
available in the area
• Unconstrained Demand
• Assumes abundant and proximate
sources available in the locality.
1.Target service levels and key
performance indicators
2. Population Growth
3. Economy and standard of living of the
service area
4. Quantity and quality of water sources
available in the area
 B. Spatial Water Consumption
Analysis: segments and analyzes
demand by land use.

Spatial Consumption Projection

• Land use determines water
demand for a particular area.
Increase in water demand will
Rural unit consumption
depend on population growth and
expansion/intensification of a
Unit consumption for domestic water
particular land use:
demand is expressed in per capita
1. Residential.
consumption per day. The commonly used
2. Commercial
unit is liters per capita per day (lpcd). If no
3. Industrial
definitive data are available, the unit
4. Open Spaces
consumption assumptions recommended
for Level II and Level III domestic usages in
rural areas are as follows:.

• Level II Public Faucets: 50 - 60 lpcd (Each

public faucet should serve 4 - 6 households)
• Level III House Connections: 80 - 100 lpcd

Rural unit consumption

● Non-domestic unit consumption
-Commercial establishments,
can also assumed to be served,
after consultation with the
stakeholders, within the 5-year
period. The unit consumptions of
institutional and commerical
connections are, in terms of daily
consumption per connection, usually METRO MANILA’S WATER
expressed in cubic meters per day SYSTEM
(m3/d). Carriedo Waterworks
- Institutional Connections: 1.0m3/d • In 1743, Francisco Carriedo died.
-Commercial Connections: 0.8 m3/d His will left 10,000 pesos for the
establishment of a water system in
Consumption Projection the City of Manila.
Methodology • More than a hundred years later,
A. Sectoral Water Consumption Felix Huerta discovered the Carriedo
Analysis: segments and analyzes legacy and lobbied the government
the demand by customer to fulfill Carriedo’s wish.
classifications • In 1878, Gov. Domingo Moriones
founded the carriedo waterworks.
El Deposito Balara Filter 1
• A 2-hectare, 200 feet deep • Built in 1938, Balara Filter 1 has
cistern was built by the Spanish a capacity of 470 million liters per
colonial government at where the day.
Pinaglabanan Shrine currently • In World War II, several workers
stands in San Juan. The water were taken by the Japanese and
was sourced from Marikina River were never seen again.
through a tunnel passing through • Downhill is the Balara swimming
what is now Santolan Road. pool which was a popular tourism
destination in the 1950’s and
Wawa dam 1960’s.
• In 1909, during the American
colonial era, Wawa Dam at the San Juan Reservoir
Montalban gorge was built. • Open reservoir built during the
• Capacity of 23 MGD American colonial period to
• Montalban System served as a replace ‘El Deposito’. Pipeline
source of water until 1939 when supplying the water to the
the Angat reservoir comes straight from
• Novaliches System was Balara.
inaugurated. • MWSS and Manila Water built
• Reactivated in 1957 until 1965. closed reservoirs later.

La mesa dam La Mesa Filters

• In 1929, the American colonial • Located in the La Mesa complex,
government completed La Mesa the two filtration plants of La
Dam and created a watershed and Mesa were built in the early 1980’s
reservoir behind it. with capacities of 1,500 and 900
• The reservoir stores water from million liters per day, respectively.
Ipo Dam and conveys the water to • These are currently operated by
the Balara Filters. Maynilad to supply the West Zone.

Umiray River Diversion to Angat

Old Ipo Dam
• Completed in 1938, water from • Water diversion structure
the Angat River was diverted at completed in 2000, to convey
Ipo Dam to La Mesa for Manila’s water from Umiray River towards
water supply. Angat reservoir.
• In the closing days of World War • Additional water supply to Angat
II, a major battle was fought (9 m 3 /s)
against the Japanese who took
over the facility.
• Inundated when New Ipo Dam
was built in the 1980’s.
 ● Ground water
- Wells
- Springs
● Reuse water

Catchment
• A catchment area is a hydrological
unit. Each drop of precipitation that falls
into a catchment area eventually ends up
in the same river going to the sea if it
doesn't evaporate.
WATER SOURCE OVERVIEW
SURFACE WATER

TYPES OF WATER SOURCES

● Surface water
- Rivers
- Lakes
- sea
 Confined Aquifer and Unconfined
Aquifer
• A confined aquifer is an aquifer below
the land surface that is saturated with
water. Layers of impermeable material
are both above and below the aquifer,
causing it to be under pressure so that
when the aquifer is penetrated by a well,
the water will rise above the top of the
aquifer.
• An unconfined aquifer -is an aquifer
whose upper water surface (water table)
is at atmospheric pressure, and thus is
able to rise and fall. Usually closer to the
Earth's surface than confined aquifers
are, and as such are impacted by
INTAKES: HOW THE TO GET WATER
drought conditions sooner than confined
FROM RESERVOIR OR RIVER
aquifers.
• Submerged intakes
Ground Water Exploration
• Exposed intakes
• Electrical resistivity technique is a
• Wet intakes
preferable geophysical technique for
• Dry intakes
groundwater exploration. As, the water
• Floating intakes
content and its distribution change the
• Canal intakes
electrical properties of the rocks. The
resistivity is inversely proportional to the
WATER SOURCE OVERVIEW GROUND
rock porosity and its water saturation.
WATER
• Current is injected into the ground
GROUNDWATER
through a pair of current electrode and
• Groundwater is the water found
the potential difference through another
underground in the cracks and spaces in
pair of potential electrode.
soil, sand and rock. It is stored in and
moves slowly through geologic
Pit Hole
formations of soil, sand and rocks called
• Well drilling is the process of drilling a
aquifers.
hole in the ground for the extraction of a
natural resource such as ground water,
brine, natural gas or petroleum, for the
injection of a fluid from surface to a
subsurface reservoir or for subsurface
ace formations evaluation or monitoring.
- Percussion-shallow or
exploratory wells around 50
meters deep.
- Rotary- for deep wells down to DEEP WELL FUNDAMENTALS
300 meters deep
- DTH hammer-for hard formation Water Cycle
• Water is continuously moving on,
above and below the surface of the earth
• The cycle is driven by energy from the
sun, which heats up the liquid water and
changes it to gas by the process of
evaporation. Water that evaporates rises
up into the atmosphere. The same
process is evapotranspiration for plants
• As water in the form of gas is cooled it
becomes liquid again by process called
condensation
• When the water in the clouds get too
heavy, the water falls back into the earth
as precipitation
• When water falls in the land, some of
the water is absorbed to constitute
groundwater while some run directly to
streams, rivers and seas as runoffs.

GROUND WATER
Groundwater is the water found
underground in the cracks and spaces in
soil, sand and rock. These geological
formations stores groundwater which
are called aquifers.

Porosity is a measure of how much of a

rock is open space. This space can be
between grains or within cracks or
cavities of the rock. Permeability is a
measure of the ease with which a fluid
(water in this case) can move through a
porous rock.

TYPES OF GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS

OF GROUNDWATER

An aquiferis a saturated formation of the

earth. It not only stores the water but
also yields it in adequate quantity.
Aquifers are highly permeable the clay particles block the voids present
formations and hence they are in the sand and make it partly permeable.
considered as main sources of
groundwater applications. An aquiclude is a geological formation
Unconsolidated deposits of sand and which is impermeable to the flow of
gravel are examples of an aquifer. water. It contains a large amount of water
in it but it does not permit water through
Aquifers are classified into two types it and also does not yield water. It is
based on their occurrence which are as because of its high porosity. Clay is an
follows : example of aquiclude.
• Unconfined aquifer
• Confined Aquifer

A confined aquifer is an aquifer below

the land surface that is saturated with
water. Layers of impermeable material
are both above and below the aquifer,
causing it to be under pressure so that
when the aquifer is penetrated by a well,
the water will rise above the top of the GROUND WATER EXPLORATION
aquifer.
Electrical resistivity technique is
An unconfined-aquifer -is an aquifer preferable geophysical technique for
whose upper water surface (water table) groundwater exploration. As, the content
is at atmospheric pressure, and thus is and its distribution change the electrical
able to rise and fall. Usually closer to the properties of the rock. The resistivity is
Earth's surface than confined aquifers inversely proportional to the rock
are, and as such are impacted by porosity and its water saturation.
drought conditions sooner than confined
aquifers. ● Current is injected to the ground
through a pair of current
Type of Geological Formations of electrode and the potential
Groundwater difference through another pair of
potential electrode
An aquitard is also a saturated Well Drilling
formation. It permits the water through it
but does not yield water in sufficient Well drilling is the process of drilling a
quantity as much as aquifer does. It is hole in the ground for the extraction of a
because of their partly permeable nature. natural resource such as ground water,
But however, if there is an aquifer under brine, natural gas, or petroleum.
the aquitard then the water from aquitard • PERCUSSION - Shallow or Exploratory
may seep into the aquifer. Sandy clay is Wells around 50 meters deep
a perfect example of an aquitard. Here, • ROTARY – For Deep Wells down to 300
meters deep
 ● DTH HAMMER-for hard formation TRUCK MOUNTED
Cable Percussion Rig SKID MOUNTED

• Percussion drilling is a manual drilling

technique in which a heavy cutting or
hammering bit attached to a rope or
cable is lowered in the open hole or
inside a temporary casing. The
technique is often also referred to as
'Cable tool'. Usually a tripod is used to
Pilot Hole
support the tools
• Pilot borehole drilling is
essentially an exploratory
Rotary Drilling Rig TRUCK MOUNTED
exercise intended to gather
SKID MOUNTED
site-specific information that is
• Mud rotary is often used in soft
used to characterize the
sediments that may or may not be
stratigraphy and type of geologic
saturated with groundwater.
units that underlie the well site
• Borehole advancement by mud rotary
• Its value is that it provides the
drilling is achieved by the rapid rotation
project team information needed
of a drill bit which is mounted at the end
to finalize the well design to meet
of the drill pipe.
the actual field conditions.
• The drill bit cuts the formation into
• To avoid unnecessary
small pieces, called cuttings, which are
investment when well shows no
removed by pumping drilling fluid, called
potential to be productive –
mud, through the drill pipe, out the drill
Aquitard, Aquiclude, Dry hole •
bit and up the annulus between the
Check size of drill bit to be used
borehole and drill pipe..
for the pilot hole (150 – 200 mm in
• Once the mud returns to the surface, it
diameter)
is captured in a mud pan where the
• Collect samples for every meter
cuttings settle to the bottom and the
penetrated or whenever there is a
mud is recirculated down the borehole.
change in formation or lithology
Additional mud is introduced as the
• Place collected samples in
borehole gets deeper and fluids are lost
plastic bags and properly label on
to the formation.
the depth it was collected.
DTH Hammer
● DTH hammer is basically a mini
Well Design Objectives
jackhammer screwed on the
• Highest yield with minimum
bottom of a drill string.
drawdown
● The fast hammer action breaks
• Good quality water with proper
hard rock into small flakes and
protection from contamination
dust and is blown clear by the air
• Sand-free water
exhaust from the DTH hammer.
• Long lifetime (>50 years)
● The DTH hammer iso ne of the
• Reasonable short term and
fastest ways to drill hard rock
long-term costs
 upper cretaceous tuff near Fort
Benton, Montana. Bentonite is a
clay generated frequently from
the alteration of volcanic ash,
consisting predominantly of
smectite minerals, usually
montmorillonite. The mineral
forms a firm sludge cake on the
bore wall, which provides the
Reaming of Pilot Hole borehole with additional stability.
• The second drilling step is to The fine bentonite particles enter
ream the pilot hole to its full into the bore wall where they
diameter for installation of the swell and harden. Depending on
well casing and well screen, and the constitution of the ground
placement of the filter pack and structure, fine and coarse
annular seal particles are needed.
• If the size of the reamed hole is
relatively large, reaming of the Gravel Packing
pilot hole may be done in stages • Check gravel pack materials as
with increasing drill bit diameter. to the specified size. Pebbles that
Depending on the size, it may be are well rounded are the best
done in 2 or 3 stages to prevent material used for gravel packing.
drill tools from getting stuck.
• Using a gravel fill pipe, pour
INSTALLATION OF CASING AND gravel pack materials on the
SCREENS AND GRAVEL annulus between the reamed hole
PACKING and the casing/screen. The gravel
• Prior installation of casing and pack materials may range in size
screens, borehole should be from 3 to 7 millimeters.
stabilized through reaming to
make sure that the well will be Well Development:
sturdy and will not collapse using
bentonite and lime -Is the term used to indicate
• Its is critical to execute the various techniques used in
installation fast and make sure correcting any damage to the
that installation of casing and aquifer by the drilling operation.
screens will be straight to prevent Well Development seeks also to
losing along the way alter the basic physical
• Make sure that after installation characteristics of the aquifer near
of casing and screens, gravel the borehole so that water will
packing should be next flow more freely to the well.
• Remove mud cake and fine
The term Bentonite was first used cuttings plastered on the face of
for a clay found in about 1890 in the borehole
• Create a highly permeable
envelope around the well intake
structure.
• Prevent fine materials or sand
from entering the well during
pumping
• Stabilized the borehole by
allowing the annular space to be
filled up with coarse formation
materials

WELL DEVELOPMENT

WELL DEVELOPMENT
• Backwashing – pump water to
the well to allow all residue/
bentonite to settle before
recirculating
• Treatment with Polyphosphate
solution – this is to clean the well
from contamination and should
be soaked for at least 24hrs
• Hydrojetting – high velocity
jetting of water and air to clean
well onto and through the slots
•Airlifting – injection of
compressed air at 1200psi to the
pipe to achieve low turbidity

NWRB Additional Requirements:

A step-drawdown test (or step started, during pumping, and after
test) is a single-well pumping test the pump is turned off, until the
designed to investigate the water level reaches what it was
performance of a pumping well before the pump was turned on.
under controlled variable
discharge conditions. In a Groundwater isotope analysis
step-drawdown test, the Scientists use naturally occurring
discharge rate in the pumping isotopes as tracers to find out
well is increased from an initially whether groundwater is being
low constant rate through a replenished, where it comes from,
sequence of pumping intervals how it moves underground and if
(steps) of progressively higher it is vulnerable to pollution and
constant rates. Each step is changing climatic conditions.
typically of equal duration, lasting Water from different places has
from approximately 30 minutes to different isotopic signatures or
2 hours. Each step should be of unique 'fingerprints'.
sufficient duration to allow
dissipation of wellbore storage Pump Sizing The role of the pump
effects. In addition to estimating is to provide a sufficient pressure
hydraulic properties of an aquifer to overcome the operating
system such as transmissivity pressure of the system to move
and hydraulic conductivity, the fluid at a required flow rate
goal of a step-drawdown test is to
evaluate well performance criteria
such as well loss, well efficiency,
wellbore skin factor and effective
well radius.

Constant discharge pump tests

are an important investigation as
the ability and sustainability of
any new or increased abstraction
from a well. For results to be
meaningful readings must be
taking at the production bore (the
bore being pumped) and at least
two appropriate observation
bores. The constant discharge
pump test comprises two phases.
The first being the pumping
phase, the second being the
pump off phase (recovery). The
water level in the bores is
measured prior to the pump being
BASIC COMPONENTS OF
DEEPWELL