Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Qi
h1 Qo
R(s) Y (s)
C (S ) G(S )
E (S )
Manipulated input (manipulated variable): The input of the plant which is to be regulated
by the controller so that system could behave in desired manner.
Reference input: This is the desired response which is given to the controller.
1. Natural systems:
The systems which exist in nature are known as natural systems.
Examples: different systems available in human body e.g. blood circulation system,
respiratory system, nervous system, reproduction system, etc.; ecological system, etc.
2. Manmade systems:
The systems which are made by humans.
Examples: Various machines, plants, etc.
3. Combinational systems:
The systems which have both the natural and manmade parts are known as
combinational systems.
Examples: Human driving car.
Discuss two examples (one of single tank system with and without feedback and another of
traffic light system with and without traffic density sensor).
Open-loop systems
R ( s) Y ( s)
C (S ) G (S )
R(s) Y (s)
C (S ) G(S )
E (S )
+
Controller Plant
Position
Position
of its
of its
derivative
derivative
Feedback