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    Insect Musculoskeletal System

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    Dawud Carter
    The document discusses insect muscles and flight mechanisms. It describes where insect muscles are located, how they attach to the exoskeleton, and how they obtain oxygen and energy. There are two main types of flight muscles: direct muscles which attach directly to wings, and indirect muscles which attach to the interior of the thorax. Over time, insects evolved from direct flight to indirect flight and harmonized wingbeats between pairs of wings to enable more efficient powered flight.

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    Insect Musculoskeletal System

    Uploaded by

    Dawud Carter
    374 views14 pages
    The document discusses insect muscles and flight mechanisms. It describes where insect muscles are located, how they attach to the exoskeleton, and how they obtain oxygen and energy. There are two main types of flight muscles: direct muscles which attach directly to wings, and indirect muscles which attach to the interior of the thorax. Over time, insects evolved from direct flight to indirect flight and harmonized wingbeats between pairs of wings to enable more efficient powered flight.

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    The document discusses insect muscles and flight mechanisms. It describes where insect muscles are located, how they attach to the exoskeleton, and how they obtain oxygen and energy. There are two main types of flight muscles: direct muscles which attach directly to wings, and indirect muscles which attach to the interior of the thorax. Over time, insects evolved from direct flight to indirect flight and harmonized wingbeats between pairs of wings to enable more efficient powered flight.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    374 views14 pages

    Insect Musculoskeletal System

    Uploaded by

    Dawud Carter
    The document discusses insect muscles and flight mechanisms. It describes where insect muscles are located, how they attach to the exoskeleton, and how they obtain oxygen and energy. There are two main types of flight muscles: direct muscles which attach directly to wings, and indirect muscles which attach to the interior of the thorax. Over time, insects evolved from direct flight to indirect flight and harmonized wingbeats between pairs of wings to enable more efficient powered flight.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 14

    2/23/10

    How do insects walk and fly?

    Where are insect muscles?


    Skeletal muscles
    Attached to exoskeleton.

    Visceral muscles
    Attached to intestines in alimentary canal.

    2/23/10

    Where are insect muscles?


    Muscle attachment Attach via tonofibrillae
    Permit fusion of mesoderm (muscle) and ectoderm (cuticle)

    Apodemes & apophyses.


    Internal ridges; anchors for muscle attachment

    Phragma
    Platelike invagination; flight muscle attachment.

    Where are insect muscles?


    Muscle attachment Attach via tonofibrillae
    Permit fusion of mesoderm (muscle) and ectoderm (cuticle)

    Apodemes & apophyses.


    Internal ridges; anchors for muscle attachment

    Phragma
    Platelike invagination; flight muscle attachment.

    2/23/10

    Insect vs. human muscular system


    Types of muscles What types are present in humans? Only one type of these is present in insects.

    Insect Muscle

    2/23/10

    Types of Insect Muscles


    Synchronous muscle
    Synchronized with neural impulse One contraction and relaxation per 1 neural impulse.

    Asynchronous muscle
    More than 1 contraction and relaxation per 1 neural impulse. When might this be useful?

    Oxygen and energy source


    How can insect muscles get oxygen?

    2/23/10

    Oxygen and energy source


    How can insect muscles get energy?

    Insect Locomotion
    Why do insects have six legs?

    2/23/10

    Insect Locomotion
    Muscles for insect locomotion
    Levator vs. depressor muscles. Flexor vs extensor muscles.

    Insect Locomotion
    Generally, always three legs on the ground (how do they grip the ground?). What other nonflying means of locomotion do we see?

    2/23/10

    Jumping
    Generally, accomplished by storing energy through compression of resilin. Release of compression yields instantaneous spring. Sometimes, compression is stored in other locations

    Sliding
    Water striders have hydrofuge cuticles or hair fringes Move by rowing with hair fringed legs.

    2/23/10

    Insect Flight Mechanism


    Wings not true appendages, extensions of exoskeleton No appendages given over to flight (compare to other winged animals) Powered flight is only found in adult insects. Air ahead must be thrown downward and backward, giving lift and thrust. Modifications in left versus right permit turning.

    Insect Flight Muscles


    Two types: Direct muscles
    Only type found in Paleoptera

    Indirect muscles
    Found in Neoptera

    Neoptera have both

    2/23/10

    Direct flight
    Muscles directly attached to wings Very fine control One nerve impulse = one muscle contraction = one wing beat (what kind of muscles are these?) Ancestral form, found in Paleoptera: Dragonflies & Mayflies

    Elevators contract Depressors contract

    Insect Evolution
    Wings & Flight Pterygota Ancestral Direct Flight Paleoptera

    2/23/10

    Indirect flight
    Flight muscles attached to interior of thorax (NOT directly to wings) Energy is conserved because the elasticity of the thorax restores its shape Single nerve impulse required to initiate muscle contraction, single impulse to cease (what kind of muscles are these?).
    Reduces number of nerve impulses to muscle contractions immensely. Results in much more rapid wing beats (up to 1,000 times per second in some gnats)

    Elevators contract Depressors contract

    Derived form found in Neoptera

    Insect Evolution
    Wings & Flight Pterygota

    Derived Indirect Flight Neoptera

    10

    2/23/10

    General trend in insect flight


    Harmonization of wing beat. Direct to indirect an obvious transition.
    Direct can move each wing individually. Sides are coordinated by contortion of thorax. Permits evolution of asynchronous muscles.

    General trend in insect flight


    Harmonization of wing beat. Carried further in other insects. Fore and hindwings coupled.
    Hamuli lock forewing and hindwing together in Hymenoptera Frenula lock them together in Lepidoptera. Similar structures found in Orthoptera, Hemiptera.

    11

    2/23/10

    General trend in insect flight


    Harmonization of wing beat. Carried further in other insects. Fore and hindwings coupled.
    Hamuli lock forewing and hindwing together in Hymenoptera Frenula lock them together in Lepidoptera. Similar structures found in Orthoptera, Hemiptera.

    General trend in insect flight


    Harmonization of wing beat. OR, powered flight eliminated in one pair of wings. Sclerotized forewings: Elytra of Coleoptera Tegmina of Orthoptera & Dermaptera Wing reduction Halteres of Diptera Halteres of Strepsiptera

    12

    2/23/10

    General trend in insect flight


    Harmonization of wing beat. OR, powered flight eliminated in one pair of wings. Sclerotized forewings: Elytra of Coleoptera Tegmina of Orthoptera & Dermaptera Wing reduction Halteres of Diptera Halteres of Strepsiptera

    Lecture Summary
    Do insects have muscles?
    Yes

    How do insect muscles obtain oxygen?


    Tracheal system branched to muscles

    How do insect muscles obtain energy?


    Alimentary canal - hemolymph - muscles

    Is the insect muscle the same as other animals?


    Yes and no

    13

    2/23/10

    Lecture Summary
    Where are the insect muscles?
    Skeletal muscles Visceral muscles

    Where do insect muscles attach?


    Apodemes/apophyses Phragma

    Lecture Summary
    Insect muscles related to neural impulse
    Synchronous muscle Asynchronous muscle

    Insect flight muscles


    Direct muscles Indirect muscles

    Special flight mechanisms


    Wing couplings Halteres

    14

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