AERO ENGINEERING

THERMODYNAMICS

Dr. A. Muthuram
Assistant Professor,
SRM Institute of Science and Technology.

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• Unit-1 : FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
• Basic Concepts: Microscopic & macroscopic point of
view, Path and point functions. Intensive and
extensive, total and specific quantities. System and
their types. Zeroth law of thermodynamics,
Thermodynamic equilibrium. First law of
Thermodynamics: First law for a closed system
undergoing a cycle, concept of Internal energy,
change of state. Energy and Work Transfer in closed
systems, P-V diagram, PMM1. First law for an Open
system: Conservation of mass, energy, steady flow
energy equation. applications of SFEE to Nozzles,
Diffusers. Types of turbine, compressor, boiler, pump.
Heat exchanger and Throttling process.

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• FIRST LAW FOR AN OPEN SYSTEM:
CONSERVATION OF MASS, ENERGY,
STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION.
APPLICATIONS OF SFEE TO NOZZLES,
DIFFUSERS. TYPES OF TURBINE,
COMPRESSOR, BOILER, PUMP. HEAT
EXCHANGER AND THROTTLING
PROCESS
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• Problem: A rigid tank contains air at 500 kPa and 150°C. As a
result of heat transfer to the surroundings, the temperature
and pressure inside the tank drop to 65°C and 400 kPa,
respectively. Determine the boundary work done during this
process.
• Solution:
• Air in a rigid tank is cooled, and both the pressure and
temperature drop. The boundary work done is to be
determined.

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• This is expected since a rigid tank has a
constant volume and dV = 0 in this equation.
• Therefore, there is no boundary work done
during this process.
• That is, the boundary work done during a
constant-volume process is always zero. This is
also evident from the P-V diagram of the
process (the area under the process curve is
zero).

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• A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.4 m3 of
air at 100 kPa and 80°C. The air is now compressed
to 0.1 m3 in such a way that the temperature inside
the cylinder remains constant. Determine the work
done during this process.
• Solution:
• Air in a piston–cylinder device is compressed
isothermally. The boundary work done is to be
determined.
• V1 = 0.4 m3 P1 = 100kPa T1 = 100°C
• V2 = 0.1 m3

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• For an ideal gas at constant temperature T0

• The negative sign indicates that this work is

done on the system (a work input), which is
always the case for compression processes.

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Pν = Flow work or Flow energy

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 IF THE SYSTEM IS STATIONARY OR THERE IS NO
CHANGE IN VELOCITY AND NO ELEVATION

• The change in the total energy of a system during a

process is the sum of the changes in its internal,
kinetic, and potential energies and can be expressed
as

• For stationary systems, the changes in kinetic and

potential energies are zero (that is, ΔKE = ΔPE = 0),
and the total energy change in below relation
reduces to ΔE = ΔU for such systems

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 Mechanisms of Energy Transfer
• Energy can be transferred to or from a system in
three forms: heat, work,and mass flow.
• Heat Transfer, Q:
• Heat transfer to a system (heat gain) increases
the energy of the molecules and thus the internal
energy of the system, and heat transfer from a
system (heat loss) decreases it since the energy
transferred out as heat comes from the energy of
the molecules of the system.
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 Mechanisms of Energy Transfer
• Work Transfer, W :
• An energy interaction that is not caused by a temperature
difference between a system and its surroundings is work. A
rising piston, a rotating shaft, and an electrical wire crossing the
system boundaries are all associated with work interactions.

• Work transfer to a system (i.e., work done on a system) increases

the energy of the system, and work transfer from a system (i.e.,
work done by the system) decreases it since the energy
transferred out as work comes from the energy contained in the
system. Car engines and hydraulic, steam, or gas turbines
produce work while compressors, pumps, and mixers consume
work.
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 Mechanisms of Energy Transfer
• Mass Flow, m :
• Mass flow in and out of the system serves as an additional
mechanism of energy transfer. When mass enters a system,
the energy of the system increases because mass carries
energy with it (in fact, mass is energy). Likewise, when some
mass leaves the system, the energy contained within the
system decreases because the leaving mass takes out some
energy with it.

• For example, when some hot water is taken out of a water

heater and is replaced by the same amount of cold water, the
energy content of the hot-water tank (the control volume)
decreases as a result of this mass interaction. 23
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 ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED
SYSTEMS
• For a closed system undergoing a cycle, the initial
and final states are identical, and thus ΔEsystem = E2
- E1 = 0.
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• Then the energy balance for a cycle simplifies to Ein -
Eout = 0 or Ein = Eout. Noting that a closed system does
not involve any mass flow across its boundaries, the
energy balance for a cycle can be expressed in terms
of heat and work interactions as

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• For a cycle ΔE = 0, thus • Various forms of the
ΔQ = W first-law relation for
closed systems.

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1N = 1kgm/s2
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 SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING
DEVICES
• Many engineering devices operate essentially
under the same conditions for long periods of
time.
• The components of a steam power plant
(turbines, compressors, heat exchangers, and
pumps), for example, operate nonstop for
months before the system is shut down for
maintenance.
• Therefore, these devices can be conveniently
analyzed as steady-flow devices.
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 Nozzles and Diffusers
• Nozzles and diffusers are
commonly utilized in jet
engines, rockets,
spacecraft, and even
garden hoses.
• A nozzle is a device that
increases the velocity of a
fluid at the expense of
pressure.
• A diffuser is a device that
increases the pressure of
a fluid by slowing it down.

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 Nozzles and Diffusers
• That is, nozzles and
diffusers perform
opposite tasks.
• The cross-sectional area
of a nozzle decreases in
the flow direction for
subsonic flows and
increases for supersonic
flows.
• The reverse is true for
diffusers.
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 Nozzles and Diffusers
• The rate of heat transfer between
the fluid flowing through a nozzle
or a diffuser and the surroundings
is usually very small (Q = 0) since
the fluid has high velocities, and
thus it does not spend enough
time in the device for any
significant heat transfer to take
place.
• Nozzles and diffusers typically
involve no work (W = 0) and any
change in potential energy is
negligible (Δpe = 0).
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 Nozzles and Diffusers
• But nozzles and diffusers
usually involve very high
velocities, and as a fluid
passes through a nozzle
or diffuser, it experiences
large changes in its
velocity.
• Therefore, the kinetic
energy changes must be
accounted for in analyzing
the flow through these
devices (Δ ke ≠ 0).

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Deceleration of Air in a Diffuser

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 Turbines and Compressors
• In steam, gas, or hydroelectric power plants, the
device that drives the electric generator is the
turbine.
• As the fluid passes through the turbine, work is
done against the blades, which are attached to
the shaft. As a result, the shaft rotates, and the
turbine produces work.
• Compressors, as well as pumps and fans, are
devices used to increase the pressure of a fluid.
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 Turbines and Compressors
• Work is supplied to these devices from an external
source through a rotating shaft. Therefore,
compressors involve work inputs.

• Even though these three devices function similarly,

they do differ in the tasks they perform.

• A fan increases the pressure of a gas slightly and is

mainly used to mobilize a gas. A compressor is capable
of compressing the gas to very high pressures. Pumps
work very much like compressors except that they
handle liquids instead of gases.

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 Turbines and Compressors
• Note that turbines produce power output
whereas compressors, pumps, and fans require
power input. Heat transfer from turbines is
usually negligible (Q = 0) since they are typically
well insulated.

• Heat transfer is also negligible for compressors

unless there is intentional cooling. Potential
energy changes are negligible for all of these
devices (Δpe = 0).
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 Turbines and Compressors
• The velocities involved in these devices, with the
exception of turbines and fans, are usually too low to
cause any significant change in the kinetic energy (Δke
= 0).

• The fluid velocities encountered in most turbines are

very high, and the fluid experiences a significant
change in its kinetic energy.

• However, this change is usually very small relative to

the change in enthalpy, and thus it is often disregarded.
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Compressing Air by a Compressor

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