MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE:

1. PALEOLITHIC CULTURE

Paleothithic culture can be referred to as the prehistoric period known for the development of early
human societies. Below are some of the main characteristics of the Paleolithic culture.

 The Lifestyle of Hunter-Gatherers: The people relied on hunting animals and gathering plants for
sustenance. For instance, early Homo sapiens hunted mammoths and gathered berries.

 Nomadic Way of Life: Paleolithic individuals frequently moved in search of food and resources,
following animal migrations and seasonal changes.

 Utilization of Simple Tools and Weapons: They employed basic tools such as stone axes, spears, and
scrapers made from materials like flint, bone, and wood.

 Creation of Cave Paintings and Art: Paleolithic people crafted intricate cave paintings, like the ones
discovered in Lascaux, France. These paintings depicted animals, hunting scenes, and everyday life.

 Shamanism and Spiritual Beliefs: It is likely that they held spiritual beliefs and engaged in practices
such as burial rituals and the creation of symbolic artifacts like Venus figurines.

 Small Social Groups: Paleolithic societies consisted of small, tightly-knit groups comprising family
members and extended relatives who collaborated to ensure survival.

 Development of Language: Early versions of language were probably

used for communication, coordinating hunts, and passing down knowledge.

 Dependence on Fire: Fire played a crucial role in the Paleolithic era. It provided warmth, light, protection
from predators, and facilitated cooking.

 Adaptation to the Environment: Paleolithic people had to adapt to their surroundings in order to
survive. This included building shelters, creating clothing from animal skins, and developing methods for
preserving food.

 Hunting Strategies: They developed various hunting techniques to secure their food supply. Examples
include using traps, driving animals over cliffs, and cooperative hunting.
 Mastery of Natural Resources: Paleolithic cultures had an extensive knowledge of their environment
and how to utilize its resources effectively. This encompassed knowing which plants were edible, how to
make tools and clothing, and utilizing natural materials for construction.

 Oral Tradition and Storytelling: In the absence of written language, Paleolithic societies relied on oral
tradition and storytelling to preserve and transmit their history, traditions, and cultural practices from one
generation to the next.

These characteristics provide insights into the way of life and cultural practices of Paleolithic societies,
showcasing their resourcefulness, adaptability, and ingenuity in the face of challenging
environments.
 2. MESOLITHIC CULTURE

This can be referred to as the transitional stage between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic ages,
characterized by development of more advanced tools and technologies i.e. Fishing, seasonal
settlements, etc.

 Transition Phase: The Mesolithic era served as a transitional period between the Paleolithic and
Neolithic periods. It was marked by significant cultural changes and adaptations.

 Semi-Nomadic Lifestyle: The people of this era were semi-nomadic, meaning they moved seasonally to
follow food sources. However, they also began to establish more permanent settlements.

 Microliths and Composite Tools: During the Mesolithic period, there were notable advancements in
tool-making techniques. People developed small, finely crafted stone tools known as microliths, as well
as composite tools like harpoons.

 Increased Emphasis on Fishing and Foraging: As the Mesolithic era progressed, fishing, foraging,
and collecting shellfish became increasingly important as food sources. These activities supplemented
the traditional practices of hunting and gathering.

 Domestication of Animals: It is believed that the early stages of animal domestication, particularly
dogs, may have begun during the Mesolithic period. This led to closer relationships between humans and
animals.
 Artistic Expression and Symbolism: Mesolithic people expressed their creativity through various forms
of art. They created rock engravings and carvings, potentially depicting animals, rituals, or spiritual
beliefs.

 Funerary Practices: The Mesolithic culture had complex burial practices. Some individuals were buried
with grave goods or placed in elaborate burial structures. These practices demonstrate the importance
placed on honouring the deceased.

 Seasonal Settlements: Due to their semi-nomadic lifestyle, Mesolithic communities established

seasonal settlements. These settlements offered temporary shelter during different times of the year.
Social Organization: As communities became more settled, social organization within Mesolithic
societies became increasingly complex. Hierarchies and social roles likely emerged, contributing to the
overall structure of these communities.

 Environmental Adaptation: Mesolithic people developed a deep understanding of their natural

surroundings and adapted their lifestyles accordingly. They learned to navigate various landscapes and
make the most of available resources.

 Technological Innovations: The Mesolithic period saw significant advancements in technology. In

addition to the development of microliths and composite tools, people also experimented with new
materials and techniques.

 Cultural Diversity: The Mesolithic era was characterized by cultural diversity, with different regions and
communities developing unique practices and traditions. This diversity highlights the adaptability and
resilience of human societies during this time.

Overall, the Mesolithic culture was a dynamic and transformative period in human history, paving the way
for further developments in technology, social organization, and artistic expression.
 THE STONEHENGE

Stonehenge, located in Wiltshire, England, is an ancient monument renowned for its distinctive circular
arrangement of massive standing stones and its significant historical and archaeological importance.
Here are some key characteristics of Stonehenge along with relevant illustrations:

 Circular Formation: Stonehenge is widely recognized for its circular configuration of colossal upright
stones, some towering up to 30 feet in height and weighing multiple tons each.

 Trilithons: Enclosed within the circular arrangement are trilithons, consisting of two vertical stones
supporting a horizontal lintel stone. These trilithons form the iconic horseshoe-shaped structure at the
heart of Stonehenge.

 Solar Alignment: Stonehenge is meticulously aligned with the movements of the sun, particularly during
the summer and winter solstices. This alignment suggests that Stonehenge possibly functioned as an
astronomical observatory or calendar.

 Processional Avenue: A ceremonial avenue leads up to Stonehenge, indicating that the site may have
been utilized for rituals or ceremonies. The avenue likely served as a pathway for processions or
gatherings.

 Bluestones and Sarsen Stones: The stones used in the construction of Stonehenge consist of
bluestones, which are smaller and composed of dolerite, as well as larger sarsen stones.
 SIGINIFICANCE OF STONEHENGE TO SOCIETY

Stonehenge holds immense significance for society due to several reasons:

 Cultural Legacy: The monument stands as a testament to the intelligence and craftsmanship of our
ancestors who built such a intricate structure without the aid of modern tools.

 Celestial Association: Stonehenge's precise alignment with the sun and solstices suggests an early
understanding of astronomy and the cyclical nature of the seasons
 Spiritual and Ritualistic Significance: It is believed that Stonehenge served as a sacred site for
ceremonies, rituals, and communal gatherings, providing insight into our ancestors' connect ion with the
spiritual realm.

 Community and Tradition: Stonehenge continues to attract people from all walks of life, fostering a
sense of community as they come together to appreciate history and preserve ancient traditions.

 Inspiration : The enigmatic nature of Stonehenge evokes curiosity and wonder, inspiring individuals to
delve into our past and unravel the mysteries surrounding ancient civilizations.

All in all, Stonehenge is not merely a collection of stones; it represents human ingenuity, cultural
heritage, and the enduring link between past and present.

MAPS SHOWING LOCATION OF THE STONEHENGE

OKELLO BALAAM
23/U/VAD/302/GV

COURSE NAME: HISTORY AND APPRECIATION OF ART

COURSE CODE: VADV 1202
COURSE CREDIT: 3UC
YEAR: ONE
SEMESTER: TWO
LECTURER: DR. BUTINDO-MBAALYA EDDIE