Alternating Current

ALTERNATING
CURRENT
GROUP NO. 2
TOPIC
OUTLINE
Alternating Current Characteristics
Sine Wave
Cycle
Armature and Slip Rings
AC Values
Frequency
Phase
Alternating Current in Aircraft
"Alternating current is defined as the
ALTERNATING current which periodically changes
direction and continuously changes in
CURRENT magnitude".
CHARACTERISTICS
The current starts at zero and builds up to a
maximum in one direction, then falls back to
zero, builds up to a maximum in the opposite
direction, and returns to zero.
Voltage (electrical pressure) does not actually
flow; therefore, when voltage changes
direction, the positive and negative values
simply reverse. That is, polarity reverses.
THE SINE
WAVE
The sine wave is the most basic and widely
used of all the AC waveforms
A geometric waveform that oscillates (moves
up, down, or side-to-side) periodically, and is
defined by the function y = sin x.
It can be produced by both mechanical and
electronic methods.
Therefore, it is the most natural representation
of how many things in nature change state
THE SINE
CURVE IN AC
sine wave or sinusoidal waveforms are periodic waveforms whose shape can be
plotted using the sine or cosine function from trigonometry. Electrical circuits
supplied by sinusoidal waveforms whose polarity changes every cycle and are
commonly known as “AC” voltages and current sources.
A periodic AC waveform in the form of a voltage source produces an EMF whose
polarity reverses at regular intervals with the time required to complete one full
reversal being known as the waveforms period.
THE SINE
CURVE
In practice, voltage is generated by rotating a coil of wire

through a magnetic field in a generator.
CYCLE
A cycle can be defined, therefore, as
including the variations between two
successive points having the same value and
varying in the same direction.
A SINGLE LOOP OF WIRE IS PLACED SO THAT IT

CAN BE ROTATED IN A MAGNETIC FIELD. AS THE
LOOP IS TURNED, THE SIDES OF THE LOOP CUT
THROUGH THE LINES OF FORCE AND AN
ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE (EMF) IS INDUCED
IN THE SIDES OF THE LOOP.
Armature & Slip Rings
SLIP RINGS
ARMATURE Hollow rings that are connected to the
ends of the armature coil.
The rotating loop of wire
Used transmitting power or signals.
Generate an Electromotive Force
ALTERNATING
CURRENT VALUES
The degree rotation is the angle to which
the armature has turned.
Amplitude is the maximum departure of

the value of an alternating current or wave
from the average value. there are several
methods of expressing these values.
The peak value of a sine wave is the
absolute value of the point on the
waveform with the greatest amplitude.
The peak-to-peak (p-p) value refers to the

vertical distance between the two peaks.
The peak-to-peak value can be
determined by adding the absolute
values of each peak.
The effective value of the alternating current is the amount that produces the same
degree of heat in a given resistance as an equal amount of direct current. The effect
value can be determined by a mathematical process called root-mean-square (rms)
process. Therefore, the effective value is also referred to as the rms value. using the
rms process shows that the effective value of a sine wave is equal to 0.707 x the peak
value.
It is often necessary to convert from rms to peak value. this can be one by inverting
the formula.
For peak-to-peak (p-p) value, the formula is:

EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLES:
FREQUENCY ( f)
Refers to the number of waves that pass a fixed
point in unit time.
It is measured in a unit called the Hertz (Hz), from
Heinrich Rudolph Hertz, a German Physicist of the
late 19th century who made a number of
important discoveries and valuable contributions
to electrical science.
1 Hz is equal to 1 cycle per second (cps)
The standard frequency used in the U.S and
Philippines is 60 cycles per second ( 60 Hz). While
in Europe and most other parts of the world it is 50
cycles per second (50 Hz.).
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
FREQUENCY AND THE PERIOD OF A SINE
WAVE IS EXPRESSED AS PERIOD
The time required to complete 1 cycle of
a sine wave
f=1/T The period is usually measured in
T=1/f seconds
The letter T is used to represent the
where:
period.
f = represents the The period of sine wave is inversely
10K+
frequency proportional to its frequency.
T = represents the
period
20K+
PHASE ANGLE
PHASE
Phase angle is the difference in
The phase of an alternating current or a degrees of rotation between two
voltage is the angular distance it has alternating currents or voltages, or
moved from 0 degree in a positive between a voltage and a
direction. current.
10K+
ALTERNATING CURRENT AND
THE AIRCRAFT.
AC POWER IS MUCH MORE FLEXIBLE THAN DC POWER.
ALTERNATING CURRENT IS PRODUCED BY ALL
AIRCRAFT GENERATORS AND ALTERNATORS. THIS POWER
MUST BE CONVERTED TO DC IF SUCH POWER IS
DESIRED. SINCE CONVERTING AC TO DC DOES REQUIRE
SOME POWER ITSELF, IT ONLY MAKES SENSE TO
CONVERT AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE AND USE MAINLY AC
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS.
THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING

Alternating Current

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Alternating Current

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ALTERNATING

In practice, voltage is generated by rotating a coil of wire

A SINGLE LOOP OF WIRE IS PLACED SO THAT IT

Amplitude is the maximum departure of

The peak-to-peak (p-p) value refers to the

For peak-to-peak (p-p) value, the formula is:

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