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Transactions on Computational Science
and Computational Intelligence

Hamid R. Arabnia · Leonidas Deligiannidis

Hayaru Shouno · Fernando G. Tinetti
Quoc-Nam Tran Editors

Advances in
Computer Vision
and Computational
Biology
Proceedings from IPCV’20, HIMS’20,
BIOCOMP’20, and BIOENG’20
Transactions on Computational Science
and Computational Intelligence

Series Editor
Hamid Arabnia
Department of Computer Science
The University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia
USA
Computational Science (CS) and Computational Intelligence (CI) both share the
same objective: finding solutions to difficult problems. However, the methods to
the solutions are different. The main objective of this book series, “Transactions on
Computational Science and Computational Intelligence”, is to facilitate increased
opportunities for cross-fertilization across CS and CI. This book series will publish
monographs, professional books, contributed volumes, and textbooks in Compu-
tational Science and Computational Intelligence. Book proposals are solicited for
consideration in all topics in CS and CI including, but not limited to, Pattern recog-
nition applications; Machine vision; Brain-machine interface; Embodied robotics;
Biometrics; Computational biology; Bioinformatics; Image and signal processing;
Information mining and forecasting; Sensor networks; Information processing;
Internet and multimedia; DNA computing; Machine learning applications; Multi-
agent systems applications; Telecommunications; Transportation systems; Intru-
sion detection and fault diagnosis; Game technologies; Material sciences; Space,
weather, climate systems, and global changes; Computational ocean and earth sci-
ences; Combustion system simulation; Computational chemistry and biochemistry;
Computational physics; Medical applications; Transportation systems and simula-
tions; Structural engineering; Computational electro-magnetic; Computer graphics
and multimedia; Face recognition; Semiconductor technology, electronic circuits,
and system design; Dynamic systems; Computational finance; Information mining
and applications; Astrophysics; Biometric modeling; Geology and geophysics;
Nuclear physics; Computational journalism; Geographical Information Systems
(GIS) and remote sensing; Military and defense related applications; Ubiquitous
computing; Virtual reality; Agent-based modeling; Computational psychometrics;
Affective computing; Computational economics; Computational statistics; and
Emerging applications. For further information, please contact Mary James, Senior
Editor, Springer, [email protected].

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11769

Hamid R. Arabnia • Leonidas Deligiannidis
Hayaru Shouno • Fernando G. Tinetti
Quoc-Nam Tran
Editors

Advances in Computer
Vision and Computational
Biology
Proceedings from IPCV’20, HIMS’20,
BIOCOMP’20, and BIOENG’20
Editors
Hamid R. Arabnia Leonidas Deligiannidis
Department of Computer Science School of Computing and Data Sciences
University of Georgia Wentworth Institute of Technology
Athens, GA, USA Boston, MA, USA

Hayaru Shouno Fernando G. Tinetti

Graduate School of Information Science & Facultad de Informática - CIC PBA
Engineering Universidad Nacional de La Plata
University of Electro-Communications La Plata, Argentina
Chofu, Japan

Quoc-Nam Tran
Department of Computer Science
Southeastern Louisiana University
Hammond, LA, USA

ISSN 2569-7072 ISSN 2569-7080 (electronic)

Transactions on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence
ISBN 978-3-030-71050-7 ISBN 978-3-030-71051-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71051-4

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

It gives us great pleasure to introduce this collection of papers that were presented
at the following international conferences: Image Processing, Computer Vision,
and Pattern Recognition (IPCV 2020); Health Informatics and Medical Systems
(HIMS 2020); Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (BIOCOMP 2020); and
Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (BIOENG 2020). These four conferences
were held simultaneously (same location and dates) at Luxor Hotel (MGM Resorts
International), Las Vegas, USA, July 27–30, 2020. This international event was held
using a hybrid approach, that is, “in-person” and “virtual/online” presentations and
discussions.
This book is composed of seven parts. Parts I through III (composed of 21
chapters) include articles that address various challenges in the areas of Image
Processing, Computer Vision, and Pattern Recognition (IPCV). Parts IV and V
(composed of 29 chapters) present topics in the areas of Health Informatics and
Medical Systems (HIMS). Part VI (composed of 14 chapters) includes articles in
the areas of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (BIOCOMP). Lastly, Part
VII (composed of 4 chapters) discusses research topics in the areas of Biomedical
Engineering and Sciences (BIOENG).
An important mission of the World Congress in Computer Science, Computer
Engineering, and Applied Computing, CSCE (a federated congress to which this
event is affiliated with) includes “Providing a unique platform for a diverse com-
munity of constituents composed of scholars, researchers, developers, educators,
and practitioners. The Congress makes concerted effort to reach out to participants
affiliated with diverse entities (such as: universities, institutions, corporations,
government agencies, and research centers/labs) from all over the world. The
congress also attempts to connect participants from institutions that have teaching
as their main mission with those who are affiliated with institutions that have
research as their main mission. The congress uses a quota system to achieve its
institution and geography diversity objectives.” By any definition of diversity, this

v
vi Preface

congress is among the most diverse scientific meetings in the USA. We are proud
to report that this federated congress had authors and participants from 54 different
nations representing variety of personal and scientific experiences that arise from
differences in culture and values.
The program committees (refer to subsequent pages for the list of the members of
committees) would like to thank all those who submitted papers for consideration.
About 47% of the submissions were from outside the USA. Each submitted paper
was peer-reviewed by two experts in the field for originality, significance, clarity,
impact, and soundness. In cases of contradictory recommendations, a member of the
conference program committee was charged to make the final decision; often, this
involved seeking help from additional referees. In addition, papers whose authors
included a member of the conference program committee were evaluated using
the double-blind review process. One exception to the above evaluation process
was for papers that were submitted directly to chairs/organizers of pre-approved
sessions/workshops; in these cases, the chairs/organizers were responsible for the
evaluation of such submissions. The overall paper acceptance rate for regular papers
was 17%; 12% of the remaining papers were accepted as short and/or poster papers.
We are grateful to the many colleagues who offered their services in preparing
this book. In particular, we would like to thank the members of the Program
Committees of individual research tracks as well as the members of the Steering
Committees of IPCV 2020, HIMS 2020, BIOCOMP 2020, and BIOENG 2020; their
names appear in the subsequent pages. We would also like to extend our appreciation
to over 500 referees.
As Sponsors-at-large, partners, and/or organizers, each of the following (sepa-
rated by semicolons) provided help for at least one research track: Computer Science
Research, Education, and Applications (CSREA); US Chapter of World Academy
of Science; American Council on Science and Education & Federated Research
Council; and Colorado Engineering Inc. In addition, a number of university faculty
members and their staff, several publishers of computer science and computer
engineering books and journals, chapters and/or task forces of computer science
associations/organizations from 3 regions, and developers of high-performance
machines and systems provided significant help in organizing the event as well as
providing some resources. We are grateful to them all.
We express our gratitude to all authors of the articles published in this book and
the speakers who delivered their research results at the congress. We would also
like to thank the following: UCMSS (Universal Conference Management Systems
& Support, California, USA) for managing all aspects of the conference; Dr. Tim
Field of APC for coordinating and managing the printing of the programs; the staff
of Luxor Hotel (MGM Convention) for the professional service they provided; and
Ashu M. G. Solo for his help in publicizing the congress. Last but not least, we
Preface vii

would like to thank Ms. Mary James (Springer Senior Editor in New York) and
Arun Pandian KJ (Springer Production Editor) for the excellent professional service
they provided for this book project.

Athens, USA Hamid R. Arabnia

Boston USA Leonidas Deligiannidis
Chofu Japan Hayaru Shouno
La Plata Argentina Fernando G. Tinetti
Hammond USA Quoc-Nam Tran
Savannah, Georgia, USA Ray Hashemi
Savannah, Georgia, USA Azita Bahrami
Image Processing, Computer Vision, and
Pattern Recognition

IPCV 2020 – Program Committee

• Prof. Emeritus Nizar Al-Holou (Congress Steering Committee); ECE Depart-

ment; Vice Chair, IEEE/SEM-Computer Chapter; University of Detroit Mercy,
Detroit, Michigan, USA
• Dr. Mahmood Al-khassaweneh; University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan,
USA
• Prof. Emeritus Hamid R. Arabnia (Congress Steering Committee); Department
of Computer Science, The University of Georgia, USA; Editor-in-Chief, Jour-
nal of Supercomputing (Springer); Fellow, Center of Excellence in Terrorism,
Resilience, Intelligence & Organized Crime Research (CENTRIC)
• Dr. Azita Bahrami (Vice-Chair); President, IT Consult, USA
• Prof. Dr. Juan-Vicente Capella-Hernandez; Universitat Politecnica de Valencia
(UPV), Department of Computer Engineering (DISCA), Valencia, Spain
• Prof. Juan Jose Martinez Castillo; Director, The Acantelys Alan Turing Nikola
Tesla Research Group and GIPEB, Universidad Nacional Abierta, Venezuela
• Prof. Emeritus Kevin Daimi (Congress Steering Committee); Department of
Mathematics, Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Detroit
Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
• Prof. Zhangisina Gulnur Davletzhanovna; Vice-rector of the Science, Central-
Asian University, Kazakhstan, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan; Vice President
of International Academy of Informatization, Kazskhstan, Almaty, Republic of
Kazakhstan
• Prof. Leonidas Deligiannidis (Congress Steering Committee); Department of
Computer Information Systems, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
• Dr. Trung Duong; Research Faculty at Center for Advanced Infrastructure and
Transportation (CAIT), Rutgers University, the State University of New Jersey,
New Jersey, USA

ix
x Image Processing, Computer Vision, and Pattern Recognition

• Prof. Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner (Congress Steering Committee); Pro-

fessor of Engineering Practice, University of Southern California, California,
USA; Adjunct Professor, Electrical Engineering, University of California Los
Angeles, Los Angeles (UCLA), California, USA
• Prof. Ray Hashemi (Vice-Chair); College of Engineering and Computing, Geor-
gia Southern University, Georgia, USA
• Prof. Byung-Gyu Kim (Congress Steering Committee); Multimedia Processing
Communications Lab.(MPCL), Department of Computer Science and Engineer-
ing, College of Engineering, SunMoon University, South Korea
• Prof. Tai-hoon Kim; School of Information and Computing Science, University
of Tasmania, Australia
• Prof. Dr. Guoming Lai; Computer Science and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen Univer-
sity, Guangzhou, P. R. China
• Prof. Hyo Jong Lee; Director, Center for Advanced Image and Information
Technology, Division of Computer Science and Engineering, Chonbuk National
University, South Korea
• Dr. Muhammad Naufal Bin Mansor; Faculty of Engineering Technology, Depart-
ment of Electrical, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia
• Dr. Andrew Marsh (Congress Steering Committee); CEO, HoIP Telecom Ltd
(Healthcare over Internet Protocol), UK; Secretary General of World Academy
of BioMedical Sciences and Technologies (WABT) a UNESCO NGO, The United
Nations
• Prof. Aree Ali Mohammed; Head, Computer Science Department, University of
Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq
• Prof. Dr., Eng. Robert Ehimen Okonigene (Congress Steering Committee);
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and
Technology, Ambrose Alli University, Nigeria
• Prof. James J. (Jong Hyuk) Park (Congress Steering Committee); Department
of Computer Science and Engineering (DCSE), SeoulTech, Korea; President,
FTRA, EiC, HCIS Springer, JoC, IJITCC; Head of DCSE, SeoulTech, Korea
• Prof. Dr. R. Ponalagusamy; Department of Mathematics, National Institute of
Technology, India
• Dr. Akash Singh (Congress Steering Committee); IBM Corporation, Sacramento,
California, USA; Chartered Scientist, Science Council, UK; Fellow, British Com-
puter Society; Member, Senior IEEE, AACR, AAAS, and AAAI; IBM Corporation,
USA
• Prof. Hayaru Shouno; Chair, Technical Committee of Neuro-Computing (NC),
Institute of Electronics, Information & Communication Engineers (IEICE),
Japan and University of Electro-Communications, Japan
• Ashu M. G. Solo (Publicity), Fellow of British Computer Society, Principal/R&D
Engineer, Maverick Technologies America Inc.
• Prof. Dr. Ir. Sim Kok Swee; Fellow, IEM; Senior Member, IEEE; Faculty of
Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia
Image Processing, Computer Vision, and Pattern Recognition xi

• Prof. Fernando G. Tinetti (Congress Steering Committee); School of CS, Univer-

sidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; also at Comision Investiga-
ciones Cientificas de la Prov. de Bs. As., Argentina
• Prof. Hahanov Vladimir (Congress Steering Committee); Vice Rector, and
Dean of the Computer Engineering Faculty, Kharkov National University of
Radio Electronics, Ukraine and Professor of Design Automation Department,
Computer Engineering Faculty, Kharkov; IEEE Computer Society Golden Core
Member; National University of Radio Electronics, Ukraine
• Dr. Haoxiang Harry Wang (CSCE); Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA;
Founder and Director, GoPerception Laboratory, New York, USA
• Prof. Shiuh-Jeng Wang (Congress Steering Committee); Director of Information
Cryptology and Construction Laboratory (ICCL) and Director of Chinese
Cryptology and Information Security Association (CCISA); Department of Infor-
mation Management, Central Police University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Guest Ed.,
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.
• Prof. Layne T. Watson (Congress Steering Committee); Fellow of IEEE; Fellow
of The National Institute of Aerospace; Professor of Computer Science, Mathe-
matics, and Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute &
State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
• Prof. Jane You (Congress Steering Committee); Associate Head, Department of
Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Health Informatics & Medical Systems

HIMS 2020 – Program Committee

• Prof. Abbas M. Al-Bakry (Congress Steering Committee); University President,

University of IT and Communications, Baghdad, Iraq
• Prof. Emeritus Nizar Al-Holou (Congress Steering Committee); Electrical &
Computer Engineering Department; Vice Chair, IEEE/SEM-Computer Chapter;
University of Detroit Mercy, Michigan, USA
• Prof. Emeritus Hamid R. Arabnia (Congress Steering Committee); Department
of Computer Science, The University of Georgia, USA; Editor-in-Chief, Jour-
nal of Supercomputing (Springer); Fellow, Center of Excellence in Terrorism,
Resilience, Intelligence & Organized Crime Research (CENTRIC)
• Prof. Dr. Juan-Vicente Capella-Hernandez; Universitat Politecnica de Valencia
(UPV), Department of Computer Engineering (DISCA), Valencia, Spain
• Prof. Juan Jose Martinez Castillo; Director, The Acantelys Alan Turing Nikola
Tesla Research Group and GIPEB, Universidad Nacional Abierta, Venezuela
• Prof. Emeritus Kevin Daimi (Congress Steering Committee); Department of
Mathematics, Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Detroit
Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
• Prof. Zhangisina Gulnur Davletzhanovna; Vice-rector of the Science, Central-
Asian University, Kazakhstan, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan; Vice President
of International Academy of Informatization, Kazskhstan, Almaty, Republic of
Kazakhstan
• Prof. Leonidas Deligiannidis (Congress Steering Committee); Department of
Computer Information Systems, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
• Prof. Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner (Congress Steering Committee); Pro-
fessor of Engineering Practice, University of Southern California, California,
USA; Adjunct Professor, Electrical Engineering, University of California Los
Angeles, Los Angeles (UCLA), California, USA

xiii
xiv Health Informatics & Medical Systems

• Hindenburgo Elvas Goncalves de Sa; Robertshaw Controls (Multi-National

Company), System Analyst, Brazil; Information Technology Coordinator and
Manager, Brazil
• Prof. Ray Hashemi (Vice-Chair); College of Engineering and Computing, Geor-
gia Southern University, Georgia, USA
• Prof. Byung-Gyu Kim (Congress Steering Committee); Multimedia Processing
Communications Lab.(MPCL), Department of Computer Science and Engineer-
ing, College of Engineering, SunMoon University, South Korea
• Prof. Tai-hoon Kim; School of Information and Computing Science, University
of Tasmania, Australia
• Prof. Louie Lolong Lacatan; Chairperson, Computer Engineerig Department,
College of Engineering, Adamson University, Manila, Philippines; Senior Mem-
ber, International Association of Computer Science and Information Technology
(IACSIT), Singapore; Member, International Association of Online Engineering
(IAOE), Austria
• Prof. Dr. Guoming Lai; Computer Science and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen Univer-
sity, Guangzhou, P. R. China
• Prof. Hyo Jong Lee; Director, Center for Advanced Image and Information
Technology, Division of Computer Science and Engineering, Chonbuk National
University, South Korea
• Dr. Muhammad Naufal Bin Mansor; Faculty of Engineering Technology, Depart-
ment of Electrical, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia
• Dr. Andrew Marsh (Congress Steering Committee); CEO, HoIP Telecom Ltd
(Healthcare over Internet Protocol), UK; Secretary General of World Academy
of BioMedical Sciences and Technologies (WABT) a UNESCO NGO, The United
Nations
• Michael B. O’Hara; CEO, KB Computing, LLC, USA; Certified Information Sys-
tem Security Professional (CISSP); Certified Cybersecurity Architect (CCSA);
Certified HIPAA Professional (CHP); Certified Security Compliance Specialist
(CSCS)
• Prof. Dr., Eng. Robert Ehimen Okonigene (Congress Steering Committee);
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and
Technology, Ambrose Alli University, Nigeria
• Prof. James J. (Jong Hyuk) Park (Congress Steering Committee); Department
of Computer Science and Engineering (DCSE), SeoulTech, Korea; President,
FTRA, EiC, HCIS Springer, JoC, IJITCC; Head of DCSE, SeoulTech, Korea
• Prof. Hayaru Shouno; Chair, Technical Committee of Neuro-Computing (NC),
Institute of Electronics, Information & Communication Engineers (IEICE),
Japan and University of Electro-Communications, Japan
• Ashu M. G. Solo (Publicity), Fellow of British Computer Society, Principal/R&D
Engineer, Maverick Technologies America Inc.
• Prof. Dr. Ir. Sim Kok Swee; Fellow, IEM; Senior Member, IEEE; Faculty of
Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia
Health Informatics & Medical Systems xv

• Prof. Fernando G. Tinetti (Congress Steering Committee); School of Computer

Science, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; also at
Comision Investigaciones Cientificas de la Prov. de Bs. As., Argentina
• Prof. Quoc-Nam Tran (Congress Steering Committee); Department of Computer
Science, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana, USA
• Prof. Hahanov Vladimir (Congress Steering Committee); Vice Rector, and
Dean of the Computer Engineering Faculty, Kharkov National University of
Radio Electronics, Ukraine and Professor of Design Automation Department,
Computer Engineering Faculty, Kharkov; IEEE Computer Society Golden Core
Member; National University of Radio Electronics, Ukraine
• Prof. Shiuh-Jeng Wang (Congress Steering Committee); Director of Information
Cryptology and Construction Laboratory (ICCL) and Director of Chinese
Cryptology and Information Security Association (CCISA); Department of Infor-
mation Management, Central Police University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Guest Ed.,
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.
• Dr. Yunlong Wang; Advanced Analytics at QuintilesIMS, Pennsylvania, USA
• Prof. Layne T. Watson (Congress Steering Committee); Fellow of IEEE; Fellow
of The National Institute of Aerospace; Professor of Computer Science, Mathe-
matics, and Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute &
State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
• Prof. Jane You (Congress Steering Committee); Associate Head, Department of
Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
• Dr. Farhana H. Zulkernine; Coordinator of the Cognitive Science Program,
School of Computing, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Bioinformatics and Computational
Biology

BIOCOMP 2020 – Program Committee

• Prof. Abbas M. Al-Bakry (Congress Steering Committee); University President,

University of IT and Communications, Baghdad, Iraq
• Prof. Emeritus Nizar Al-Holou (Congress Steering Committee); Electrical and
Computer Engineering Department; Vice Chair, IEEE/SEM-Computer Chapter;
University of Detroit Mercy, Michigan, USA
• Prof. Emeritus Hamid R. Arabnia (Congress Steering Committee); Department
of Computer Science, The University of Georgia, USA; Editor-in-Chief, Jour-
nal of Supercomputing (Springer); Fellow, Center of Excellence in Terrorism,
Resilience, Intelligence & Organized Crime Research (CENTRIC)
• Prof. Hikmet Budak; Professor and Winifred-Asbjornson Plant Science Chair
Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology Genomics Lab, Montana
State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA; Editor-in-Chief, Functional and
Integrative Genomics; Associate Editor of BMC Genomics; Academic Editor of
PLosONE
• Prof. Emeritus Kevin Daimi (Congress Steering Committee); Department of
Mathematics, Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Detroit
Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
• Prof. Leonidas Deligiannidis (Congress Steering Committee); Department of
Computer Information Systems, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
• Prof. Youping Deng (Congress Steering Committee); Professor & Director of
Bioinformatics Core, Department of Complementary & Integrative Medicine;
Co-Director, Genomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center,
University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
• Dr. Lamia Atma Djoudi (Chair, Doctoral Colloquium & Demos Sessions);
France
• Prof. Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner (Congress Steering Committee); Pro-
fessor of Engineering Practice, University of Southern California, California,

xvii
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shadows parted and light came back to his intelligence, 15
he darted his blazing eyes cityward with restless vehemence,
and looked back from his car to the wide-stretching
town. Lo! there was a cone of fire spreading from story
to story and flaring to heaven: the flame was devouring
the turret which he had built himself of planks welded 20
together, put wheels beneath it, and furnished it with
lofty bridges. “Fate is too strong for me, sister, too
strong: hold me back no longer: we needs must follow
where Heaven and cruel Fortune are calling us. Yes, I
will meet Æneas: I will endure the full bitterness of 25
death: no more, my love, shall you see me disgraced:
suffer me first to have my hour of madness.” He said,
and in a moment leapt to the ground, rushes on through
foes, through javelins, leaves his sister to her sorrow, and
dashes at full speed through the intervening ranks. Even 30
as from a mountain’s top down comes a rock headlong,
torn off by the wind, or washed down by vehement rain,
or loosened by the lapse of creeping years; down the steep
it crashes with giant impulse, that reckless stone, bounding
over the ground and rolling along with it trees, herds, 35
and men: so, dashing the ranks apart, rushes Turnus to
the city walls, where the earth is wet with plashy blood,
and the gale hurtles with spears: he beckons with his
hand, and cries with a mighty voice: “Have done, ye
Rutulians! ye Latians, hold back your darts! whatever
Fortune brings she brings to me: ’tis juster far that I in
your stead should singly expiate the treaty’s breach and
try the issue of the steel.” All at the word part from the 5
midst, and leave him a clear space.

But father Æneas, hearing Turnus’ name, quits his

hold on the walls and the battlements that crown them,
flings delay to the winds and breaks off the work of war,
steps high in triumph, and makes his arms peal dread 10
thunder: vast as Athos, vast as Eryx, vast as father
Apennine himself, when he roars with his quivering holms[286]
and lifts his snowy crest exultingly to the sky. All turn
their eyes with eager contention. Rutulians, Trojans, and
Italians, those alike who were manning the towers and 15
those whose battering-rams were assailing the foundations.
All unbrace their armour. Latinus himself stands amazed
to see two men so mighty, born in climes so distant each
from each, thus met together to try the steel’s issue. At
once, when a space is cleared on the plain, first hurling 20
their spears, they advance with swift onset, and dash into
the combat with shield and ringing harness. Earth groans
beneath them; their swords hail blow on blow: chance
and valour mingle pell-mell. As when on mighty Sila or
Taburnus’ summit two bulls, lowering their brows for 25
combat, engage fiercely: the herdsmen retreat in dread:
the cattle all stand dumb with terror, the heifers wait in
suspense who is to be the monarch of the woodland,
whom the herds are to follow henceforth: they each in
turn give furious blows, push and lodge their horns, and 30
bathe neck and shoulders with streams of blood: the
sound makes the forest bellow again: with no less fury
Æneas the Trojan, and the Daunian chief clash shield on
shield: the enormous din fills the firmament. Jupiter
himself holds aloft his scales poised and level, and lays 35
therein the destinies of the two, to see whom the struggle
dooms, and whose the weight that death bears down.
Forth darts Turnus, deeming it safe, rises with his whole
frame on the uplifted sword, and strikes, Trojans and
eager Latians shout aloud: both armies gaze expectant.
But the faithless sword snaps in twain and fails its fiery
lord midway in the stroke, unless flight should come to
his aid. Off he flies swifter than the wind, seeing an unknown 5
hilt in his defenceless hand. Men say that in his
headlong haste, when first he was mounting the car harnessed
for battle, he left behind his father’s falchion and
snatched up the steel of Metiscus, his charioteer: so long
as the Teucrians fled straggling before him, the weapon 10
did good service; soon as it came to the divine Vulcanian
armour, the mortal blade, like brittle ice, flew asunder at
the stroke: the fragments sparkle on the yellow sand.
So now in his distraction Turnus flies here and there
over the plain, weaving vague circles in this place and in 15
that: for the Trojans have closed in circle about him,
and here is a spreading marsh, there lofty ramparts to
bar the way.

Nor is Æneas wanting, though at times the arrow

wound slackens his knees and robs them of their power 20
to run: no, he follows on, and presses upon the flier foot
for foot: as when a hound has got a stag pent in by a
river, or hedged about by the terror of crimson plumage,
and chases him running and barking: the stag, frighted
by the snare and the steep bank, doubles a thousand times: 25
the keen Umbrian clings open-mouthed to his skirts, all
but seizes him, and as though in act to seize, snaps his
teeth, and is baffled to find nothing in their gripe. Then,
if ever, uprises a shout, echoing along bank and marsh,
and heaven rings again with the noise. Turnus, even as 30
he flies, calls fiercely on the Rutulians, addressing by
name, and clamors for his well-known sword. Æneas,
for his part, threatens death and instant destruction,
should any come near, and terrifies his trembling foes,
swearing that he will raze their city to the ground, and 35
presses on in spite of his wound. Five times they circle
round, five times they retrace the circle: for no trivial
prize is at stake, no guerdon of a game: the contest is
for Turnus’ life, for his very heart’s blood. It chanced
that there had stood there a wild olive with its bitter
leaves, sacred to Faunus, a tree in old days reverenced by
seamen, where when saved from ocean they used to fasten
their offerings to the Laurentian god and hang up their 5
votive garments: but the unrespecting Trojans had lately
lopped the hallowed trunk, that the lists might be clear
for combat. There was lodged Æneas’ spear: thither its
force had carried it, and was now holding it fast in the
unyielding root. The Dardan chief bent over it, fain to 10
wrench forth the steel that his weapon may catch whom
his foot cannot overtake. Then cried Turnus in the
moment of frenzied agony: “Have mercy, I conjure thee,
good Faunus, and thou, most gracious earth, hold fast
the steel if I have ever reverenced your sanctities, which 15
Æneas’ crew for their part have caused battle to desecrate.”
He said, nor were his vows unanswered by heavenly aid.
Hard as he struggled, long as he lingered over the stubborn
stock, by no force could Æneas make the wood unclose
its fangs. While he strains with keen insistence, the 20
Daunian goddess, resuming the guise of charioteer Metiscus,
runs forward and restores to her brother his sword.
Then Venus, resenting the freedom taken by the presumptuous
Nymph, came nigh, and plucks the weapon
from the depth of the root. And now towering high, 25
with restored weapons and recruited force, this in strong
reliance on his sword, that fiercely waving his spear tall
as he, the two stand front to front in the breath-draining
conflict of war.

Meanwhile the king of almighty Olympus accosts Juno, 30

as from a golden cloud she gazes on the battle: “Where
is this to end, fair spouse? what last stroke have you in
store? you know yourself, by your own confession, that
Æneas has his place assured in heaven among Italia’s
native gods, that destiny is making him a ladder to the 35
stars. What plan you now? what hope keeps you seated
on those chilly clouds? was it right that mortal wound
should harm a god, or that Turnus—for what power
could Juturna have apart from you?—should receive
back his lost sword and the vanquished should feel new
forces? At length have done, and let my prayers bow
your will. Let this mighty sorrow cease to devour you
in silence: let me hear sounds of sullen disquiet less often 5
from your lovely lips. The barrier has been reached.
To toss the Trojans over land and sea, to kindle an unhallowed
war, to plunge a home in mourning, to blend a
dirge with the bridal song, this it has been yours to do:
all further action I forbid.” So spake Jupiter: and so in 10
return Saturn’s daughter with downcast look: “Even
because I knew, great Jove, that such was your pleasure,
have I withdrawn against my will from Turnus and from
earth: else you would not see me now in the solitude of
my airy throne, exposed to all that comes, meet or unmeet: 15
armed with firebrands, I should stand in the very
line of battle, and force the Teucrians into the hands of
their foes. As for Juturna, I counselled her, I own, to
succour her wretched brother, and warranted an unusual
venture where life was at stake: but nought was said of 20
aiming the shaft or bending the bow: I swear by the inexpiable
fountain-head of Styx, the one sanction that
binds us powers above. And now I yield indeed, and
quit this odious struggle. Yet there is a boon I would
ask, a boon which destiny forefends not. I ask it for 25
the sake of Latium, for the dignity of your own people:
when at last peace shall be ratified with a happy bridal,
for happy let it be: when bonds of treaty shall be knit
at last, let it not be thy will that the native Latians
should change their ancient name, become Trojans or 30
take the Teucrian style: let not them alter their language
or their garb. Let there be Latium still: let there be
centuries of Alban kings: let there be a Roman stock,
strong with the strength of Italian manhood: but let
Troy be fallen as she is, name and nation alike.” The 35
Father of men and nature answered with a smile: “Aye,
you are Jove’s own sister, the other branch of Saturn’s
line; such billows of passion surge in your bosom! but
come,—let this ineffectual frenzy give way: I grant your
wish, and submit myself in willing obedience. The
Ausonians shall keep their native tongue, their native
customs: the name shall remain as it is: the Teucrians
shall merge in the nation they join—that and no more: 5
their rites and worship shall be my gift: all shall be Latians
and speak the Latian tongue. The race that shall arise
from this admixture of Ausonian blood shall transcend in
piety earth and heaven itself, nor shall any nation pay
you such honours as they.” Juno nodded assent, and 10
turned her sullenness to pleasure; meanwhile she departs
from the sky, and quits the cloud where she sat.

This done, the sire meditates a further resolve, and

prepares to part Juturna from her brother’s side. There
are two fiends known as the Furies, whom with Tartarean 25
Megæra dismal Night brought forth at one and the same
birth, wreathing them alike with coiling serpents, and
equipping them with wings that fan the air. They are
seen beside Jove’s throne, at the threshold of his angry
sovereignty, goading frail mortality with stings of terror, 20
oft as the monarch of the gods girds himself to send forth
disease and frightful death, or appals guilty towns with
war. One of these Jove sped with haste from heaven’s
summit, and bade her confront Juturna in token of his
will. Forth she flies, borne earthward on the blast of a 25
whirlwind. Swift as the arrow from the string cleaves
the cloud, sent forth by Parthian—Parthian or Cydonian—tipped
with fell poison’s gall, the dealer of a wound
incurable, and skims the flying vapours hurtling and unforeseen,
so went the Daughter of Night and made her 30
way to earth. Soon as she sees the forces of Troy and
the army of Turnus, she huddles herself suddenly into the
shape of a puny bird, which oft on tombstone or lonely
roof sitting by night screams restlessly through the gloom;
in this disguise the fiend again and again flies flapping in 35
Turnus’ face, and beats with her wings on his shield. A
strange chilly terror unknits his frame, his hair stands
shudderingly erect, and his utterance cleaves to his jaws.
But when Juturna knew from far the rustling of those
Fury pinions, she rends, hapless maid, her dishevelled
tresses, marring, in all a sister’s agony, her face with her
nails, her breast with her clenched hands: “What now,
my Turnus, can your sister avail? what more remains for 5
an obdurate wretch like me? by what expedient can I
lengthen your span? can I face a portent like this? At
last, at last I quit the field. Cease to appal my fluttering
soul, ye birds of ill omen: I know the flapping of your
wings and its deathful noise; nor fail I to read great 10
Jove’s tyrannic will. Is this his recompense for lost virginity?
why gave he me life to last for ever? why was
the law of death annulled? else might I end this moment
the tale of my sorrows, and travel to the shades hand in
hand with my poor brother. Can immortality, can aught 15
that I have to boast give me joy without him? Oh, that
earth would but yawn deep enough, and send me down,
goddess though I be, to the powers of the grave!” So
saying, she shrouded her head in her azure robe, with many
a groan, and vanished beneath the river of her deity. 20

Æneas presses on, front to front, shaking his massy,

tree-like spear, and thus speaks in the fierceness of his
spirit: “What is to be the next delay? why does Turnus
still hang back? ours is no contest of speed, but of stern
soldiership, hand to hand. Take all disguises you can; 25
muster all your powers of courage or of skill: mount on
wing, if you list, to the stars aloft, or hide in the cavernous
depth of earth.” Shaking his head, he replied: “I quail
not at your fiery words, insulting foe: it is Heaven that
makes me quail, and Jove my enemy.” No more he 30
spoke: but, sweeping his eyes round, espies a huge stone,
a stone ancient and huge, which chanced to be lying on
the plain, set as some field’s boundary, to forefend disputes
of ownership: scarce could twelve picked men lift
it on their shoulders, such puny frames as earth produces 35
now-a-days: he caught it up with hurried grasp and
flung it at his foe, rising as he threw, and running rapidly,
as hero might. And yet all the while he knows not that
he is running or moving, lifting up or stirring the enormous
stone: his knees totter under him, and his blood
chills and freezes: and so the mass from the warrior’s
hand, whirled through the empty void, passed not through
all the space between nor carried home the blow. Even 5
as in dreams, at night, when heavy slumber has weighed
down the eyes, we seem vainly wishing to make eager
progress forward and midway in the effort fail helplessly;
our tongue has no power, our wonted strength stands not
our frames in stead, nor do words or utterance come at 10
our call: so it is with Turnus: whatever means his valour
tries, the fell fiend bars them of their issue. And now
confused images whirl through his brain: he looks to his
Rutulians and to the city, and falters with dread, and
quails at the threatening spear: how to escape he knows 15
not, nor how to front the foe, nor sees he anywhere his
car or the sister who drives it.

Full in that shrinking face Æneas shakes his fatal

weapon, taking aim with his eye, and with an effort of
his whole frame hurls it forth. Never stone flung from 20
engine of siege roars so loud, never peal so rending follows
the thunderbolt. On flies the spear like dark whirlwind
with fell destruction on its wing, pierces the edge of the
corslet, and the outermost circle of the seven-fold shield,
and with a rush cleaves through the thigh. Down with 25
his knee doubled under him comes Turnus to earth, all
his length prostrated by the blow. Up start the Rutulians,
groaning as one man: the whole mountain round
rebellows, and the depths of the forest send back the
sound far and wide. He in lowly suppliance lifts up eye 30
and entreating hand: “It is my due,” he cries, “and I
ask not to be spared it: take what fortune gives you.
Yet, if you can feel for a parent’s misery—your father,
Anchises was once in like plight—have mercy on Daunus’
hoary hairs, and let me, or if you choose my breathless 35
body, be restored to my kin. You are conqueror: the
Ausonians have seen my conquered hands outstretched:
the royal bride is yours: let hatred be pressed no further.”
Æneas stood still, a fiery warrior, his eyes rolling, and
checked his hand: and those suppliant words were working
more and more on his faltering purpose, when, alas!
the ill-starred belt was seen high on the shoulder, and
light flashed from the well-known studs—the belt of 5
young Pallas, whom Turnus conquered and struck down
to earth, and bore on his breast the badge of triumphant
enmity. Soon as his eyes caught the spoil and drank in
the recollection of that cruel grief, kindled into madness
and terrible in his wrath: “What, with my friend’s 10
trophies upon you, would you escape my hand? It is
Pallas, Pallas, who with this blow makes you his victim,
and gluts his vengeance with your accursed blood.”
With these words, fierce as flame, he plunged the steel into
the breast that lay before him. That other’s frame grows 15
chill and motionless, and the soul,[287] resenting its lot, flies
groaningly to the shades.
 FOOTNOTES
[A] “Like footsteps upon wool.”—Tennyson, Œnone.
[B] Mr. Conington has missed a line, which may be rendered
thus: “who knowest the divine will of Apollo—his tripods and his
laurels.”—[E. S. S.]
[C] Another line omitted in the translation:—“huge as Greek
shield or sun-god’s torch.”—[E. S. S.]
[D] A caret in the Ms. notes the omission of Urbis opus: “A city
in itself.”—[E. S. S.]
[E] Three lines omitted in the Ms.: “Then on Mount Eryx,
towering to the stars, is reared a temple to Idalian Venus, and for
Anchises’ tomb a priest appointed, with dedication of broad-acred
grove.”—[E. S. S.]
[F] For the omitted lines Conington’s verses are inserted.—[E.
S. S.]
 NOTES
BOOK I
1:1. Arms and the man I sing. Compare the following opening
lines of great epics:—
“O goddess, sing the wrath of Peleus’ son,
Achilles; sing the deadly wrath that brought
Woes numberless upon the Greeks.”

—Iliad, Bryant’s Trans.

“Tell me, O muse, of that sagacious man

Who, having overthrown the sacred town
Of Ilium, wandered far and visited
The capitals of many nations, learned
The customs of their dwellers, and endured
Great sufferings on the deep.”

—Homer, Odyssey.

“Of love and ladies, knights and arms, I sing,

Of courtesies and many a daring feat.”

—Ariosto, Orlando Furioso.

“I sing the pious arms and chief, who freed

The Sepulchre of Christ from thrall profane;
Much did he toil in thought and much in deed,
Much in the glorious enterprise sustain.”

—Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered.

“Of man’s first disobedience, and the fruit

Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste
Brought death into the world, and all our woe,
...
Sing, heavenly muse.”
 —Milton, Paradise Lost.

“I, who erewhile the happy garden sung,

By one man’s disobedience lost, now sing
Recovered Paradise to all mankind,
By one man’s firm obedience.”

—Milton, Paradise Regained.

1:1. Troy. A city in northwest Asia Minor where the famous Trojan
war took place.
1:3. Latian. The broad plain near the mouth of the Tiber, in Italy.
1:5. Juno. Queen of the gods; wife and sister of Jupiter.
1:5. Much.
“Much there he suffered,
And many perilles past in forreine landes,
To save his people sad from victours vengefull handes,”

—Spenser, Faerie Queene.

1:8. Alba. Alba Longa, a long ridge some fifteen miles southeast
of Rome. The successors of Æneas reigned there until the founding
of Rome.
1:10. Muse. One of the nine Muses. Greek and Latin poets often
profess to be merely the mouthpiece of the Muses.
1:14. Hate.
“And in soft bosoms dwell such mighty rage?”

—Pope, Rape of the Lock.

“In heavenly spirits could such perverseness dwell?”

—Milton, Paradise Lost.

1:17. Tyre. Carthage was sprung from Tyre, an old and

prosperous city on the coast of Phœnicia. The founders of Carthage
and their descendants are termed indifferently by Virgil Phœnicians,
Sidonians, Pœni, or Tyrians.
1:19. War’s.
“An old and haughty nation proud in arms.”

—Milton, Comus.

1:21. Samos. A large island off the west coast of Asia Minor. Here
were the most ancient temple and worship of Juno, here she was
nurtured, and here she was married to Jupiter.
1:28. Libya. North Africa.
2:1. Fate’s.
“Those three fatall Sisters, whose sad hands
Doo weave the direful threads of destinie
And in their wrath brake off the vitall bands.”

—Spenser, Daphnaïda.

“Comes the blind Fury with the abhorred shears

And slits the thin-spun life.”

—Milton, Lycidas.

“Sad Clotho held the rocke [distaff], the whiles the thrid
By griesly Lachesis was spun with paine,
That cruell Atropos eftsoones undid,
With cursed knife cutting the twist in twaine.”

—Spenser, Faerie Queene.

2:1. Saturn. An ancient Italian god of agriculture, identified later

with the Greek god Cronos.
2:3. Argos. A city of Argolis in the Peloponnesus. One of Juno’s
favorite cities. Juno’s love for Argos played the same part in the
Trojan war as her regard for Carthage plays in the Æneid. It is used
here poetically for the name of the people, i.e. = Greeks.
 2:6. Paris. A son of Priam, king of Troy, who eloped with Helen
and caused the Trojan war. The judgment was the award of the
golden apple, prize of beauty, to Venus as against Juno and Minerva.
“Here eke that famous golden apple grew,
The which emongest the gods, false Ate threw;
For which th’ Idæan Ladies disagreed,
Till partiall Paris dempt it Venus dew,
And had of her fayre Helen for his meed.”

—Spenser, Faerie Queene.

In Tennyson’s Œnone, Juno offers—

“from all neighbor crowns
Alliance and allegiance till thy hand
Fail from the sceptre-staff.”

And Minerva—
“Self-reverence, self-knowledge, self-control.”

But Venus—
“I promise thee
The fairest and most loving wife in Greece.”

2:9. Ganymede. A Trojan prince; was carried off to Olympus by

Jupiter’s eagle. He was made cup-bearer to the gods in place of
Hebe, daughter of Juno.
“And godlike Ganymede, most beautiful
Of men; the gods beheld and caught him up
To heaven, so beautiful was he, to pour
The wine to Jove, and ever dwell with them.”

—Homer, Iliad.

“flushed Ganymede, his rosy thigh

Half-buried in the Eagle’s down,
Sole as a flying star shot thro’ the sky
Above the pillar’d town.”
 —Tennyson, Palace of Art.
2:10. Danaan. Greek. Danaus, an ancient city of Argos.
Conington transliterates various proper names, such as Argives,
Achæans, Pelasgians, all meaning Greeks. Vergil uses the originals
now to secure variety, now to meet the metrical requirement.
2:11. Achilles. Son of Peleus, king of Thessaly, and Thetis, a sea
nymph, chief champion of the Greeks before Troy.
2:22. Teucrians. Teucer, an ancient king of Troy; he came to Troy
from Crete. He was father-in-law of Dardanus, and is often called
founder of the Trojans.
2:23. Pallas. Epithet of the Greek goddess Athena. Sometimes
identified with the Latin goddess of wisdom, Minerva.
2:26. Ajax. Oïleus’ son. Had, on the night Troy was taken,
assaulted Priam’s daughter Cassandra, who had taken refuge in
Minerva’s temple.
2:27. Jove. Jupiter, chief of the Olympian gods. Son of Cronos or
Saturnus. He is father omnipotent, father of gods, and king of men.
The lightning and the thunderbolt, fashioned for him by Vulcan, are
his weapons. The eagle is his messenger. Apparently Jupiter, the
Sky-father, is the personification of the sky. Cicero quotes Ennius as
follows: “This shining vault on high which all men call upon in prayer
as Jupiter.”
2:30. Rock’s.
“caught in a fierce tempest shall be hurled
Each on his rock transfixed, the sport and prey
Of rocking whirlwinds.”

—Milton, Paradise Lost.

2:38. Æolia. Home of the winds,—Lipara. One of the Æolian

islands north of Sicily.
2:38. Cavern.
“In a cavern under is fettered the thunder,
It struggles and howls by fits.”

—Shelley, The Cloud.

2:38. Æolus. King of the winds.

3:2. Bond.
“And wild winds bound within their cell.”

—Tennyson, Mariana.

3:19. Tyrrhene sea. Also Tuscan sea; the part of the

Mediterranean which extended from Liguria to Sicily.
3:19. Ilion. Troy.
3:30. Bidding.
“Father eternal, thine is to decree;
Mine, both in heaven and earth, to do thy will.”

—Milton, Paradise Lost.

3:36. Rush forth.

“Nor slept the winds
Within their stormy caves, but rushed abroad
From the four hinges of the world, and fell
On the vexed wilderness.”

—Milton, Paradise Lost.

“With howling sound, high carnival to keep,

And in wild uproar all embroil both land and deep.”

—Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered.

“Then forth it breakes, and with his furious blast

Confounds both land and seas, and skyes doth overcast.”

—Spenser, Faerie Queene.

3:38. Fall.
“The winds, as at their hour of birth,
Leaning upon the ridged sea.”

—Tennyson.

4:5. Daylight.
“And tosse the deepes, and teare the firmament,
And all the world confound with wide uprore.”

—Spenser, Faerie Queene.

“The clouds their gloomy veil above them strain,

Nor suffer sun or star to cheer the view.
...
While aye descending night, with deeper shade,
The vext and fearful billows overlayed.”

—Ariosto, Orlando Furioso.

4:9. Æneas. Son of Venus and Anchises, hero of the Æneid.

4:9. Chilled.
“His bold Æneas on like billows tossed
In a tall ship, and all his country lost
Dissolves with fear; and, both his hands upheld,
Proclaims them happy when the Greeks had quelled
In honorable fight.”

—Waller, Of the Dangers his Majesty Escaped.

4:12. Thrice.
“Thrice happy, four times happy, they who fell
On Troy’s wide field warring for Atreus’ sons:
O, had I met my fate and perished there.”

—Homer, Odyssey.

4:14. Tydeus’ son. Diomedes, with whom Æneas had fought in

single combat and been saved by direct intervention of Venus.
 4:16. Hector. Son of Priam, king of Troy, and Hecuba. Hector was
the bravest champion of Troy, and was slain by Achilles.
4:17. Æacides. A descendant of Æacus (king of Ægina and father
of Peleus). Virgil applies the name to (1) Achilles, (2) Pyrrhus, son of
Achilles, (3) Perseus, king of Macedonia.
4:18. Sarpedon. Son of Jupiter, and king of the Lycians; an ally of
Troy slain by Patroclus, friend of Achilles.
4:18. Simois. The famous river that flows by Troy.
“And Simoïs, in whose bed lay many shields
And helms and bodies of slain demigods.”

—Homer, Iliad.

4:23. Stars. Hyperbole; cf.—

“The chidden billow seems to pelt the clouds;
The wind-shaked surge, with high and monstrous mane,
Seems to cast water on the burning Bear
And quench the guards of the ever-fixed pole.”

—Shakespeare, Othello.

4:26. Crest.
“Now quivering o’er the topmost waves she rides
While deep beneath the enormous gulf divides:
Now launching headlong down the horrid vale,
Becalmed she hears no more the howling gale.”

—Falconer, Shipwreck.

4:33. Syrtes. Two shallow bays on the north coast of Africa

distinguished as Major and Minor,—dangerous to navigation.
5:8. Side-jointings.
“The chinks suck destruction. The heavy dead hulk
On the living sea rolls an inanimate bulk.”

—Shelley, Vision of the Sea.

“The sides convulsive shook on groaning beams,
And, rent with labour, yawn’d their pitchy seams.”

—Falconer, Shipwreck.

5:11. Neptune. God of the sea,—brother of Juno.

5:22. Confound.
“I heard the wrack,
As earth and sky would mingle.”

—Milton, Paradise Lost.

“While oft in whirls the mad tornado flies,

Mingling the ravaged landscape with the skies.”

—Goldsmith, Deserted Village.

5:29. Eurus. The east wind. It is the poet’s way to single out one
wind and use it as general word for winds. One example of the use
of the specific for the generic.
5:33. Routs.
“Thou frownest, and old Æolus thy foe
Skulks to his cavern, ’mid the gruff complaint
Of all his rebel tempests. Dark clouds faint
When, from thy diadem, a silver gleam
Slants over blue dominion.”

—Keats, Endymion.

5:34. Cymothoë and Triton. Lesser sea deities.

“From thy dead lips a clearer note is born
Than ever Triton blew from wreathèd horn.”

—Holmes, Chambered Nautilus.

5:37. Trident.
“It seem’d as there the British Neptune stood,
With all his hosts of waters at command,
Beneath them to submit th’ officious flood;
And with his trident shov’d them off the sand.”

—Dryden, Annus Mirabilis.

6:4. Weapon.
“Rage prompted them at length, and found them arms
Against such hellish mischief fit to oppose.”

—Milton, Paradise Lost.

6:15. Haven.
“It was a still
And calmy bay, on the one side sheltered
With the brode shadow of an hoarie hill;
On th’ other side an high rock towred still,
That twixt them both a pleasaunt port they made,
And did like an halfe theatre fulfill.”

—Spenser, Faerie Queene.

“And overhead upgrew

Insuperable height of loftiest shade,
Cedar, and pine, and fir, and branching palm,
A sylvan scene, and as the ranks ascend
Shade above shade, a woody theatre
Of stateliest view.”

—Milton, Paradise Lost.

“Its uplands sloping deck the mountain’s side,

Woods over woods in gay theatric pride.”

—Goldsmith, Traveller.

“In one they find a lone sequestered place,

Where, to a crescent curved, the shore extends
Two moony horns, that in their sweep embrace
A spacious bay,—a rock the port defends;
Inward it fronts, and broad to ocean bends
Its back, whereon each dashing billow dies,
When the wind rises and the storm descends;
While here and there two lofty crags arise,
Whose towers, far out at sea, salute the sailor’s eyes.
Safe sleep the silent seas beneath; above,
Black arching woods o’ershade the circled scene:
Within, a grotto opens, in the grove,
Pleasant with flowers, with moss, with ivies green,
And waters warbling in the depths unseen;
Needed nor twisted rope nor anchor there
For weary ships.”

—Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered.

6:25. Cable.
“And there is a safe haven where no need
Of cable is; no anchor there is cast,
Nor hawsers fastened to the strand.”

—Homer, Odyssey.

7:3. Biremes. Ships having two tiers of oars.

7:23. Scylla. A sea-monster, residing in a cave in certain rocks,
also called Scylla, between Italy and Sicily. The upper part of this
monster resembled a lovely woman. About the waist was a circle of
dogs or wolves; below was the tail of a dolphin. The wolves reach
out and seize passing ships and drag them on the rocks. Virgil’s
Scylla is adopted by Milton as a description of one of the monsters
guarding the gates of Hell.
7:25. Cyclops. Certain giants of cannibal nature who dwelt in
Sicily near Ætna. They had a single large round eye in the middle of
the forehead.
7:27. Remembered.
“A time will come, not distantly descried,
When to remember ev’ry past dismay
Will be no less a pleasure than a pride;
Hold then courageous on, and keep, I pray,
Your noble hearts in cheer for that victorious day.”

—Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered.

 7:33. Heart-sick.
“So spoke the apostate angel, though in pain,
Vaunting aloud, but racked with deep despair.”

—Milton, Paradise Lost.

8:15. Ether.
“Now had the Almighty Father from above,
From the pure empyrean where he sits
High throned above all highth, bent down his eye,
His own works and their works at once to view.”

—Milton, Paradise Lost.

8:26. Barred.
“In vain—for rude adversity’s command
Still, on the margin, of each famous land,
With unrelenting ire his steps opposed,
And every gate of hope against him closed.”

—Falconer, Shipwreck.

8:37. Antenor. Nephew of Priam. After the capture of Troy, he

sailed up the Adriatic Sea, established a new people called the
Veneti, and founded Patavium (Padua).
9:8. Arms.
“And in thy tempul I wol my banur hong,
And all the armes of my companye.”

—Chaucer, Knight’s Tale.

“In my heart’s temple I suspend to thee

These votive wreaths of withered memory.”

—Shelley, Epipsychidion.

9:13. Piety.
“False Jupiter, rewardst thou virtue so?
What, is not piety exempt from woe?”

—Marlowe and Nash, Dido.

9:18. Cythera. An island south of Laconia, near which, the
tradition is, Venus rose from the foam of the sea.
9:20. Lavinium. A city of Latium, represented as founded by
Æneas and named by him for his wife Lavinia, daughter of King
Latinus. It was Latinus’ promise of Lavinia to Æneas that caused the
wars of the last six books of the Æneid.
9:29. Rutulians. A Volscian people whose chief city was Antium.
They with their King Turnus were the chief antagonists of Æneas
when he was trying to settle in Italy.
9:30. Ascanius. Son of Æneas.
9:36. Hector’s.
“There in stout Hector’s race three hundred years
The Roman sceptre royal shall remain.”

—Marlowe and Nash, Dido.

10:11. Assaracus. A Trojan king of Phrygia; he was grandfather

of Anchises, hence the expression “house of Assaracus” means the
descendants of Æneas. And as the Julian clan was thought to be
derived from Iulus, Æneas’ son, this included Julius Cæsar and his
adopted son Augustus.
10:11. Phthia. A city and district in Thessaly, Greece, over which,
it is said, Achilles ruled.
10:12. Mycenæ. A famous city ruled by Agamemnon, in the
Morea (southern Greece).
10:12. Argos. A city of Argolis, in the Peloponnesus. One of
Juno’s favorite cities. So fate wills that the descendants of the
Trojans shall take vengeance for the destruction of Troy on the
descendants of the great Greek leaders.
10:15. Stars.
 “He shall ascend
The throne hereditary, and bound his reign
With Earth’s wide bounds, his glory with the heavens.”

—Milton, Paradise Lost.

10:19. War.
“All loved virtue, no man was affray’d
Of force, ne fraud in wight was to be found:
No warre was known, no dreadfull trompets sound;
Peace universall rayn’d mongst men and beasts.”

—Spenser, Faerie Queene.

“No war, or battle’s sound

Was heard the world around;
The idle spear and shield were high up hung;
The hookèd chariot stood,
Unstained with hostile blood;
The trumpet spake not to the armèd throng,
And kings sat still with awful eye,
As if they surely knew their sovran Lord was by.”

—Milton, Hymn on Nativity.

10:20. Vesta. Goddess of the hearth.

10:20. Quirinus. Name given to Romulus after he was translated
from earth to heaven. Romulus, the legendary founder of Rome.
Cicero tells us that after his translation, Romulus appeared on the
Quirinal Hill and stated that his name as god was Quirinus, and gave
instructions that a temple should be erected to him on that hill—
hence the name of the hill and the palace, once home of the popes,
now of the monarchs of Italy.
10:26. Son of Maia. Mercury, swift-winged messenger of the
gods.
“The Sonne of Maia, soone as he receiv’d
That word, streight with his azure wings he cleav’d
The liquid clowdes, and lucid firmament;
Ne staid, till that he came with steep descent
Unto the place where his prescript did showe.”

—Spenser, Mother Hubbard’s Tale.

10:28. Dido. Daughter of Belus, king of Tyre; widow of Sychæus.
According to story, she led the Phœnician colony to Carthage.
10:33. Punic. Carthaginian. So the three Punic wars of Rome
against Carthage.
11:17. Ho.
“Ho, young men! saw you, as you came,
Any of all my sisters wandering here,
Having a quiver girded to her side,
And clothed in a spotted leopard’s skin?”

—Marlowe and Nash, Dido.

11:26. Goddess.
“Most sure, the goddess
On whom these airs attend! Vouchsafe my prayer
May know if you remain upon this island.”

—Shakespeare, Tempest.

11:27. Phœbus’ sister. Diana, sister of Phœbus Apollo.

12:1. Agenor. Twin brother of Belus and founder of Sidon, from
whom Dido was descended.
12:18. Hope.
“Poor girl! put on thy stifling widow’s weed,
And ’scape at once from Hope’s accursed bands,
To-day thou wilt not see him, nor to-morrow,
And the next day will be a day of sorrow.”

—Keats, Isabella.

12:33. Woman. “Dux femina facti,”—motto on the medal in 1588,

in honor of Elizabeth’s victories over the Spanish Armada. Cf.
Kingsley’s Westward Ho!
 12:36. Byrsa. A word which in the Carthaginian language meant
citadel, but sounded like a Greek word meaning bull’s hide. From this
confusion, apparently, arose the story that Dido cut a bull’s hide into
very thin strings and so encompassed much ground for her new city.
13:24. Breath of life.
“So drew mankind in vain the vital air,
Unformed, unfriended by those kindly cares,
That health and vigor to the soul impart.”

—Gray, Education and Government.

13:31. Jove.
“The bird of Jove, stooped from his airy tour.
Two birds of gayest plume before him drove.”

—Milton, Paradise Lost.

13:36. Wings.
“Around, around in ceaseless circles wheeling
With clang of wings and scream, the eagle sailed.”

—Shelley, The Revolt of Islam.

“Whilst with their clang the air resounds.”

—Wordsworth, Excursion.

14:6. Walk.
“In gliding state she wins her easy way.”

—Gray, Progress of Poesy.

14:18. Paphos. A city in Cyprus.

14:20. Sabæan incense. Arabian frankincense.
“Sabean odoures, from the spicy shore
Of Arabie the blest.”
 —Milton, Paradise Lost.
14:37. Bees.
“All hands employ’d the royal work grows warm:
Like labouring bees on a long summer’s day.
Some sound the trumpet for the rest to swarm,
And some on bells of tasted lilies play;
With glewy wax some new foundation lay
Of virgin combs, which from the roof are hung;
Some arm’d within doors upon duty stay,
Or tend the sick, or educate the young.”

—Dryden, Annus Mirabilis.

15:18. Sidon. Tyre and Sidon were the chief cities of Phœnicia.
Adjectives formed from them are used interchangeably with
Phœnician and Carthaginian for the sake of variety or to meet
metrical requirements.
15:37. Tears.
“Yet tears to human suffering are due;
And mortal hopes defeated and o’erthrown
Are mourned by man.”

—Wordsworth, Laodamia.

“The Virgilian cry,

The sense of tears in mortal things.”

—Matthew Arnold, Geist’s Grave.

“Thou majestic in thy sadness at the doubtful doom of human kind.”

—Tennyson.

16:4. Pergamus. Troy.

16:12. Xanthus. A river near Troy.
16:13. Troilus. Shakespeare’s Troilus draws plot from Chaucer.
16:19. Pallas. Minerva, goddess of wisdom, friend of the Greeks.
 16:32. Memnon. Leader of the Æthiopian allies of Troy. Was son
of Tithonus and Aurora.
16:33. Penthesilea. Queen of the Amazons who fought for Troy.
Achilles slew both Memnon and Penthesilea.
17:6. Diana.
“Such as Diana by the sandy shore
Of swift Eurotas, or on Cynthus greene,
Where all the nymphs have her unwares forlore [left],
Wandreth alone with bow and arrowes keene,
To seeke her game.”

—Spenser, Faerie Queene.

17:9. Latona. Mother of Apollo and Diana. The type of perfect

mother love.
18:10. Orion. A hunter famous in ancient myth, armed with belt
and sword, translated to the heavens as a constellation, thought to
bring storms.
19:36. Shone.
“When sea-born Venus guided o’er
Her warrior to the Punic shore,
Around that radiant head she threw
In deep’ning clouds ambrosial dew:
But when the Tyrian queen drew near,
The light pour’d round him fresh and clear.”

—Landor.

“Not great Æneas stood in plainer day,

When, the dark mantling mist dissolved away,
He to the Tyrians showed his sudden face,
Shining with all his goddess mother’s grace:
For she herself had made his countenance bright,
Breathed honor on his eyes, and her own purple light.”

—Dryden, Britannia Rediviva.

20:4. Enchased.
“Like to a golden border did appeare,
Framed in goldsmithes forge with cunning hand.”

—Spenser, Faerie Queene.

21:9. Learning.
“Who by the art of known and feeling sorrows,
Are pregnant to good pity.”

—Shakespeare, King Lear.

“What sorrow wast thou had’st her know,

And from her own she learned to melt at others’ woe.”

—Gray, Hymn to Adversity.

21:30. Acanthus. A plant now called bear’s-foot, or bear’s-

breech; grows in southern Europe, Asia Minor, and India. Its leaf was
a common form in embroidery and sculpture, and is well known from
its use in the Corinthian capital.
21:31. Helen. Most beautiful of women, daughter of Jupiter and
Leda, was wife of Menelaus of Sparta. She was carried off by Paris
as Venus’ reward to him for his decision in her favor in the question
of the Golden Apple. This breach of hospitality by Paris was the
cause of the Trojan war.
22:1. Cupid. Son of Venus; god of love.
22:10. Typhœan. Thunderbolts of Jove, called Typhœan because
they slew the giant Typhœus at the time of the great fight for the
throne of heaven between Jupiter and the Olympian gods and “the
earth-born Titan brood.”
“Phœbus resigns his darts, and Jove
His thunder to the god of love.”

—Denham, Friendship.

22:38. Poison.
“Through her bones the false instilled fire
Did spred it selfe and venime close inspire.”

—Spenser, Faerie Queene.

23:4. Slumber.
“She sent the gentle sleep from Heaven
That slid into my soul.”

—Coleridge, Ancient Mariner.

23:29. Gazing.
“And her eyes on all my motions with a mute observance hung.”

—Tennyson, Locksley Hall.

23:35. Lap.
“But both Dione honored they and Cupid,
That as her mother, this one as her son,
And said that he had sat in Dido’s lap.”

—Dante, Paradiso.

24:6. Lamps.
“As heaven with stars, the roof with jewels glows,
And ever-living lamps depend in rows.”

—Pope, Temple of Fame.

24:15. Bacchus. Son of Jupiter and Semele, god of wine, and, by

metonymy, used to mean wine. (Name of god for his realm, as
Vulcan for fire, etc.).
“Nor the coy maid, half willing to be prest,
Shall kiss the cup to pass it to the rest.”

—Goldsmith, Deserted Village.

24:25. Atlas. A king of Mauretania; father of the Pleiades; he

supported the heavens on his shoulders. He was skilled in
astronomy. Personification of Mount Atlas.