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Germanic Languages and Linguistic Universals
The Development of the Anglo-Saxon Language
and Linguistic Universals (DASLU)

Volume 1
Germanic Languages and Linguistic Universals
Edited by John Ole Askedal, Ian Roberts, Tomonori Matsushita
and Hiroshi Hasegawa
Germanic Languages
and Linguistic Universals

Edited by

John Ole Askedal

University of Oslo

Ian Roberts
University of Cambridge

Tomonori Matsushita
Senshu University

Hiroshi Hasegawa
Senshu University

John Benjamins Publishing Company

Amsterdam / Philadelphia
 TM
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
8

American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of

Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Germanic languages and linguistic universals / edited by John Ole Askedal, Ian Roberts,
Tomonori Matsushita, and Hiroshi Hasegawa.
       p. cm. (The Development of the Anglo-Saxon Language and Linguistic Universals,
issn 1877-3451 ; v. 1)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Germanic languages--Grammar. 2. Universals (Linguistics) 3. English language--
Grammar. 4. English language--Old English, ca. 450-1100. I. Askedal, John Ole,
1942-
PD99.G47   2009
430'.045--dc22 2008054507
isbn 978 90 272 1068 5 (Hb; alk. paper)

© 2009 – Senshu University

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any
other means, without written permission from the publisher.
John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands
John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa
Table of Contents

PREFACE
John Ole ASKEDAL, Ian ROBERTS, Tomonori MATSUSHITA and Hiroshi HASEGAWA ...... 1

1. Old English and Germanic Languages

Some General Evolutionary and Typological Characteristics of the Germanic Languages
John Ole ASKEDAL ...................................................................................................... 7
Characteristics of Germanic Languages
Tadao SHIMOMIYA..................................................................................................... 57
Old English Pronouns for Possession
Yasuaki FUJIWARA..................................................................................................... 69

2. Generative Grammar
Reflexive Binding as Agreement and its Locality Conditions within the Phase System
Hiroshi HASEGAWA ................................................................................................... 85
Movement in the Passive Nominal: A Morphological Analysis
Junji HAMAMATSU .................................................................................................. 107
On Tritransitive Verbs
Ryohei MITA.............................................................................................................. 121

3. Pragmatics and Corpus Linguistics

On the Cognitive Dependence Phenomena Observed in English Expressions
Shuichi TAKEDA ....................................................................................................... 145
On Pronoun Referents in English
Hiromi AZUMA ......................................................................................................... 163
Relative and Interrogative who/whom in Contemporary Professional American English
Yoko IYEIRI and Michiko YAGUCHI ........................................................................ 177
New Functions of FrameSQL for Multilingual FrameNets
Hiroaki SATO ............................................................................................................ 193

Index of Names................................................................................................................... 205

Index of Subjects ................................................................................................................ 208
Editors & Contributors........................................................................................................ 213
PREFACE

John Ole ASKEDAL, Ian ROBERTS,

Tomonori MATSUSHITA and Hiroshi HASEGAWA

The Senshu Open Research Project ‘The Development of the

Anglo-Saxon Language and Linguistic Universals’ was selected as one of the
promising unique projects in Japan by the Ministry of Education, Sports,
Culture, Science and Technology in 2005 and has been supported by Senshu
University in conjunction with the Ministry.
The main focuses of the Project lie in “How are the Germanic languages
related?”, “How is the process of language acquisition?”, “What does corpus
linguistics offer to language analysis?”, and “How can language change be
captured in linguistic theories?”
The Senshu Open Research Project has organised International
Conferences since the academic year 2005 with symposia devoted to
‘Linguistic Universals’, ‘The Universality of Language’, and ‘Introduction to
Sociolinguistics’. The following scholars have been invited: J. C. Wells
(Phonetics, University College London, emer.); Ad Neeleman (Generative
Grammar, University College London); Michael Ashby (Phonetics,
University College London); Marcel den Dikken (Generative Grammar,
CUNY); Lydia White (L2 English Acquisiton, University of McGill); Peter
Svenonius (Generative Grammar, University of Tromsø); Thomas Breuel
(Letter Recognition, University of Kaiserslautern) and Manfred Markus
(English Dialectology, University Innsbruck) in addition to the scholars who
joined as honorary editorial members of the Project: John Ole Askedal
(Germanic Languages, University of Oslo) and Ian Roberts (Diachronic
Syntax, Downing College, Cambridge University).

The Anglo-Saxon language, well known as Old English, is one of the

languages constituting the Germanic language family and still characterized
by a number of the basic properties of Proto-Germanic. The main old and
modern members of the Germanic language family are (i) Icelandic, Faroese,
Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish, which form the group of North Germanic
languages, (ii) Gothic, an East Germanic language now extinct, and finally
(iii) the West Germanic languages English, German, Dutch, and Frisian.
2 John Ole ASKEDAL, Ian ROBERTS, Tomonori MATSUSHITA and Hiroshi HASEGAWA

These languages have developed through diverse linguistic changes and,

in consequence, exhibit characteristic differences with regard to phonology,
morphology, and syntax. However, they still show a number of salient
structural similarities, suggesting a unity underlying the diversity that may be
captured within the ‘principles and parameters’ framework of Generative
Grammar proposed by Noam Chomsky and further developed by Ian Roberts
and Mark Baker.

The project is also concerned with phonetics, corpus linguistics, and

pragmatics. The present volume contains ten articles dealing with Germanic
languages, Old English, Theoretical linguistics, Semantics, and Corpus
linguistics.

In his contribution to this volume, Askedal describes general evolutionary

and typological characteristics of the Germanic languages and discusses
various topics such as verb position and case marking, linear directionality in
verb chains, the position of the finite verb with a view to their geographical
distribution within the Germanic area.
Shimomiya also discusses characteristics of Germanic languages from a
phonological, morphological, syntactic and lexical point of view, arguing
that English is the most “entgermanisierte” (the least Germanic) language
and that Icelandic, free from foreign influence, has remained closest to
Germanic structural origins.
Fujiwara is in his paper “Old English pronouns for possession”
concerned with the behaviour of possessives and genitives in Beowulf and
Genesis A. He concludes that in these two outstanding Old English poems,
the possessive and the genitive have a common distribution in metric
patterns and make the same contribution to alliteration.
Hasegawa offers an analysis of reflexive binding in terms of agreement
within the framework of the minimalist program, which has empirical and
conceptual advantages over movement analysis. He argues for phase-based
treatment of locality conditions on reflexive binding.
Hamamatsu argues that the objecthood perceived in the passive nominal
is real and hence syntactic movement is involved in its derivation. He
examines how nouns are derived through morphology and proposes an
analysis whereby a suffix licenses a complement in the passive nominal.
Mita discusses analyses of English tritransitive verbs after examining
analyses of double object constructions and proposes that the structure of
tritransitive sentenses is right-branching and is derived from left to right in
an incremental fashion, supporting the Incrementality Hypothesis advanced
by Philips (2003).
 PREFACE 3

Takeda argues in his paper “On the Cognitive Dependence Phenomena

Observed in English Expressions” that the dependence relations among
sentence constituents are not limited to syntactic relationships but extend to a
kind of semantic relationships which he refers to as ‘cognitive dependence
phenomena’. He discusses three types of such cognitive dependence
phenomena: the cognitive relation between visual perception and awareness,
the use of idiomatic expressions, and the force of the attractor–attractee
relation.
Azuma in her paper “On Pronoun Referents in English” is concerned
with criteria for assessing the accessibility of the referents for personal and
demonstrative pronouns. She discusses this problem in terms of formal
criteria such as the form of the pronoun and the form of the antecedent, on
the one hand, and discourse criteria such as unity, distance, competition, and
saliency, on the other.
In their article “Relative and Interrogative Who/Whom in Contemporary
Professional English”, Iyeiri and Yaguchi argue that whom is best preserved
immediately after prepositions, while who is almost regular in the case of
preposition stranding. They note that in all these circumstances the decline of
interrogative whom is more advanced than the decline of relative whom.
Sato claims that FrameSQL, a web-based application proposed by Sato
(2003), possesses new functions when compared with previous applications.
He illustrates the application of the FrameSQL to the lexical data of English,
Spanish, Japanese, and German.
The papers from these various branches deal with fundamental issues in
the fields of Germanic languages and linguistic universals. They share the
common goal of contributing to the enhancement of our understanding of
these areas.

The publication of this book was supported by “Open Research Center”

Project for Private Universities: matching fund subsidy from MEXT
(Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology), 2005-2009.

REFERENCES
Askedal, John Ole. 1995. “Geographical and Typological Description of
Verbal Constructions in the Modern Germanic Languages”. Drei
Studien zum Germanischen in alter und neuer Zeit [NOWELE
Supplement Vol. 13]. John Ole Askedal u. Harald Bjorvand (eds).
Odense: Odense University Press, 95–146.
Baker, Mark. 1996. The Polysynthesis Parameter [Oxford Studies in
Comparative Syntax]. New York: Oxford University Press.
2001. The Atoms of Language: The Mind’s Hidden Rules of
4 John Ole ASKEDAL, Ian ROBERTS, Tomonori MATSUSHITA and Hiroshi HASEGAWA

Grammar. New York: Basic Books.

Chomsky, Noam. 1982. Some Concepts and Consequences of the Theory of
Government and Binding [Linguistic Inquiry Monograph 6]. Cambridge,
Massachusetts: MIT Press.
1986. Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origins and Use. New
York: Praeger.
Philips, Colin. 2003. “Linear Order and Constituency”. Linguistic Inquiry 34.
37-90.
Roberts, Ian. 2007. Diachronic Syntax [Oxford Textbooks in Linguistics].
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sato, H. 2003. “FrameSQL: A Software Tool for FrameNet”. ASIALEX ’03
Tokyo Proceedings, 251-258, Asian Association of Lexicography, Tokyo,
Japan.
1.
Old English and Germanic Languages
Some General Evolutionary and
Typological Characteristics of
the Germanic Languages

John Ole ASKEDAL

0. INTRODUCTION
The aim of this paper is to provide a comparative, typologically and
diachronically oriented overview of certain salient structural features of
modern Germanic languages. Some of the phenomena I discuss invite
problematization in terms of grammaticalization and/or contact-linguistic
theory.
The languages dealt with are the Germanic standard languages English,
German, Dutch, West Frisian, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian with both
standard varieties Riksmål/Bokmål and Nynorsk, Faroese and Icelandic.1
From a partly historical partly geographical perspective these languages are
assigned to a North and a West Germanic group, both of which are
subdivided into a non-insular and an insular sub-group. Cf. (1):2

(1) • North Germanic (Scandinavian):

– Insular Scandinavian: Icelandic, Faroese
– Non-Insular (Mainland, Continental) Scandinavian: Norwegian with the two
standard varieties Riksmål/Bokmål and Nynorsk, Swedish, Danish
• West Germanic:
– Non-Insular (Continental) Germanic: German, Dutch, West Frisian
– Insular West Germanic: English.

1
The following abbreviations are used: Eng. = English, Ger. = German, Du. = Dutch, WFr.
= West Frisian, Da. = Danish, Swed. = Swedish, Norw. = Norwegian, RM/BM =
Riksmål/Bokmål, NN = Nynorsk, Far. = Faroese, Icel. = Icelandic, and Germ. = Germanic.
– For reasons of space, I shall have to omit Luxembourgish and the vast range of dialects
as well as the Germanic diaspora consisting of Yiddish, Pennsylvania German and
Afrikaans.
2
Synchronically, in particular in view of present-day mutual intelligibility relationships,
the division into Insular and Mainland Scandinavian is more adequate than the traditional
historical bipartition into West Scandinavian, comprising Icelandic, Faroese and
Norwegian, and East Scandinavian, consisting of Swedish and Danish (cf. Harbert 2007:
19).
8 John Ole ASKEDAL

Concerning contact relationships, Braunmüller (2000) proposes the

following:

Through different kinds of language contact, the West Germanic languages have
become more or less Latinized or Romanized. For this reason we are in the case of
these languages today dealing with European rather than specifically Germanic
languages. (Braunmüller 2000: 271; my translation, J.O.A.)

Braunmüller (2000: 286, 292) refers to the following to support this

position:

(2) Latin and Romance features of Germanic languages (according to Braunmüller

2000)
1. A complex tense and mood system of a Latin/Indo-European kind
2. Penultima stress in loan words
3. Complex prenominal adjectival and participial modifiers
4. Various ‘embraciation’ structures (“Klammerkonstruktionen”)
5. Finite verb in final position in subordinate clauses in German

(2.1) cannot be upheld in the way it is stated here. The ancient

Germanic mood opposition between indicative and subjunctive (or optative)
represents a lesser degree of morphological differentiation than the
Indo-European and Latin system and has only survived in Icelandic and
German (cf. Harbert 2007: 272–274, 278–284). With regard to the tense
system, the innovations of Germanic have resulted in periphrastic
constructions (Harbert 2007: 292 f.), whereas in Romance synthetic verb
morphology has been retained to a greater degree.
(2.2) concerns the more general fact that lexical borrowing has led to a
number of new and widespread accentuation patterns in most Germanic
languages (Harbert 2007: 81–84) but no wholesale transformation of
Germanic accentuation. The positional phenomena in (2.3–2.5) belong in the
typological context of modifier–head vs. head–modifier linearization. The
predominantly German and comparatively late left-branching complex
prenominal adjectival and participal modifiers (2.3) cannot possibly be the
result of Romance, French influence; but Latin may have been a contributing
factor (Weber 1971: 75 f., 141–148, 220 f.; Andersen 2007: 215–233, 236).
However, from a system-internal point of view, the left-directionality
represented by such complex prenominal modifiers can be seen as a parallel
to the basic left-directionality in German verb chains (cf. Weber 1971: 147,
Lehmann 1971; and see section 1.2).
Concerning the “embraciation” constructions particularly characteristic
 General Evolutionary and Typological Characteristics 9

of modern German (2.4), one would like to know what specific Latin
parallels there are. The assumption in (2.5) refers to a traditional but overly
simplified view of what was a very complex process in the history of
German word order (cf. Scaglione 1981: 109–117); later and final position of
the finite verb in subordinate clauses were by no means dependent on Latin
influence for their occurrence but their frequency of use may have been
reinforced by it (cf. Andersen 2007: 74–88, Prell & Andersen 2004: 165–169,
177 f.).
Braunmüller proposes a similar relationship between Mainland
Scandinavian and ‘West Germanic’:

Since Hanseatic times, Mainland Scandinavian has assumed so many West Germanic
genetic and typological characteristics that the West Germanic languages have
moulded the character of the modern Germanic languages in their entirety.
(Braunmüller 2000: 271; my translation, J.O.A.)

Logically, Braunmüller’s theses might be taken to imply that Mainland

Scandinavian has become more or less Latinized or Romanized. However,
Braunmüller does not specify which languages he has in mind when using
the terms ‘West Germanic’ and ‘Romanization’. He also discusses a large
number of properties of modern Germanic languages from phonology and
intonation, morphology and syntax (ibid.: 281–290), which do not in general
seem to support the West-Germanization, Latinization or Romanization
theses referred to above.

1. TOWARDS A TYPOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF MODERN

GERMANIC LANGUAGES
1.1 Verb position and case marking
In his “Universal 41”, Greenberg (1966: 96) posits a general
implicational relationship between the (unmarked) position of the finite verb
on the one hand and presence of morphological case marking on the other:
“If in a language the verb follows both the nominal subject and nominal
object as the dominant order, the language almost always has a case system”.
The values “+/– preverbal object” (or OV vs. VO) of the verb position
parameter and the values “+/– case marking” of the case marking parameter
yield the four combinations in (3), of which only Type II is unexpected
according to Universal 41:
Another random document with
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"He wants mine."

And then Ruth told him how she came into possession of
Hetty, of how Henrietta had come to grief, ending with,
"And there isn't another one like Hetty in all the world,
Uncle Sidney. I love her so dearly."

He put his hand on her head. "No," he said, "of course, you
don't have to give her up. Lillian certainly spoils that boy,"
he added half to himself.

Then to Ruth. "If anybody wants to interfere with your

belongings, little girl, just send them to me. I'll speak to
your Aunt Lillie about this."

And Ruth was going away satisfied, leaving her uncle to his
newspaper and the comfort of the library fire, when he
called her back. "Here are some picture papers," he said,
"don't you want to look at them?"

He produced a bundle of papers, unrolled them upon the

table before her, and she felt a warmth of heart at the
unwonted attention.

Mrs. Mayfield coming a few minutes later, looked with

surprise at the child absorbed in the pictures. Ruth was
rarely seen at that hour.

Mr. Mayfield glanced up from his paper. "See here, Lillie," he

said, "don't insist upon Ruth's giving up her toys to Bertie. I
won't have it. You spoil that boy."

"Oh," said Mrs. Mayfield giving Ruth a little contemptuous

glance, "she has been telling tales, has she?"

"She has been defending her rights," returned Mr. Mayfield,

"and I don't want the occasion for it to come again."
Mrs. Mayfield raised her eyebrows. "Such a tempest in a
tea-pot," she said walking out of the room.

Ruth shot her a glance from under long lashes as the

trailing velvet robes disappeared, a glance that was quite as
scornful as Mrs. Mayfield could summon to her own face.

CHAPTER XI
Signed, Simon Petty

IT was a week later that Ruth was in her room with Hetty
sitting before her on the window seat. The house was very
still. Bertie's howls did not cleave the air. The swish, swish
of Mrs. Mayfield's silken petticoats was no longer heard;
even Mademoiselle's high-pitched voluble French did not
pierce the silence.

"I am very glad they didn't decide to take me, Hetty," said
Ruth. "I'd much rather not go. Oh my, isn't it lovely to get
rid of Bertie? Don't you feel glad that you don't have to stay
down in your cave? Now that I haven't those hateful verbs
to learn, I shall have time to sew for you, Hetty. I've hardly
dared to more than take you out to look at you for a week,
for although Uncle Sidney said I was not to give you up,
Bertie would have come and taken you without the asking if
you were within reach."

Hetty's smiling face seemed response enough to these

confidences.
"Oh, Hetty," Ruth went on, "I am so glad that Mademoiselle
is to be gone three whole days. For three whole days, we
shall have everything to ourselves. I can take you down to
the nursery when I have my meals and it will be so cozy,
almost like being at home again. I wonder what they are
doing there this minute. I haven't been very lucky yet in
finding a whole lot of money to take us back, have I? I
wonder when I shall go."

That morning Mrs. Mayfield in sudden alarm because of a

cold Bertie had taken, insisted upon bearing him away to
Lakewood for a week while Mr. Mayfield should be gone
upon a business trip. Mademoiselle, feeling that this was a
good opportunity to take a holiday, pleaded an ill friend and
would be gone for three days.

"I simply cannot be bothered with two children in a hotel,"

Mrs. Mayfield had said to her husband, "and I don't believe
Ruth would care a particle about going."

But Ruth's uncle consulted her before he settled the matter.

He sought her out and asked:

"Do you want to go to Lakewood with your Aunt Lillie and

Bertie, or would you rather stay here with the servants and
Mademoiselle?"

Ruth hesitated for a moment. "I'd much rather stay here,"

she replied, "if—"

"If what?" asked her uncle.

"If Mademoiselle were not going to be here, too."

Mr. Mayfield laughed. "That's frank at least. Well, she is not

to be here all the time. She is going away for three days. I
shouldn't wonder if she stretched the time longer, and there
will be only Katie to look after you. Mrs. Mayfield will take
Minnie with her. The cook and Martin will have the house to
see to. Can you stand a whole week in such company?"

"Oh, yes, for I'll have Hetty, you know."

"I may be back in two or three days myself."

"Then I should surely like to stay."

"Bless the child," murmured Mr. Mayfield. "I think then since
you do not really care to go that we will leave you here," he
added.

It was certainly an easy way to arrange affairs, for Katie

was steady and conscientious. She could be relied upon to
take good care of the little girl, and Mr. Mayfield promised
himself a free afternoon when he would take his niece to a
matinee and give her a little of the attention which he felt
he had been rather chary of.

The quiet house was the result of all this, and Ruth was
actually less lonely than when the coming and going of
visitors, whom she never saw, the bustle of entertainments
in which she had no part, and the noisy clamor of Bertie
stirred the household.

"I think I'll take you down in the nursery now," she said to
Hetty. "It's nice and warm there where the sunshine comes
in the windows. I'll begin your new frock. Think of it, I have
hardly looked at my box of pieces since I came. They will
remind me of home so much. I shouldn't mind pulling out
the stitches from old coats or doing anything, if I could only
sit by Aunt Hester and hear Billy whistling in the wood-
shed. There's that striped pocket; I'll use that."
Ruth unrolled the pocket. Something hard was in the
bottom of it. She drew it out. She had forgotten the little
wad of paper she had put there so long before. She pulled
out the crumpled mass and began to smooth out the
wrinkles. Something was written on the paper. She tried to
read it, but the writing was too cramped and illegible for her
childish powers. She could, however, make out the
signature which was in quite different handwriting. The
letters, big and black, were easily read.

"S-i-m-o-n—P-e-t-t-y," she spelled out. "I wonder what this

is," she exclaimed. "I remember now I found it in the lining
of the old coat. I think I will ask Martin if he can read it."

She folded the paper and stowed it away in her box of

pieces, then, with Hetty carefully poised on her hand and
the box under her arm, she went down to the nursery
where she devoted the rest of the afternoon to the making
of a striped pink frock for her doll.

At five o'clock it was quite dark. The lights in the hall were
lighted and Katie came to turn them on in the nursery.
Later, Martin appeared with Ruth's supper on a tray. At the
sight of the lonely little figure, his dignity unbent.

"Lonely here, miss, by yourself?" he said.

"Oh, I am not so lonesome as if I didn't have Hetty, but I

would like another little girl to play with. I wish you were a
little girl, Martin."

Martin chuckled as he set down the tray.

"I can't say I quite echo your wish, miss. Cook made you a
little cake just for yourself and she said I was to tell you the
cream toast was special good. Is there anything else you
would care for, miss? Oysters or a bit of cold ham?"
Ruth surveyed the tempting supper prepared for her: cream
toast, broiled chicken, a small pot of cocoa, a fresh sponge
cake scalloped and with a hole in the middle into which hole
Martin had stuck a bunch of violets. Amber jelly and some
fruit completed the bill of fare. Wouldn't Billy's eyes open if
he could see all this served on beautiful cut glass and
china? The thought of Billy reminded Ruth of the paper she
had found in the pocket.

"There is only one thing I want, Martin," she said. "I wish
you would read something for me."

She brought out the piece of paper and unfolded it before

Martin. He screwed up his eyes, put his head to one side
and scrutinized the paper carefully, turning it over to look at
the reverse side.

"I can make out the Simon Petty," said Ruth by way of
encouragement.

Martin nodded. "Yes, miss, that's plain enough. 'Tain't a

very good plain fist, the rest of it, but as I make out, it's a
receipt signed 'Simon Petty.'"

"What's a receipt?" asked Ruth quickly.

"It's to tell that some money has been paid. This here," he
pointed to the paper, "seems to say that Francis Blackberry,
or some such name, has paid Petty five thousand dollars—
payment in full of money advanced. It reads like that."

"Couldn't it be Francis Brackenbury? Are you sure it's

Blackberry?" said Ruth eagerly.

"Come to look at it I guess it might be Brackenbury, but it's

such twistified sort of writing it's hard to tell, but I guess
you are right and it's Brackenbury."
"He did pay it, he did," said Ruth excitedly. "Aunt Hester
said so."

"You know the parties, then? How did you happen to get
hold of this?"

"I found it in an old overcoat pocket. Aunt Hester ripped up

the coat and I was picking out the Indians, the stitches, you
know, and I forgot and stuck this in the pocket after I found
it way down in a corner of the coat between the cloth and
the lining. I was going to make a frock for Hetty out of the
pocket. Oh, Martin, do you suppose it is worth anything?"

Martin scratched his head. "I ain't much of a lawyer, but it

might be worth keeping, or it may be an old paper that
nobody cares anything about. It might save a heap of
trouble in case this here Blackberry died and Simon Petty
was mean enough to claim his debt."

"Not Blackberry, Martin," said Ruth reproachfully.

"Well, never mind the name. You know sometimes when a

man dies there's claimants comes forward for money that's
been paid, and if he's a married man and his relic ain't got
any receipt to show, why it makes trouble."

"What's a relic? It has something to do with war, hasn't it?"

"There is war relics, but this kind is a man's widow, the wife
he leaves behind him."

"Suppose he doesn't leave any."

"Then he has heirs, sons or daughters, maybe."

"Major Brackenbury had a daughter and she's my Aunt

Hester."
"You'd better send this to her, then. It might save paying
out five thousand dollars a second time."

"Is five thousand dollars much money?"

"It would buy a pretty good house in some places. But your
supper is getting cold, miss."

"Oh, well, I'll eat it. Thank you ever so much, Martin, for
telling me all about the receipt. Tell Maria I am much
obliged for the cake; it is so brown and lovely, and thank
whoever put the dear little bunch of violets in the middle.
You may go now, Martin."

She spoke in the little superior way in which Mrs. Mayfield

gave her orders, and Martin smiled.

"It's a little lady," he said to the cook. "She didn't forget the
'Thank you' to send you, and was as pleased as Punch at
the cake and flowers. She's a high and mighty way, too,
when she needs it, and that's what a lady should have."

Much as Ruth enjoyed her supper, she would have given

more thought to it, if she had not been so concerned about
the receipt. She would send it to Miss Hester, or—no—if she
could only know whether it meant that they could really go
back to the big house, or that it would give enough to Miss
Hester to allow of her taking Ruth back into her home, how
quickly would the child hasten there. It would be a fine
opportunity just now. If only Dr. Peaslee were here for her
to consult. He had told her before she left Springdale that if
ever she needed advice or help to write to him.

"I'll do it," she said. "I'll write to him this very evening and
get Martin to mail the letter for me."
She set to work as soon as her supper was over and
managed a tolerably fair page to send to the doctor. The
spelling was not so good as the handwriting, for the latter
was something upon which Ruth prided herself.

"Dear Doctor," she wrote, "I found a reseat

sined Simon Petty I am going to send it to you
but if you are coming to the sitty soon praps I'd
better keep it till you come. I am very well and
so is Hetty. We had supper together and there
were vilets in the cake. If you had been here, I
would have given you some. Hetty sends her
love to you. Your loving friend,"

"RUTH HENRIETTA
BRACKENBURY."

"P. S. dont tell Aunt Hester about the reseat

till we know more about it. She might be orfully
disappointed if it should turn out not to be
good. Wouldn't it be nice if it would get us all
back in the big house."

It was rather a vague letter, but might have had its effect if
the doctor had been at home when it arrived. He had gone
to a convention, however, and, as he expected to return in a
couple of days, he had ordered his mail to be held at home
for him.

Ruth waited one, two, three days; then she took alarm.
Suppose the letter had been lost. She knew such things did
sometimes occur.

"I am glad I didn't send the receipt," she said to herself.

The child was growing very lonely. Her longing for love and
companionship was waxing greater and greater.

There was no sign of Mr. Mayfield's immediate return. He

had sent a brief note to Martin saying that he was still
detained by business. Mademoiselle was lingering, making
the most of her holiday and the days seemed very long to
Ruth. She went to drive in state sometimes, or Katie took
her for a walk, but it was cold weather to be sitting in
squares where she fain would have tarried in the
summertime.

And so the longing to see Aunt Hester and Billy, Lucia and
Annie, Dr. Peaslee and all her well tried friends grew
stronger each day. And at the end of the week, she had
made her plans and had revealed them to Martin who,
solemn and stiff enough in his office as butler, had
nevertheless, a warm heart and did his best to cheer the
loneliness of the little girl.

"How much does it cost to go to Springdale?" she asked him

one afternoon.

"I don't exactly know, miss," was the reply. "But I can easy
find out. I'll look it up this evening. I've got to go out before
supper."

And so, when he brought up Ruth's supper to the nursery,

Martin told her that a ticket would cost "a matter of four
dollars."

Ruth counted out her store. "I have that much," she said,
"and a little over. Oh, Martin, couldn't you put me on the
train for Springdale?"

"Why, why, what's this, miss?"

"You know about that receipt. I wrote to Dr. Peaslee and he
hasn't answered the letter, so I'm afraid he didn't get it, and
I have been thinking how dreadful it would be if I should
mail the receipt and it should get lost, so it seems to me I
had better take it."

She paused a moment, then said wistfully: "And besides,

Martin, I do so want to see Aunt Hester and Billy and all of
them. I feel as if I couldn't stand it. You know if the receipt
is all right I should go back anyhow. I don't believe any one
here would miss me very much and I know they miss me
there."

"Dear me, miss," said Martin, "I'm sure I should miss you
mighty much."

"Thank you, Martin. You always say kind things and I wish
you lived in Springdale instead of here."

"I can't say I wish that, but I shouldn't mind going there for
a visit of a day. I've an old friend from England who has a
shop there and I've promised to go to see him for many a
long day."

"Oh, I wish you would go; I think it is very nice that you
have a friend there. I wonder if I know him. What is his
name, Martin?"

"John Fox, miss, and he keeps a green grocer shop."

"I think I know just who he is," said Ruth, in a pleased tone.
"You see, Martin, I am really here only on a visit; I said that
always, and that if ever something fine should happen I
would go straight back to Aunt Hester. Maybe this receipt is
just like finding money, and oh, how I should love to
surprise them and be the one to take the receipt to Aunt
Hester."
Martin stood with the carafe of water in his hand. He
seemed to be thinking deeply.

"Do you think uncle would mind very much?" Ruth asked. "I
know Aunt Lillie wouldn't, and when I 'splained about the
receipt, it would be all right, wouldn't it, Martin?"

"I think so, miss. I'll have to think it over. I could get off for
a couple days as well as not," he said half to himself.
"James would see to things, I suppose. I'll speak to Katie
when I go down," he said to Ruth. "I think perhaps Mr.
Mayfield wouldn't mind if I took you there myself and
brought you back."

"Oh, but—" Ruth began to say that maybe she would not
come back, but she thought better of it. So she hastened to
say: "I think you are as good as you can be, Martin."

In a little while Katie came up saying: "Martin tells me you

and him is going on a lark. Well, I don't blame you, and I
don't believe but what your uncle would like you to have a
little change. What shall you want to take with you? I'll pack
enough to last you for two or three days."

"I shall want to take Hetty," said Ruth.

"Of course. You'll be going to-morrow, Martin says, for Mr.

Mayfield likely comes bank the first of the week."

"Oh, Katie, Katie, I am so happy. To-morrow, to-morrow I

shall see them all. I want to go to bed very early so that
morning will come soon."

"We'll go up and get you packed, then," said Katie, "and

you'll have a good time, I'm sure. Faith, it's stupid enough
for a child like you to be shut off from comrades of your
own age. She'd never take the trouble to be findin'
playmates foe you," she added, contemptuously.

Ruth knew well enough who the she meant, but she made
no comment. What was Aunt Lillie to her now that she was
to see Aunt Hester? She went to sleep and once laughed
out loud because she dreamed that Stray, dressed up in
Martin's livery, was taking her to see Dr. Peaslee.
 CHAPTER XII
A Journey

ALTHOUGH Ruth had still a very vague idea of the meaning

of a receipt, she was still sufficiently impressed with its
importance to hold to it very tenaciously and she carried it
securely folded in a little old-fashioned bead bag which had
belonged to Henrietta and which, in imitation of her Aunt
Lillie, she had asked Katie to fasten securely to her belt.

It was a clear, cold winter's day. Katie had at first insisted

upon dressing the child in her newer and more fashionable
clothes which Mrs. Mayfield had provided for her, but Ruth
begged so earnestly to be allowed to wear the red coat and
plaid poplin dress that Katie yielded, compromising by
placing upon the little girl's head a pretty beaver hat with
its plumes which, as she said, gave her a bit of style.

Martin, shorn of his livery and in every-day clothes, lost

some of his stateliness and looked an ordinary somebody.
He rode on the box of the carriage with the coachman while
Ruth, inside, was driven to the railway station, her heart
beating fast and her eyes bright with excitement.

She put her hand confidently in Martin's when she was lifted
from the carriage and possessing himself of the valise in
which Katie had packed Ruth's clothing, the butler took his
way to the cars, smiling down at the child as he seated
himself by her side.

"Now, ain't this a frolic?" he said. "I don't know when I

would have got to see John Fox if it hadn't been for you,
and now here I'm travelin' off to Springdale with a young
lady."

The hours seemed long but, as she drew nearer and nearer
to her destination and certain points along the way began to
look familiar, Ruth could scarcely restrain herself. She
bobbed up and down in her seat, chattered like a magpie to
Martin and once in a while gave a little squeak of pleasure
as some well-known landmark caught her attention.

At the last stop before reaching Springdale, a portly

gentleman entered the car where Ruth and her escort sat.
As she caught sight of him Ruth sprang to her feet with an
exclamation of surprise and pleasure.

"Dr. Peaslee," she cried in such shrill excited tones that

persons turned their heads to see, and smiled when a little
red-coated figure darted into the aisle and precipitated
herself against the portly man with the humorous eyes and
kind smile.

"Why, Ruth, little Ruth!" exclaimed the doctor, "Where under

canopy did you come from and where are you going?"

"I'm going to Springdale; Martin is taking me."

The doctor piloted her to a seat across the aisle from the
one in which she had been sitting.

"And who is Martin?" he asked.

"He is Uncle Sidney's butler. There he is over there." She

indicated Martin by a nod in his direction.

"He is a nice man, a very nice man, indeed," Ruth went on.
"He looks much finer in his livery, and he is very stern and
straight when he is in the dining-room though you wouldn't
think it to see him now when he looks just like any one
else."

"But why is he taking you to Springdale?" asked the doctor.

"Oh, because there wasn't any one else to do it and it was a

good chance for him to go to see John Fox. Do you know
John Fox? Uncle is away on business and Aunt Lillie has
taken Bertie to Lakewood. Bertie is horrid, doctor; he broke
my dear little mug that Billy gave me just because I
wouldn't let him have Hetty to break up. Would you have
given her to him?"

"Hardly, I think, for that purpose."

"He is a dreadfully spoiled child," said Ruth sighing, "but

Aunt Lillie thought he might get ammonia or something
because he had a cold, and she took him away. Then
Mademoiselle wanted to go see a sick lady, so I stayed with
Katie and Maria and Martin because I didn't want to go to
Lakewood. Did you get my letter?" she asked suddenly.

"Why no," the doctor answered. "Have you been writing to

me? Then that is a pleasure I have in store for me when I
get home. You see I have been away for several days. I am
just getting back from a convention. I didn't think when I
got on the train here at the junction that I should see you.
What were you writing to me about? Anything in
particular?"

"Yes, about the receipt," replied Ruth.

"What receipt?"

Ruth fumbled in her bead bag and drew forth the paper.
"This," she said. "I didn't want to send it to Aunt Hester till I
knew whether it was worth anything. Martin says it is a
receipt from," she lowered her voice, "Simon Petty to
Francis Brackenbury, only he will call it Blackberry. You
know Uncle Sidney told them I was named Mayfield and
they don't know I am really Ruth Brackenbury."

The doctor had taken the paper and was examining it

carefully.

"The rascal!" Ruth heard him say under his breath. "The
unmitigated scoundrel!"

"Is it worth anything?" asked Ruth, anxiously.

"I should say it was. Where on earth did you get it, Miss
Mouse?"

Then Ruth told him the whole story; he nodded approvingly

from time to time. At the close of her tale, he put the
receipt carefully away in his pocketbook. "I'll take care of
it," he said.

"Will it do Aunt Hester any good? Will it do her enough good

for me to go back and live with her?"

"Do you want to go so much?"

"Oh, I do, I do. I would never have gone away only Billy
said it would be better for Aunt Hester and she wouldn't
have to work so hard."

The doctor's arm went around the child and he drew her
close to him.

"Bless the little old woman," he said. "Well, Miss Mouse, I

think, if I am not mistaken, it will mean that you can go
back if you want to and if your uncle will consent, for this
paper doesn't only mean that five thousand dollars have
been paid but that all claims Simon Petty has pretended to
hold were settled long ago."

"And can Aunt Hester have her house again?"

"I think so."

"Oh, good! Good! Is Simon Petty very mean?" she

whispered.

The doctor was silent but he shook his head as if over the
evil of the man. "He's a pretty sick mortal," the doctor told
her, "and he has not long to live, but he will live long
enough to set this matter straight or my name is not Tom
Peaslee. Now you sit here; I want to go over to speak to
your friend Martin."

He left Ruth sitting by herself, a little song in her heart

which presently broke forth very softly from her lips.

"I'm going home, I'm going home. There's the church, and
there's the steeple. Soon I'll see all my good people. I'm
going home, I'm going home."

The train stopped. The doctor took Ruth by the hand. Martin
followed with the baggage and in another moment the train
was winding its way down the track leaving Ruth and her
friends on the platform of the station at Springdale.

"You leave the little girl in my charge," said the doctor to

Martin. "I will see her home. You will not have any too much
time to hunt up your friends and so we need not tax you
further. Thank you, Martin, for your kindness to our little
girl."

He held out his hand and gave Martin's a hearty grip.

"Thank you so much, Martin," said Ruth. "The doctor knows
the way to my house and he can take me."

"I'll come around for you to-morrow in time," said Martin as

he bade the child good-bye.

But Ruth did not heed. For her there was no to-morrow, if it
meant a return journey.

She skipped along by the side of the doctor till they came in
sight of the little brown house. Then the child's desire out-
ran the doctor's pace.

"Oh, would you mind if I went on?" she asked. "I can't
stand it, if I don't."

The doctor loosed his clasp of her hand and she sped like an
arrow toward the house. Her trembling fingers fumbled with
the latch of the gate. She heard a sharp excited bark from
Stray. It was a waste of time to knock at the front door, and
she flew around to the kitchen bursting in half laughing, half
crying.

"I've come back! I've come back!" she cried.

Stray precipitated himself upon her with joyful yelps of

welcome. Billy stopped in his task of setting the table to
rush forward calling:

"Aunt Hester, Aunt Hester, it's Ruth, it's Ruth."

Then from the next room, a figure came swiftly, arms

extended. Ruth flung herself into them clasping Miss
Hester's neck as if she would never let go.

"Oh, Aunt Hester, Aunt Hester," she sobbed, "nobody has

kissed me since you did."
"My little girl, my little girl," murmured Miss Hester, kissing
and kissing her. "I have missed you so much."

The sobs which Ruth had choked back broke forth then into
a real fit of weeping. The love for which the little heart had
been starving was here, and the child wept on Aunt Hester's
shoulder gasping out:

"I can't help it, I can't help it, I am so glad."

At this moment, there was a thundering knock at the front

door, and Billy ran to open to the doctor who cried out in his
big voice:

"Where's that little runaway? Great Cesar, but I never saw a

mouse scamper to its hole faster than she. Hello, Billy boy,
where are the others?"

Aunt Hester with wet eyes and a tremulous smile around

her mouth, came forward.

"Come in, Tom," she said. "How did you happen to bring
back my little girl?"

"Let her tell you. I just stopped to say 'howdy,' then I'll be
off. Come here, Ruth, I want to speak to you. Excuse
secrets, Hetty."

He drew Ruth to one side. "Don't say anything about the

paper till you see me again. I'll be back later in the
evening."

Ruth nodded understandingly, and the doctor took his

departure.

Billy busied himself in laying another place and bustled

about like one accustomed to such service as setting tables
and preparing supper. At intervals, he gave out pieces of
news.

"Old Petty is awful sick; they say he can't live. Squire Field
has got a new horse, a beauty, bay with one white stocking.
Phil Reed's little dog is dead. Phil wanted to buy Stray but
me and Aunt Hester couldn't part with him. There's a new
teacher at our school; he's A No. 1, I tell you," and so on.

Meanwhile, Miss Hester and Ruth sat with arms around each
other, Ruth answering the many questions and finding it
hard to keep back the fact of the receipt.

"I say, you look like a howling swell in that hat," said the
observant Billy. "Ain't you going to take it off and stay
awhile?"

"Maybe I'll stay forever," returned Ruth with a happy laugh.

The simple little supper of porridge and milk was on the

table when again a knock was heard at the door. Billy
rushed to open and returned with a basket in his hand.

"Did you order these, Aunt Hester?" he asked.

"I ordered nothing," said Miss Hester in surprise. "It must

be a mistake."

"There's a paper marked Miss Hester Brackenbury," said

Billy. "I guess it is all right. The man's gone, anyhow. Let's
open the basket."

"But Billy—"

"It's bought and paid for, the man said so, and he said it
was for you."
Billy paused in the act of drawing forth packages.

Miss Hester flushed but did not forbid the unpacking of the
basket. It held many dainties: a roasted chicken, a glass of
jelly, fruit, crackers, cheese and a delicious cake.

"Let me see that paper," said Miss Hester.

Billy handed it to her. There was the name plain enough,

and on the other side of the paper was written:

"In honor of Ruth's return."

"It's Tom Peaslee's doings," exclaimed Miss Hester. "There is

no doing anything with him once he takes a notion."

So a festal array there was on the supper table that night,

and Ruth enjoyed her meal more than any she had
consumed in the house of her uncle.

The dishes were scarcely cleared away before Dr. Peaslee

returned, bringing Squire Field with him. The squire drew
Ruth to his knee.

"Little Ruth Brackenbury, tell us about this," he said, laying

the receipt on the table.

And Ruth told him her story.

The squire turned to Miss Hester. "So, Hester," he said,

"your father did pay off his debt to Simon Petty, fifteen
thousand dollars in all. Tom Peaslee couldn't let me rest, but
routed me from my supper table and said Simon might die
before he acknowledged this, so he dragged me up there
where we set matters right in a jiffy and this is yours. The
old house goes back into your hands and we may thank this
little lady for her sense in keeping that paper."

"But I was going to throw it away," declared Ruth in all

honesty. "If I hadn't put it in the old pocket, it would be
gone."

"Ah, yes, but you didn't throw it away; that's just the
point," said the squire smiling.

He handed the paper to Miss Hester with others bearing the

signature of Simon Petty.

Miss Hester took them with trembling hands. It seemed too

good to be true. "Now," she said, "I can press the
government claim. It only needed a little money to do that.
Will you undertake it, squire?"

"Why didn't you say before this that you did not press it
because you had no lawyer's fee?" asked the Squire sharply.
"Didn't you know I would have taken the case on the
chance of its coming out all right?"

"I didn't want my business done in that way," said Miss

Hester proudly.

"Well, it will be put through now," returned the squire. "Get

me the papers when you can and I'll do my best to strike
while the iron is hot. You'll be living in your own home yet,
Hester."

"And won't I, too?" asked Ruth. "Don't you know, Aunt

Hester, I said I was only going to make a visit. Must I go
back?"

"Not unless you want to," said Aunt Hester.

Then the squire and the doctor went away and the three left
behind talked of the coming true of their old dream. The big
house with the pillars would be Miss Hester's again. She
would have enough to support herself and the children, and
there would be no more buttonholes to make.

True to his promise, Martin came the next day but Miss
Hester would not let Ruth go.

"I will write to Mr. Mayfield," she said.

She was not long in doing this, and as Mrs. Mayfield was by
no means anxious that Ruth should make her home with
her uncle, she persuaded him that it was best to leave Ruth
with her adopted aunt. Mr. Mayfield came to Springdale to
talk the matter over. He found Ruth so happy and so eager
to remain where she was that he made no effort to take her
away. He offered a certain sum to be paid yearly for her
support, but Miss Hester refused proudly.

"She is my adopted daughter," she said. "She bears my

name and I am able to do for her as I would for my own."

Therefore Mr. Mayfield went away determining that he

would send Ruth a present once in a while and that he
would not lose sight of her.

Lucia rushed over to welcome Ruth back and the girls at

school listened eagerly to her tales of her French governess
and of her life in the city.

"I don't see how you could give up all that," said some of
them.

Although Miss Hester tried to keep the affair of the receipt a

secret, it was generally known that Simon Petty had
behaved very badly and had tried to cheat Miss Hester out
of all her patrimony. Nora, knowing this, tried to keep out of
Ruth's way, but, after her grandfather's death, the family
left town.

It was one bright beautiful spring morning that the little

brown house was deserted and Miss Hester set up her
belongings again in the house across the street. Birds were
singing in the tall trees on the lawn. Vines were in leaf and
flowers blossomed in the borders.

"Isn't it a dear home?" said Ruth as she stood with Miss

Hester on the porch looking around them. "It's yours
forever now, isn't it, Aunt Hester?"

"Yes, dearie, and it will be yours, too, as long as you live."

"I think Hetty would like to go with me to see what Billy is

doing," said Ruth going into the house and bringing out her
doll. "Shouldn't you think she would feel very much at
home, Aunt Hester, when she lived here so long ago? She
told me last night that it did seem good to get back again. I
wonder if she misses my dear Henrietta. Do you miss your
Henrietta, your little sister, Aunt Hester?"

"I should miss her much more if I didn't have my little

Ruth," returned Miss Hester. "You take her place, dear child,
better than any one else could do."

Ruth smiled up at her. Then she walked down the broad

path and around the house to where she heard Billy
whistling cheerily.

"It's great, ain't it?" said Billy as she came up. "Aunt Hester
says I can keep chickens and I'm makin' a coop for a hen
I'm goin' to get from Fred Felton. I'm goin' to do some work
for him to pay for it. He's no good doin' anything with tools
and I told him I'd help him out and take my pay in stock.
I'm goin' to try to get some eggs that way, too, and I'll set
my hen and have some chickens, then I'll get other
chickens. This is a fine place to keep them, there's so much
room they can have a chicken yard and they won't get out
to scratch up the flowers. Maybe if I am lucky with my
chickens, I can save enough money to do somethin'
worthwhile after a time."

Ruth sat down to watch the quick direct strokes of his

hammer as he drove the nails into his coop.

"It will be too lovely to have chickens and flowers both," she
said. "Shall you keep chickens or will you have a store when
you grow up, Billy?"

"I can do both, maybe. I want to keep store more than

ever."

"I don't think I want to make buttonholes," returned Ruth,

laughingly. "Oh, Billy, did you see this tree? It has names all
cut on it. Here's Thomas Peaslee and Hester Brackenbury
and under it is Henrietta Brackenbury. Ruth Henrietta
Brackenbury; Billy, I'd like to see that there, too."

"I'll cut it for you," said Billy viewing his copy with a
satisfied air.

"And won't you cut Billy Beatty?"

Billy shook his head. "No, sir, I don't want my name in any
such place. Where I want it is on a sign over a store door.
William Beatty and Company in gold letters. I'll cut that
name now. Where do you want it?"

"Right there under Henrietta's."

Billy began his work in a businesslike way, Ruth watching
him admiringly. When he had finished and had walked away
with his tools, she glanced around to see that no one was
looking, and then she touched her lips softly to each name.

"That's for you, Dr. Peaslee, because you are so good.

That's for you, Aunt Hester, because I love you so. That's
for you, little Henrietta, because if you hadn't died, maybe I
wouldn't be here."

She touched with her lips each letter of the name which
Billy had just rudely carved upon the rough bark.

"That's for you, name," she continued, "because you are

such a dear name."

She folded her hands after this ceremony and stood looking
up at the soft blue sky across which fleecy clouds were
drifting.

"You don't care, do you, mamma?" she whispered. "You

would love Aunt Hester, too, because she loves me."
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LITTLE MISS
MOUSE ***

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