International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS)

Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2024, pp. 44~49

ISSN: 2252-8806, DOI: 10.11591/ijphs.v13i1.23257  44

The effectiveness of drug prevention programs among children

in schools

Norsayyidatina Che Rozubi1, Azad Athahiri Anuar2, Nurul Ain Mohd Daud1, Ahmad Jazimin Jusoh1,
Pau Kee1
1
Department of Guidance and Counseling, Faculty of Human Development, Sultan Idris Education University, Perak, Malaysia
2
OnMind Consulting, Tanjung Malim, Perak, Malaysia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The problem of discipline and moral decay nowadays in society in Malaysia
is very concerning, especially among children and teenagers, as it spreads
Received Apr 4, 2023 very fast and keeps being very difficult to deal with. Drug abuse is a big
Revised Jul 11, 2023 problem that is spreading among the world community and this will have a
Accepted Jul 24, 2023 very bad effect especially the development of human capital. This study
aimed to find out the effectiveness of Drug Prevention Programs among
children at school. From this Program we want to know the level of
Keywords: awareness, knowledge, skills, and spirituality among children. This study
has used quantitative design and is supported by qualitative data. The first
Children phase is a case study that uses the interview with teachers and government
Drug anti-drug agency officers who are involved in the implementation of the
Education program. For the second phase of the study, researchers have used the survey
Prevention method by distributing questionnaires to the recipient subjects, who are
Program primary school students in at-risk states who have been selected to follow
the drug prevention program. The results of the survey show that all the
indicators of the effectiveness of the participants, namely awareness,
knowledge, skills, and spirituality, have a high percentage, with percentage
values of 78.0%, 93.4%, 84.2%, and 93.4%. Overall, of the study show that
the implementation of the drug prevention program in schools has achieved
its objectives, in addition to paying attention to the effectiveness factors as
well as the obstacles and weaknesses encountered.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Norsayyidatina Che Rozubi
Department of Guidance and Counseling, Faculty Human Development, Sultan Idris Education University
35900 Tanjung Malim, Perak, Malaysia
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Drug abuse is a big problem that is spreading among the world community and this will have a very
bad effect on the development of the country, especially the development of human capital [1], [2]. The
problem of discipline and moral decay nowadays in society in Malaysia is very concerning, especially among
children and teenagers, as it spreads very fast and keeps being very difficult to deal with. Statistics from the
Department of Social Welfare in 2019 recorded a total of 4,833 teenagers involved in crime according to the
type of case and gender [3]. Among the social and moral problems that are at a critical level is drug abuse
among the community, especially teenagers and young people [4]–[6]. Drug abuse is a universal issue that
threatens the safety and order of society [7], [8]. This matter is also experienced in foreign countries as stated
by previous studies that drug abuse has been proven to have many negative effects on the well-being of its

Journal homepage: http://ijphs.iaescore.com

Int J Public Health Sci ISSN: 2252-8806  45

users [9], [10]. Some research findings conducted in Nigeria have proven drug abuse among Nigerian youth
is linked to poor academic performance of students [11], low self-esteem [12], crime [13], and lack of
employment opportunities [14], [15].
Therefore, efforts to prevent drug abuse need to be done more actively with careful and correct
planning [16]. These efforts also need to be emphasized on teenagers and youth because they are the
backbone and inheritors of the country's leadership in the future [17], [18]. Fauziah and Ezarina [19]
conducted a research on the involvement of teenagers in drug abuse and found that as many as 79.5% of the
200 study samples involved in drug abuse was a result of the influence of peers and suggested the
implementation of drug abuse prevention programs among children and teenagers are conducted. Liu et al.
[20] on the other hand found that more than half of the study sample was involved in illicit substance abuse
in their study which aimed to examine the perception of illicit substance abuse among high school students.
Based on the findings of these studies, it shows the importance of drug abuse prevention programs carried out
in schools in Malaysia.
Among the efforts implemented is a drug prevention program in schools that aims to deal with drug
problems among children, especially in risky states in Malaysia. In general, this study aimed to find out the
effectiveness of the drug prevention program that has been implemented for level two primary school
students (ages 10 to 12 years old) who are identified as being at risk of engaging in drug abuse. In particular,
the objective of the study is to identify the main factors in the effectiveness of drug prevention programs in
schools and to assess the effectiveness of drug prevention programs based on awareness, knowledge, skills
and spiritual components.

2. METHOD
This study has used quantitative design and is supported by qualitative data. In order to achieve the
purpose of the study, two phases of the study were conducted. The first phase is a case study that uses the
interview method to gather data on the effectiveness of drug prevention programs conducted on program
implements. The second phase is a quantitative study that uses a survey design through the distribution of
questionnaires to program recipients. The design of this study is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Phased study design

Phase 1 Phase 2
Find out about the implementation of drug A survey study on drug prevention program recipients
Prevention programs by interviewing the implementer To see the effects in terms of awareness, knowledge, skills and spirituality

Table 1 shows that in phase 1, the interview method was used by program implements and
facilitators, namely National Anti-Drug Agency (AADK) officials. Interview with eight people listed to
obtain information about the implementation of the prevention program in terms of activities, program
journey, facilities, and so on. While in phase 2, a survey study was conducted using the questionnaire
distribution method. The questionnaire used is a set of questionnaires on the effectiveness of drug prevention
programs that have been specifically developed by researchers.
In order to continue the process of gathering information and research data, the researcher has
identified the location for both phases of the study. For phase 1 of the study, a total of six locations have been
identified, namely the Johor Bahru District AADK Office (Johor), the AADK Kota Bharu Office (Kelantan),
the Federal Territories AADK Office (Kuala Lumpur), the AADK Office Ipoh (Perak), the AADK Seremban
Office (Negeri Sembilan), and the Melaka State AADK Office. Meanwhile, the study location for phase 2 is
six schools from each of six different states that have implemented a drug prevention program, selected
randomly in Table 2.

Table 2. Study location according to phase

Phase 1 Phase 2
Johor Bahru district AADK office Johor
AADK office Kota Bharu Melaka
Federal Territories AADK Office Perlis
AADK Ipoh office Perak
Seremban AADK office Kelantan
Melaka State AADK Office Kuala Lumpur

The effectiveness of drug prevention programs among … (Norsayyidatina Che Rozubi)

46  ISSN: 2252-8806

For the first phase of the study, the respondents were six program implementers, consisting of
teachers and AADK officials. The respondents for phase 2 of the study are 500 primary school students who
are categorized as at risk in risk areas. However, only 499 respondents returned a set of questionnaires for
analysis in Table 3.

Table 3. Respondents according to study phase

Phase 1 Phase 2
6 program implementers (Teachers and AADK Officers) 499 students who are categorized as at risk

To carry out the survey, a set of questionnaires on the effectiveness of the drug prevention program
was used. The questionnaire is used to evaluate each indicator of the effectiveness of the drug prevention
program. It has been developed by the researcher and has been tested in terms of validity and reliability. In
total, this questionnaire contains 40 items, which are divided into five sections, namely demographics,
knowledge, awareness, skills, and spirituality. Next, for the purpose of this study, a pilot questionnaire survey
was conducted on 30 students of a primary school to obtain Cronbach's alpha value to see its reliability,
where the overall Cronbach's Alpha value was 0.71. This shows that it has a high reliability
value [21]. Ethical clearnce number: 2021-0177-01.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Effectiveness factors of drug prevention programs in schools
Based on a case study conducted at six study locations, it shows that both factors; i) module content
and ii) program implementation greatly influence the effectiveness of drug prevention programs in schools.
This finding shows that without good and effective module content or activities, they will affect the
effectiveness of the implemented program. This is in line with the recommendations of
Sidek and Jamaludin [22], who state that the best module effect means that when a student follows a
module [23], at the end of the module, the student has successfully mastered the objectives that have been
stated in the module [24].
In addition, the findings of the study also show that the implementation and administration of the
program also affect the effectiveness of the implementation of drug prevention programs in schools, whether
in terms of facilitators, facilitator training, participant selection, or program implementation coordination
according to modules and challenges. Jamaludin [25] stated that a successful module program or activity is
highly dependent on the operator, executor, facilitator, counselor, leader, or moderator of the module activity.

3.2. The results of drug prevention programs based on the construct of awareness, knowledge, skills
and spirituality
The data on the effectiveness of the drug prevention program according to the construct of knowledge,
skills, awareness and spirituality among children has been broken down according to high, medium and low
levels and is reported in Table 4. For the knowledge construct, a total of 466 people is at a high level, followed
by a medium level of 32 people and finally only one low level. Next, for the skill construct, the majority of
respondents were at a high level, 420 people, the rest were at a medium level, 79 people, and no respondents
were reported to be at a low level. While for the awareness construct, 389 respondents were at a high level, 97
people were at a medium level, and 13 people were at a low level. Finally, for the spiritual construct, a total of
466 respondents scored high, while for medium and low, 32 and one respectively.

Table 4. Levels of constructs of knowledge, skills, awareness and spirituality

Level
Construct Total
High Medium Low
Knowledge 93.4% 6.4% 0.2% 100.0%
Skill 84.2% 15.8% 0.0% 100.0%
Awareness 78.0% 19.4% 2.6% 100.0%
Spirituality 93.4% 6.4% 0.2% 100.0%

3.3. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis

This technique is designed for use in the preliminary stages of decision-making processes and can
be used as a tool for evaluation of the strategic position of organizations of many kinds (for-profit enterprises,
local and national governments, and non-government organizations (NGOs)). A SWOT analysis has been

Int J Public Health Sci, Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2024: 44-49
Int J Public Health Sci ISSN: 2252-8806  47

constructed based on aspects of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats [26] in order to provide a
clearer and more comprehensive conclusion regarding the findings from this study in Table 5.
Based on the overall findings of this study, it has been shown that the drug prevention program in
schools has been implemented in a planned location [27], [28], which has shown a positive effect in efforts to
eradicate and prevent drug abuse among primary school children [29]. The drug prevention program is very
suitable to continue by giving emphasis to several aspects that are factors in the effectiveness of program
implementation [30], such as module improvement, monitoring, follow-up activities, and so on [31].
Therefore, drug prevention programs in schools should be continued [32], [33] in an effort to eradicate the
spread of drug abuse from the grassroots in society [34], [35], especially among teenagers, which is
becoming increasingly worrying [36].

Table 5. SWOT analysis

Strength Opportunity Weakness Threats
S1: The drug prevention program O1: Be able to find out the W1: The content of the T1: Families and parents are
successfully increased children's main cause or problem of module needs a more not ready to involve
awareness, knowledge, skills and high-risk children child-oriented approach children with the
spirituality program
S2: The drug prevention program O2: Collaboration between W2: Weaknesses in terms of T2: External influences and
succeeded in delaying the AADK, Education monitoring and follow- circumstances around
addiction process among students Office and School up the participants
S3: Reducing student misbehavior W3: Program participants do
not follow the correct
criteria

4. CONCLUSION
Recommendations to the management and stakeholders so that drug prevention programs can be
continued in a more structured manner, in addition to giving emphasis on module content, budget, promotion,
and monitoring. In addition to that, emphasis on the sustainability of the program through monitoring and
follow-up activities that may be carried out periodically and in accordance with the needs of the program
participants can also be given attention.
Next, the collaboration of various parties, such as NGOs, and universities, needs to be mobilised for
the planning and implementation of more effective programs so that the programs to be implemented have
good content of activities and are planned with full strategy and systematic planning and can then be
implemented with maximum effect. This is in line with the findings of an external study which states that an
effective drug prevention program for teenagers needs to involve the school, family, community, peers, as
well as technology-based interventions.
Regarding the content of the module, it needs to undergo an improvement process by involving
researchers from any university or research body. A specific study needs to be conducted to further refine
every aspect of the module's content as well as test the module in a real setting to examine the level of
validity of the content, reliability, and effectiveness of the module using the correct research process .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was funded by National Anti-Drug Agency (AADK) is an agency under the ministry of
home affairs Malaysia that combat drug and substance abuse including prevention, education, treatment,
medicine and rehabilitation. The author would like to thank the Sultan Idris Education University (UPSI) for
providing assistance, support and managing this grant. Source of Funding: Research Grant number
(2019-0254-106-10)

REFERENCES
[1] S. Siafis, K. N. Fountoulakis, V. Fragkidis, and G. Papazisis, “Prescribing Z-drugs in Greece: an analysis of the national
prescription database from 2018 to 2021,” BMC Psychiatry, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 370, May 2023, doi: 10.1186/s12888-023-04793-x.
[2] F. Gil et al., “After school: Volunteering in community emergency services and substance use among Israeli adolescents,”
Psychology in the Schools, vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 2579–2591, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.1002/pits.22878.
[3] Mariam, Nurzatil, Noraini, A. Hamdi, N. Hafidzah, and Z. Ismail, “Factors involving delinquent behavior among adolescents: a
highlight of the systematic literature involvement factors in delinquent behavior among adolescents,” Journal of Islamic Studies,
vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 12–27, 2021.
[4] M. U. Ikoh, S. O. Smah, I. Okwanya, U. A. Clement, and Z. A. Aposhi, “Factors affecting entry into drug abuse among youths in
Lafia Metropolis: implications on security,” SAGE Open, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–15, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1177/2158244018823428.
[5] W. S. Rodzlan Hasani et al., “Risk factors for illicit drug use among Malaysian male adolescents,” Asia-Pacific Journal of Public
Health, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 48–56, Nov. 2019, doi: 10.1177/1010539519865053.
[6] S. Levy et al., “Assessment of screening tools to identify substance use disorders among adolescents,” JAMA network open,
The effectiveness of drug prevention programs among … (Norsayyidatina Che Rozubi)
48  ISSN: 2252-8806

vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 1–12, May 2023, doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.14422.

[7] K. A. Decker et al., “Sharing our journey: implementing a multicounty substance use prevention program in area schools,” NASN
School Nurses, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 70–75, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1177/1942602X211067225.
[8] M. B. Saberi Zafarghandi et al., “Indicators of drug-related community impacts of open drug scenes: a scoping review,” European
Addiction Research, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 87–102, 2022, doi: 10.1159/000519886.
[9] E. N. Nwagu, S. I. C. Dibia, and A. N. Odo, “Community readiness for drug abuse prevention in two rural communities in Enugu
State, Nigeria,” SAGE Open Nursing, vol. 6, no. 28, pp. 1–10, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1177/2377960820963758.
[10] O. A. Saba, C. Weir, and M. Aceves-Martins, “Substance use prevention interventions for children and young people in Sub-
Saharan Africa: A systematic review,” International Journal of Drug Policy, vol. 94, no. 4, pp. 1–13, Aug. 2021, doi:
10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103251.
[11] M. Khalili, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, B. Shadloo, R. Mojtabai, K. Mann, and M. Amin-Esmaeili, “Global scientific production on illicit
drug addiction: A two-decade analysis,” European Addiction Research, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 60–70, 2018, doi: 10.1159/000487590.
[12] A. Shariat, M. Amini, and E. Mohebati, “Systematic review of family factors associated with substance abuse in adolescents: a
comparative study between Iran and developed countries,” International Journal of Body, Mind and Culture, vol. 10, no. 1,
pp. 22–40, 2023, doi: 10.22122/ijbmc.v10i1.464.
[13] J. Zhao, J. Lu, H. Zhao, Y. Yan, H. Dong, and W. Li, “Analysis, occurrence, and consumption of substances with abuse potential
in Xinjiang, China, from 2021 to 2022,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 889, p. 164310, Sep. 2023, doi:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164310.
[14] B. R. Altman and M. Earleywine, “Induced negative affect’s impact on self-reported cannabis use, expectancies, and problems,”
Addictive Behaviors, vol. 141, p. 107652, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107652.
[15] G. Bardwell et al., “The perspectives of structurally vulnerable people who use drugs on volunteer stipends and work experiences
provided through a drug user organization: Opportunities and limitations,” International Journal of Drug Policy, vol. 55,
pp. 40–46, May 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.02.004.
[16] K. K. Rigg and K. M. Menendez, “Drug prevention programmes in schools: Selecting programme providers,” Health Education
Journal, vol. 77, no. 5, pp. 586–597, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.1177/0017896918763454.
[17] S. D. Li, X. Zhang, W. Tang, and Y. Xia, “Predictors and implications of synthetic drug use among adolescents in the gambling
capital of China,” SAGE Open, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1–12, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1177/2158244017733031.
[18] V. Yazdi-Feyzabadi, M. H. Mehrolhassani, F. Zolala, A. A. Haghdoost, and N. Oroomiei, “Determinants of risky sexual practice,
drug abuse and alcohol consumption in adolescents in Iran: a systematic literature review,” Reproductive health, vol. 16, no. 1,
p. 115, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1186/s12978-019-0779-5.
[19] I. Fauziah and Z. Ezarina, “Youth involvement in Drug Abuse; Analysis of the level of relationship with Peers,” Journal of Social
Development, vol. 17, pp. 71–85, 2014.
[20] J. Liu, G. Wu, and F. D. Boateng, “Does procedural fairness matter for drug abusers to stop illicit drug use? Testing the
applicability of the process-based model in a Chinese context,” Psychology, Crime and Law, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 507–526, May
2020, doi: 10.1080/1068316X.2019.1696802.
[21] N. E. Fraenkel, Jack R., Wallen, How to design and evaluate research in education, no. 0. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009.
[22] M. N. Sidek and A. Jamaludin, “Module development: How to develop training modules and academic modules,” in Module
Development, Malaysia: Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia, 2005.
[23] P. Chesterton, F. Deane, and D. Moore, “Implementing an external student placement strategy into an undergraduate chiropractic
curriculum in The United Kingdom: an education descriptive report,” Journal of Chiropractic Humanities, vol. 30, pp. 1–8, Dec.
2023, doi: 10.1016/j.echu.2023.01.001.
[24] M. Mert-Karadas and C. Yucel-Ozcirpan, “The impact of an educational program based on the reproductive health of LGBT
individuals developed for nursing students to improve the knowledge, skills and attitudes of students: A quasi-experimental
study,” Nurse Education in Practice, vol. 70, p. 103668, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103668.
[25] A. Jamaludin, Self-motivation module in indonesian. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2012.
[26] R. Lennox et al., “The second heart program — A multidisciplinary team supporting people who inject drugs with infective
endocarditis: Protocol of a feasibility study,” PLoS ONE, vol. 16, no. 10, p. e0256839, Oct. 2021, doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0256839.
[27] A. Khani Jeihooni, A. Sorbi, P. Afzali Harsini, A. Taghinezhad, and A. Yari, “The application of theory of planned behavior in
improving substance abuse prevention behaviors in male high school students,” Current Psychology, vol. 42, no. 13,
pp. 11355–11363, May 2023, doi: 10.1007/s12144-021-02410-2.
[28] M. C. Almeida, H. Cogo-Moreira, P. P. de O. Galvão, J. J. Mari, and Z. M. Sanchez, “Can psychopathology predict adolescent
drug use or moderate the effect of a schoool-based drug use prevention program?,” International Journal of Mental Health and
Addiction, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s11469-022-01000-y.
[29] A. H. Krist et al., “Primary care-based interventions to prevent illicit drug use in children, adolescents, and young adults: US
Preventive Services task force recommendation statement,” JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 323, no.
20, pp. 2060–2066, May 2020, doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6774.
[30] T. Burnett, K. Battista, M. Butt, D. Sherifali, S. T. Leatherdale, and M. Dobbins, “The association between public health
engagement in school-based substance use prevention programs and student alcohol, cannabis, e-cigarette and cigarette use,”
Canadian Journal of Public Health, vol. 114, no. 1, pp. 94–103, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.17269/s41997-022-00655-3.
[31] J. Gaete, C. Inzunza, S. Ramírez, D. Valenzuela, C. Rojas, and R. Araya, “The social competence promotion program among
young adolescents (SCPP-YA) in Chile (‘Mi Mejor Plan’) for substance use prevention among early adolescents: study protocol
for a randomized controlled trial,” Trials, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 1–542, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1186/s13063-022-06472-w.
[32] J. Y. Valente, H. Cogo-Moreira, and Z. M. Sanchez, “Applying a pattern-centered approach to assess the effect of a school-based
drug use prevention program in Brazil: a cluster randomized controlled trial,” Journal of Prevention, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 529–548,
Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10935-022-00681-4.
[33] S. Hirpa et al., “Prevalence and risk factors for tobacco, khat, and alcohol consumption among high school students in Ethiopia,”
BMC Public Health, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 1–226, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-15088-x.
[34] L. Leza, S. Siria, J. J. López-Goñi, and J. Fernández-Montalvo, “Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and substance use
disorder (SUD): A scoping review,” Drug and Alcohol Dependence, vol. 221, p. 108563, Apr. 2021, doi:
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108563.
[35] S. Singh, Y. P. S. Balhara, P. Gupta, and N. G. Christodoulou, “Primary and secondary prevention strategies against illicit drug
use among adults aged 18–25: a narrative review,” Australasian Psychiatry, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 84–90, Feb. 2020, doi:
10.1177/1039856219875048.

Int J Public Health Sci, Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2024: 44-49
Int J Public Health Sci ISSN: 2252-8806  49

[36] S. Baheshmat, J. Gholami, M. Amin-Esmaeili, B. Shadloo, and A. Rahimi-Movaghar, “Spouse and child abuse associated with
illicit drug use in iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 1494–1509, Dec.
2022, doi: 10.1177/1524838021998655.

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Norsayyidatina Che Rozubi is a senior lecturer at Sultan Idris Education

University (UPSI) Malaysia at Department Guidance and Counseling and also a registered
counsellor. Her broad research and teaching interests include child counselling, mental health,
play, creative, art therapy and child sexual exploitation and abuse. She can be contacted at
email: [email protected].

Azad Athahiri Anuar is a PhD counseling graduate from the University of

Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. He is the founder and Director of Onmind Consulting which
is involved in organizing academic workshops in Malaysia. He has served as a lecturer at the
University of Geomatika Malaysia and as a part-time lecturer at Sultan Idris Education
University. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Nurul Ain Mohd Daud is an Associate Professor from the Department Guidance
and Counseling, Faculty of Human Development, Sultan Idris Education University (UPSI),
Tanjung Malim, Perak, Malaysia. Specializes in Multicultural Counseling, Digital Counseling
and Qualitative Methodology. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Ahmad Jazimin Jusoh is a Professor at Sultan Idris Education University (UPSI)

Malaysia Department Guidance and Counseling, also a registered counsellor. His broad
research and teaching interests include choice theory and reality therapy. He can be contacted at
email: [email protected].

Pau Kee is a senior lecturer from the Faculty of Human Development, Sultan Idris
Education University (UPSI), Tanjung Malim, Perak, Malaysia. She is Director of Counseling
Center at Sultan Idris Education University. Her specializes and interests in Clinical Mental
Health Counseling. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

The effectiveness of drug prevention programs among … (Norsayyidatina Che Rozubi)