FALLSEM2022-23 BEEE102L TH VL2022230107502 2022-11-02 Reference-Material-I
FALLSEM2022-23 BEEE102L TH VL2022230107502 2022-11-02 Reference-Material-I
FALLSEM2022-23 BEEE102L TH VL2022230107502 2022-11-02 Reference-Material-I
• The notion of solving ac circuits using phasors was first introduced by Charles Steinmetz (German-
Austrian mathematician and electrical engineer) in 1893.
• Sinusoids are easily expressed in terms of phasors, which are more convenient to work with than sine
and cosine functions.
• A phasor is a complex number that represents the amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.
• The idea of phasor representation is based on Euler’s identity. In general,
e j = cos j sin ( )
v(t ) = Vm cos(t + ) = Re Vm e j (t + )
( )
cos = Re e j (
v(t ) = Re Vm e j e jt ) = Re(Ve )
j t
sin = Im(e ) j
V = Vm e j = Vm
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
Let v1, v2, . . . , vn be the voltages around a closed loop: v1 + v2 + + vn = 0
Vm1 cos(t + 1 ) + Vm 2 cos(t + 2 ) + + Vmn cos(t + n ) = 0
( ) ( ) ( )
Re Vm1e j (t +1 ) + Re Vm 2 e j (t + 2 ) + + Re Vmn e j (t + n ) = 0
( )
Re Vm1e j1 + Vm 2 e j 2 + + Vmn e j n e jt = 0
Re (V1 + V2 + + Vn )e jt = 0
V1 + V2 + + Vn = 0
Therefore, In a loop, the phasor sum of all the voltages is zero.
Kirchhoff's Current Law
Let i1, i2, . . . , in be the currents meeting in a node: i1 + i2 + + in = 0
V
I=
Z1 + Z 2
V Z1 V Z2
V1 = IZ1 = V2 = IZ 2 =
Z1 + Z 2 Z1 + Z 2
Impedances in parallel
I1 + I 2 = I V V
+ =I
Z1 Z 2
1 1 Z1 + Z 2 Z1 Z 2
I = V + = V
V = I
Z1 Z 2 Z1 Z 2 Z1 + Z 2
V Z1 Z 2 1 I Z 2 V Z1 Z 2 1 I Z1
I1 = = I = I2 = = I =
Z1 Z1 + Z 2 Z1 Z1 + Z 2 Z2 Z1 + Z 2 Z 2 Z1 + Z 2
Find the Zin
Z1 = − j10 = 50 rad / s
Z3
Z1
Z2 = 3 − j2
Z2
Z 3 = 8 + j10
Z1 + (Z 2 || Z 3 ) = 3.22 − j11.07
Z1 = 20 − j 50 = 10 rad / s
Z 2 = − j 25
Z3
Z 3 = 50 + j 20 Z1
Z1 + (Z 2 || Z 3 ) = 32.38 − j 73.76
Z2
Find the vo
Z1 = 60 Z 2 = − j 25
Z 3 = + j 20
(Z 2 || Z 3 ) = j100
Z1 = 10 Z 2 = j5 (Z1 || Z 2 ) = 2 + j 4
Z3 = − j2
Z 2 = 8 + j12
V 50
I= = = 1036.87 o A
Z1 (4 − j 3)
50 ( j12 ) ( )
i = 10 cos 4t + 36.87 o A
V= = 41.633.69o V
8 + j12
(
v = 41.6 cos 4t + 33.69o V )
Calculate the amount of phase
shift produced at 2 kHz.
I z 4 = 0.1529.87 o A
I in = 0.515 − 18.1 A
o
Z1 Z3
Vin = 1000 V vin Z 4 vout
Z2
Z eq = 184.682 + j 60.287
Vout = 9.52399.87 o V
Z1 = 150 Z 2 = j125.66
Z 3 = 100 Z 4 = j 62.832
Take ω = 50 rad/s
Take ω = 50 rad/s
DA 1 - 26
Find Yeq in the following circuits:
DA 1 - 27
For the circuit, calculate ZT and Vab.
DA 1 - 28
(a) Calculate the phase shift of the circuit .
(b) State whether the phase shift is leading or lagging
(output with respect to input).
(c) Determine the magnitude of the output when the input is 120 V.
DA 1 - 29
A power transmission system is modeled as shown below.
Given the source voltage Vs = 115 ∟0◦ V, source impedance Zs = 1 + j0.5 Ω,
line impedance Zl = 0.4 + j0.3 Ω, and load impedance ZL = 23.2 + j18.9 Ω,
find the load current IL.
DA 1 - 30
A series audio circuit is shown in Fig.
(a) What is the impedance of the circuit?
(b) If the frequency were halved, what would be the impedance of the circuit?