Phasors and sinusoids

• The notion of solving ac circuits using phasors was first introduced by Charles Steinmetz (German-
Austrian mathematician and electrical engineer) in 1893.
• Sinusoids are easily expressed in terms of phasors, which are more convenient to work with than sine
and cosine functions.
• A phasor is a complex number that represents the amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.
• The idea of phasor representation is based on Euler’s identity. In general,

e  j = cos   j sin  ( )
v(t ) = Vm cos(t +  ) = Re Vm e j (t + )
( )
cos  = Re e  j (
v(t ) = Re Vm e j e jt ) = Re(Ve )
j t

sin  = Im(e ) j
V = Vm e j = Vm 
 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
Let v1, v2, . . . , vn be the voltages around a closed loop: v1 + v2 +    + vn = 0
Vm1 cos(t + 1 ) + Vm 2 cos(t +  2 ) +    + Vmn cos(t +  n ) = 0

( ) ( ) ( )
Re Vm1e j (t +1 ) + Re Vm 2 e j (t + 2 ) +    + Re Vmn e j (t + n ) = 0

Re(V m1 e jt e j1)+ Re(V m2 ) ( )

e jt e j 2 +    + Re Vmn e jt e j n = 0

( ) 
Re Vm1e j1 + Vm 2 e j 2 +    + Vmn e j n e jt = 0


Re (V1 + V2 +    + Vn )e jt = 0 
V1 + V2 +    + Vn = 0
Therefore, In a loop, the phasor sum of all the voltages is zero.
 Kirchhoff's Current Law
Let i1, i2, . . . , in be the currents meeting in a node: i1 + i2 +    + in = 0

Similar to the KVL, I1 + I 2 +    + I n = 0

Therefore, In a node, the phasor sum of all the currents is zero.

 Impedances in series

The same current I flows through the impedances.

Applying KVL around the loop gives: V1 + V2 +    + Vn = V
I (Z1 + Z 2 +    + Z n ) = V IZ eq = V
V
Z eq = = Z1 + Z 2 +    + Z n
I
 Voltage division
The same current I flows through the
impedances.
Applying KVL around the loop gives:
V1 + V2 = V I (Z 1 + Z 2 ) = V

V
I=
Z1 + Z 2

V  Z1 V  Z2
V1 = IZ1 = V2 = IZ 2 =
Z1 + Z 2 Z1 + Z 2
 Impedances in parallel

The same voltage V across all the impedances.

Applying KCL in the node gives: I1 + I 2 +    + I n = I

V V V V 1 I 1 1 1
+ +  + =I I= = = + +  +
Z1 Z 2 Zn Z eq Z eq V Z1 Z 2 Zn
 Current division
The same voltage V across all the impedances.

Applying KCL in the node gives:

I1 + I 2 = I V V
+ =I
Z1 Z 2
 1 1   Z1 + Z 2   Z1  Z 2 
I = V  +  = V 
   V = I  
 Z1 Z 2   Z1  Z 2   Z1 + Z 2 

V  Z1  Z 2  1  I  Z 2  V  Z1  Z 2  1  I  Z1 
I1 = = I    =   I2 = = I    =  
Z1  Z1 + Z 2  Z1  Z1 + Z 2  Z2  Z1 + Z 2  Z 2  Z1 + Z 2 
 Find the Zin
Z1 = − j10   = 50 rad / s
Z3
Z1
Z2 = 3 − j2 
Z2
Z 3 = 8 + j10 
Z1 + (Z 2 || Z 3 ) = 3.22 − j11.07 

Z1 = 20 − j 50   = 10 rad / s
Z 2 = − j 25 
Z3
Z 3 = 50 + j 20  Z1

Z1 + (Z 2 || Z 3 ) = 32.38 − j 73.76 
Z2
 Find the vo
Z1 = 60  Z 2 = − j 25 
Z 3 = + j 20 
(Z 2 || Z 3 ) = j100 

V  (Z 2 || Z 3 ) (20 − 15) ( j100 )

V0 =
Z1 + (Z 2 || Z 3 )
=
(60 + j100) (
= 17.1516o V v = 17.15 cos 4t + 16 o V
0 )

Z1 = 10  Z 2 = j5  (Z1 || Z 2 ) = 2 + j 4 
Z3 = − j2 

V  (Z 3 ) (1075) (− j 2) = 7.07 − 60o V

V0 = =
Z 3 + (Z1 || Z 2 ) (2 + j 2) v0 = 7.07 cos(10t − 60o ) V
 Find i and v
Z1 = 4 − j 3 

Z 2 = 8 + j12 
V 50
I= = = 1036.87 o A
Z1 (4 − j 3)

50  ( j12 ) ( )
i = 10 cos 4t + 36.87 o A
V= = 41.633.69o V
8 + j12
(
v = 41.6 cos 4t + 33.69o V )
 Calculate the amount of phase
shift produced at 2 kHz.
I z 4 = 0.1529.87 o A
I in = 0.515 − 18.1 A
o

Z1 Z3
Vin = 1000 V vin Z 4 vout
Z2

Z eq = 184.682 + j 60.287 

Vout = 9.52399.87 o V
Z1 = 150  Z 2 = j125.66 

Z 3 = 100  Z 4 = j 62.832 

Phase shift produced at 2 kHz : 99.87o leading.

 Calculate the amount of phase
shift produced at 5 kHz.

Phase shift produced at 5 kHz : 120.4o lagging.

 Next Class
ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUITS – POWER CALCULATION
 DA 1 - 22
Using phasors, Find:
 DA 1 - 23
Using phasors, Find:
 DA 1 - 24
Find i(t) and v(t)
 DA 1 - 25
Find Zeq in the following circuits:

Take ω = 50 rad/s

Take ω = 50 rad/s
 DA 1 - 26
Find Yeq in the following circuits:
 DA 1 - 27
For the circuit, calculate ZT and Vab.
 DA 1 - 28
(a) Calculate the phase shift of the circuit .
(b) State whether the phase shift is leading or lagging
(output with respect to input).
(c) Determine the magnitude of the output when the input is 120 V.
 DA 1 - 29
A power transmission system is modeled as shown below.
Given the source voltage Vs = 115 ∟0◦ V, source impedance Zs = 1 + j0.5 Ω,
line impedance Zl = 0.4 + j0.3 Ω, and load impedance ZL = 23.2 + j18.9 Ω,
find the load current IL.
 DA 1 - 30
A series audio circuit is shown in Fig.
(a) What is the impedance of the circuit?
(b) If the frequency were halved, what would be the impedance of the circuit?