1. Why is psychology important to you? intelligence!

”
- psychology can help us improve our lives
(3) Psychology helps us succeed in school and at
(1) Psychology explains our mental activity and work.
behavior - academic success / professional success
-psychology: study of our mental activity and our
behavior 2. What do psychologists investigate?
-mental activity: let us perceive the world. - psychology was originated in philosophy
interpret information in our own unique ways,
responsible for all of our memories, thoughts, and (1) Psychology originated in philosophical
feelings. questions
- behavior: actions that result from sensing and - nature/nurture debate: thinking and behavior ->
interpreting information. nature? nurture?
- mental activity and behavior are produced by -> ancient Greece: Aristotle, Plato
brain -> now: both nature and nurture influence our
- psychology focuses on mental activity, behavior, psychological development
and brain processes. - mind/body problem: are the mind and the body
separate and distinct?(is the mind simply our own
(2) Psychology teaches us to think critically personal experience of the physical brain’s
A. steps in critical thinking activity?)
-critical thinking: systematically evaluating -> ancient Greeks and Romans: yes! / some
information to reach reasonable conclusions best scholars: no, human have a divine and immortal
supported by evidence. soul.
- three steps -> Dualism(Rene Descartes, 1600s): mind and
a. What am I being asked to believe or accept? the body are separate yet intertwined. / rejected
-> friendly skepticism: openness to new idea by recent scholars(mind emerges from brain
+ caution activity)
-> 우리가 뭔가를 안다고 생각할 때 특히 주의하라
b. What evidence is provided to support the (2) Psychologist investigate the conscious and
claim? unconscious mind
-> use logic, and reasoning to the evidence A. Experimental psychology begins
/information - Wilhelm Wundt: established the first psychology
c. What are the most reasonable conclusions? laboratory(1879)-beginning of modern experimental
-> is there alternative explanation for the psychology(Europe, Canada, U.S.)
claim? - reaction time: psychological process are the
-> make final decision: believe the claim? or products of brain activity, so they(psychology
not? task) must take time to occur–아직도 사용되는 개념
*popular media can be distorted or wrong – 7p - reaction time and complexity of the task: 정비
figure 참고 례
- introspection: a method to measure people’s
B. Evaluating psychology in the news. conscious experiences
- “Mozart effect” -> participants have to reflect and report on
-> original research: “research participants their thoughts about their personal experiences of
showed significant but temporary gains in objects
performing one type of task after listening to a -> critical to the development of psychology
Mozart sonata.” -> Wundt rejected this method lately
-> media: “Listening to Mozart increase B. Structuralism: components of the conscious
mind D. Psychoanalytic theory: Unconscious conflicts
- Identify the basic parts, or structures, of the - Sigmund Freud: founder
conscious mind -> influenced 20th century psychology
- Edward Titchener: founder, student of Wundt/ -> tried to understand relation between
Wilhelm Wundt psychology and physical problems
- ‘conscious experience can be broken down into - human behavior is determined by unconscious
underlying parts’ awareness(troubling childhood experiences
- relied on introspection: expected to understand blocked from memory, sexual urges that
the component parts of the participant’s conflicted with acceptable behavior)
experience. - psychoanalysis
- problem of introspection -> therapeutic approach
-> each of us brings to introspection a unique -> therapist and patient work together to bring
way of perceiving things(환자들마다 사건을 인식하는 up the unconscious problem and try to deal with
방법이 다르기 때문에 결과를 일반화할 수 없다.) it.
-> Eventually this method was abandoned - 의의: influential in shaping the public view of
- 의의: helped develop a pure science of psychology
psychology with its own vocabulary and set of - problem: difficult to test using scientific
rules methods

C. Functionalism: Purpose of the conscious mind (3) Psychologists explore behavior and mental
- Describe how the conscious mind aids activity
adaptation to an environment - early 20th century: turned away from
- William James conscious/unconscious experiences in mind
-> structuralism: failed to capture the most - Gestalt theory, Behaviorism, Humanistic
important aspects of mental experience psychology, Cognitive psychology: basis for
-> mind is much more complex than its modern psychological research on mental
elements and cannot be broken down = mind’s activity
elements mattered less than the mind’s usefulness
to people. A. Gestalt psychology: Experiencing the “Whole”
- the mind: existed over the course of human - study subjective perception as a unified whole
evolution/ helped humans adapt to - Max Wertheimer: founder/ Wolfgang Kohler
environmental demands - opposite to structuralism: mental experience
C-1. Evolutionary theory: natural selection aids cannot be broken down into common underlying
survival (kind of functionalism) parts
-Charles Darwin: naturalist - how people perceive information(sensory input)?
- ‘On the Origin of Species’ – Evolutionary -> perception of object: personal experience,
Theory: species change over time affected by context
- natural selection: those who inherit -> what a person experiences is different from
characteristics that help them adapt to their all of the constituent elements of an object.
particular environments have a selective - 의의: influenced many areas of psychology –
advantage over those who do not. study of vision, human personality
-> survival of the fittest * many times ->
evolution B. Behaviorism: Stimuli and Responses
- 의의: deeply influenced science, philosophy, and - describe behavior in response to environmental
society/ can be used to understand many stimuli/ investigates the observable
aspects of mind and behavior environmental effects on behavior
- John B. Watson: founder/ B.F. Skinner
 -> “stop trying to study mental events that developed an integrated view of mind and brain
could not be observed!” -> studies brain mechanism that underlie
-> animals learn all behavior through thought, learning, memory.
environmental factors
-> studying the environmental stimuli, the 3. Who are psychologists today?
behavioral triggers in particular situation -> can
predict the animals’ behavioral responses in those (1) Psychologists work across levels of analysis
situation - nowdays
-의의 -> schools are not important
-> dominated psychological research(early 1960s) -> understand phenomenon through different
-> established many basic principles that are perspectives
still viewed as critical to understanding behavior
-> evidence shows that thought process A. Different levels of psychological analysis
influence behavior *19p 표 꼭 보시오!(표 암기해야 함)
a. Biological level of analysis
C. Humanistic Psychology: Focus on positives - how the body influences our thoughts and
- 1950: most schools thought that we cannot behavior(genes-thoughts,actions,feelings,disorder/
control our behavior(외부요인: 무의식, 환경 등..) specific part of brain-psychological process)
- Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers: “how people are - musical training changes brain structure
free to choose activities that make them happy associated with learning and memory(pleasant
and bring them fulfillment?” music->brain region of positive experience)
- emphasize the basic goodness of people - ex. music appears to be treated by the brain as
- how people should accept themselves, work on a special category of auditory
personal goals, and try to live up to their full information(specipic part of brain damage-only
potential as human beings lost ability to recognize tunes) *some brain
- Positive psychology movement: Martin Seligman, parts are associated with organized sounds
-> how faith, values, creativity, courage, and (language, music)
hope affect us b. Individual level of analysis
- emphasizes the quality of relationships and - focus on individual differences in personality
taking enjoyment from life’s accomplishments and mental processes that affect perception and
understanding
D. Cognitive psychology: Mental activity - ex. music’s effects on mood, memory, and
-배경: learning is not a simple process as decision making(sad music->negative thinking,
behaviorist said(second half of 20th century)/ happy music->positive thinking/expectation->how
mental functions are important for understanding we experience music)
behavior c. Social level of analysis
-> learning theorists(Edward Tolman): animals - how groups affect people’s interactions and
can learn by observation/ without stimuli from people’s influence on each other?
environment - ex. group/ individual music preference?
- George A. Miller, Ulric Neisser: founder - ex. whether certain types of music promote
- investigates mental functions: intelligence, negative behaviors(heavy metal->alcohol,drug/
thinking, launguage, attention, learning, rap->violence,drug/ prosocial lyrics ->empathic,
memory, problem solving, decision making helping behavior) 주의: this is not a causation
- Early: mental process! -> Later: Brain!! is d. Cultural level of analysis
important to cognition - how people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are
- cognitive neuroscience: psychology + computer similar or different across cultures
science + philosophy + brain research -> - culture: the beliefs, values, rules, and customs
 that exist within a group of people who share a ⓸ deception: In case of knowing a study’s
common language and environment and that specific goals could alter the participant’s
are transmitted through learning from one behavior, the researcher may use deception to
generation to the next mislead participants about the study. After the
- ex. different cultures prefer different types of study, the researcher must explain the study’s
music: african music – unique rhythmic goal and why the deception was necessary
structures ⓹ risks
- ex. attitudes about people who are different -> researcher’s cannot ask for unreasonable
from us can affect our perceptions of their pain
musical styles(social attitudes toward rap and -> risk/benefit ratio: an analysis of whether the
hiphop -> prejudice against blacks in U.S, U.K.) research is important enough to be worth placing
e. conclusion participants at some risk
- psychologists investigate a question across
different levels of analysis in an interconnected 4. How do psychologists conduct research?
way
- this creates a broader understanding of both (1) Psychologists use the scientific method
mental processes and behavior - empiricism: to gain knowledge by observing and
- multilevel approach -> breakthroughs measuring various aspects of world.
- scientific method: a systematic procedure of
(2) Psychologists investigate many different topics observing and measuring phenomena to answer
- psychologists work in many settings: questions about what happens, when it happens,
universities, private company, self-employed, what causes it, and why. involves interaction
government, schools between theories, hypotheses, and research
- research-related subfields in psychology: (22p 표 methods
참고-꼭 읽어) biological, cognitive/neuroscience, - three key aspects of scientific method
developmental, personality, social, cultural, ⓵ psychologist follow carefully planned, systemic
clinical, industrial/organizational steps
⓶ processes must be objective(no bias)
(3) Psychologist today follow strict ethical ⓷ procedures must be reproducible(언제 누가 실
guidelines 험해도 같은 결과가 나와야 한다.)
- institutional review boards(IRBs)
-> groups of people A. Five steps in the scientific method
-> review proposed research to ensure that it ⓵ Focus on(develop) a theory
⓵ meets the accepted standards of science - theory: an explanation or model of how the
⓶ provides for the physical and emotional phenomenon works. consists of interconnected
well-being of research participants ideas or concepts which explains prior research
- five main issues findings. makes predictions about future events
⓵ privacy: respect participants’ privacy - literature review: examination of the scientific
-> ethical: observe people without their literature related to the theory. used when
knowledge in public developing theory. reveal if and how other
-> not ethical: observe private behaviors scientists have been testing ideas similar to yours
without people’s knowledge ⓶ Developing(State) a hypothesis
⓶ confidentiality: participant’s information must - hypothesis: a specific, testable prediction about
be kept secret the theory. a theory is tested by several separate
⓷ informed consent: people must be told about hypotheses, all testing various aspects of the
the research/ can choose to participate or not/ theory
consent before the study begins ⓷ Testing the hypothesis/ test with research
method - interview: get more details about the
- research methods: descriptive, correlational, respondent’s opinions, experiences, attitudes/
experimental researchers can ask new questions
⓸ Analyze the data – hypothesis supported? - self-report bias: people’s answers involve
⑴ summarize the raw data using descriptive personal biases
statistics -> have to consider whether their question is
⑵ determine whether differences really exist driving people to answer most socially accepted
between sets of numbers in descriptive statistic - good: gather data from a large number of
using inferential statistics people/ easy to minister/ cost-efficient/ fast/
⓹ Report results and embark on further inquiry interview provides opportunity to ask an
- determine what issues need additional unplanned question
investigation - bad: self-report bias
- prove a theory (X)/ be more confident about
scientific finding when the results is repeated in C. case studies
several studies (O) - intensive examination of a few unique people
or organizations
(2) Descriptive methods describe what is - used in studies of psychological disorder:
Happening which parts of the brain are involved in memory?
- descriptive methods: when the goal is describing - problem in clinical case studies
behavior ->it is difficult to know whether the
- provides a snapshot of what is occurring at a researcher’s theory about the cause of the
specific point in time psychological disorder is correct
- valuable in the early stages of research (does -> researcher cannot control the person’s life
any particular phenomenon exists?) and is forced to make assumptions about the
- types effects of various life events
A. observational studies - good: can provide a lot of data
- involve systematically assessing and coding - bad: can be very subjective- preexisting theory
observable behavior can bias what is observed, investigated, and
- coding: determining which previously defined recorded/ results cannot be generalized from a
category the behavior fits into(classify behaviors) single case study to the population
- used in laboratory, and natural environments - “Sandy Hook Shooting”
- some studies observe behavior at regular time
intervals (3) Correlational methods test associations
- observer bias: errors occur because of the - examine the relationship between two
observer’s expectation. when if cultural norms factors(determine degree of association)
favor behaving in certain way -> ex. relationship between depression and
- reactivity: observed people often produce suicide
artificial behavior (especially in presence of - investigators do not: alter the factors being
observer)/ “Hawthorne effect”(27p) studied/ claim that one factor causes the other
- good: useful in early stage of a study/can take - do not show causation – why?
place in everywhere (lab, real world) a. correlation is not causality
- bad: observer bias, reactivity - directionality problem: cannot know the
direction of the relationship between x and y
B. self-reports - third variable problem: there might be third
- questionnaires, surveys: gather data from a variable which causes both variables x, y
large number of people in short time/ easy to - statistical procedures rules out directionality
administer/ cost efficient problem and third variable problem in
correlational study - control rules out alternative explanation so it
- good: rely on naturally occurring relationships/ supports experimental approach
take place in a real world setting
- bad: causal relationship X -> directionality D. Random assignment removes confounds
problem, third variable problem - preexisting difference between groups(typical
confound). ex. people who can drink alcohol
(4) Experimental methods test causation well, people who is weak to alcohol
- experimental methods: tests causal hypotheses - to prevent this confound..
by manipulating independent variables and - random assignment: gives equal chance of being
measuring the effects on dependent variables assigned to any level of the independent
variable(control group or experimental groups)/
A. variables and operational definitions balances out known and unknown factors
- independent variable: manipulated variable / in
control of experimenter E. Sampling
-> ex. drinking alcohol - to apply findings from the study to the
- dependent variable: affected by manipulation of population
independent variable/ a single dependent - random sample: when selecting sample(subset)
variable can have many operational definitions/ from the population, random sampling gives
depends on what the participant does equal chance to people being selected as sample
-> ex. driving skill - study’s results might not generalized to other
- operational definitions: specific definitions of the samples that are quite different, such as people
variables from other cultures
-> ex. drinking alcohol: BAC, driving skill:
milliseconds of stopping time

B. groups
- to clarify the relationship between variables
- control group: a comparison group. receives no
or an intervention that is not related to the
independent variable. ex. drink tonic water
- experimental group: experience manipulation
related to the topic. ex. drink alcohol
- compare the effects of manipulation between
two groups -> causal relationship is revealed
- the experiment rules out the third variable or
the directionality problem.

C. control is necessary to determine causality

- rigorous control is needed: the steps taken to
minimize the possibility that anything other than
the independent variable will affect the
experiment’s outcome
- confound: affects a dependent variable, or
unintentionally varies between the study’s
different experimental conditions
ex. types of car’s transmitter confounds the
drivers’ skill