Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Mesra, Ranchi – 835 215

EE 3202 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

BE II & III SEMESTER (All Branches)

Lab Manual
 List of Experiments
1. Measurement of low and high resistance of DC shunt motor.

2. AC R-L-C Series Circuit.

3. AC R-L-C parallel Circuit

4. 3- Voltmeter method.

5. 3- ammeter method.

6. Study of resonance in electrical circuit.

7. 3-phase star connection.

8. 3-phase delta connection.

9. Measurement of 3-phase power.

10. Measurement of Self & mutual inductance.

11. Calibration of instruments : D.C. Ammeter, D.C. Voltmeter, A.C. Ammeter, A.C. Voltmeter.

12. Calibration of Energy Meter.

Experiment No. 1
Name: Measurement of low and high resistance of DC shunt motor.
Objective:
(a) To measure low resistance of armature winding by voltmeter ammeter method
(b) To measure high resistance (shunt field winding of a DC machine) by ammeter
voltmeter method.
Apparatus: DC Voltmeter (0-25 V, 0-250 V)
DC ammeter (0-1 A, 0-15 A), 1-phase lamp load (200 W, 250 V)
Rheostat (300 Ω, 1 A)
Theory:
Ohm’s law: The ratio of potential difference (V) between the ends of a conductor to the current
(I) flowing between them is constant, provided the physical conditions (e.g. temp.) do not
change, i.e. V/I = constant = R

Experimental Setup:

A B (200W, 250V)
+
+
A
-
+ V - (0-15A)
(0-25V)
230V DC

-
Measurement of Low Resistance
(0-1)A
+
+
A
- C

+
230V DC V (0-250)V
-

-
D
Measurement of High Resistance
Observation Table:
S. No. V I R=V/I Average R

Procedure:
1. Tabulate all the measured values.
2. Graphically plot V-I characteristics for both setup.

Experimental Quiz:
1. Can a lamp load be replaced by a rheostat or vice versa for the two parts of the
experiment?
2. Determine the resistance from the plot at different voltages.
Experiment No. 2
Name: AC R-L-C Series Circuit
Objective:
a) To obtain the current and voltage distribution in AC R-L-C series circuit
b) To draw the phasor diagram
Apparatus: 1-phase auto transformer, Rheostat (200 Ω, 1.8 A)
Choke coil (4 H)
Capacitors (4 µF)
AC ammeter (0-3 A)
AC voltmeter (0-40 V, 0-250 V)
Theory:
The basic VI relationship of resistance, inductance and capacitance are given by
i) VR = R*IR
ii) VL = L di/dt
iii) VC = 1/c ∫icdt
And
VR = R Im sinωt
VL = ωL Im costωt = ωL Im sin (ωt + 90º)
Vc = (1/ωC) Im cost ωt = (1/ωC) Im sin (ωt - 90 º)

It can be concluded that, the voltage across a resistance is in phase with the current
through it, the voltage across inductance leads the current by 90º and the voltage across a
capacitance lags by 90º. The phase relationship can be conventionally expressed in a phasor
diagram given below (in ideal case).
Experimental Setup:
IL (200Ω, 2.8A) CHOKE (4H) C (4 µF)
+ A
(0-3)A
1-φ 1φ Vrl
VR VC
230V Auto
50 Hz Transformer
AC Supply V 0-250V VRL
V Line

Observation Table:
S. No. I VLine VR VrL VRL VC

Procedure:
1. Tabulate all the measured values.
2. Graphically plot all the measured quantities in a phasor relationship.

Experimental Quiz:
1. In the case of an inductor, what will be the shape of volt/ampere versus frequency curve?
2. What is the maximum power available from the power supply which you have used?
3. In a series RC circuit, write down an expression for the voltage across the capacitor in
terms of the total voltage and the voltage across the resistance.
4. In a series RLC circuit, determine expression for current in (i) resistor R (ii) Capacitor C
and (iii) inductor L.
5. How can you obtain the critically damped response in a series RLC circuit where R and C
are variable and the inductance L has a fixed value?
Experiment No. 3
Name: AC R-L-C parallel Circuit
Objective:
(a) To obtain the current and voltage distribution in AC R-L-C parallel circuit
(b) To draw the phasor diagram
Apparatus: 1-phase auto transformer, Rheostat (200 Ω, 1.8 A)
Choke coil (4 H)
Capacitors (4 µF)
AC ammeter (0-3 A, 0-1 A, 0-10 A)
AC voltmeter (0-250 V)
Theory:
The basic VI relationship of resistance, inductance and capacitance are given by
i) IR = VR/R
ii) IL = (1/L) ∫ VL dt
iii) IC = C dVC/dt
And, when the voltage across each element is V = Vm sinωt, the currents are given by
IR = (1/R) Vm sinωt
IL = (1/ωL) Vm costωt
Ic = ωC Vm sin (ωt + 90 º)

It can be concluded that, the current in a resistance is in phase with the voltage across it,
the current in inductance legs the voltage by 90º and the current in a capacitance leads by 90º.
The phase relationship can be conventionally expressed in a phasor diagram given below (in
ideal case).
Experimental Setup:

I Line I RL
A A
(0-3)A
1-φ 1φ A IC A IR A I rL
230V Auto
50 Hz Transformer
(200Ω,
AC Supply V 0-250V C=4μF 2.8A) CHOKE
V Line
(4H)

Observation Table:
S. No. V ILine IR IrL IRL IC

Procedure:
1. Tabulate all the measured values.
2. Graphically plot all the measured quantities in a phasor relationship.

Experimental Quiz:
1. What do you mean by inductance of a coil? What is an iron cored coil? What is an air-
cored coil?
2. What will be the effect on inductance on a increase in the no. of turns of a coil?
3. How is the rating of a coil and capacitance specified?
4. What are the different types of capacitance commonly used?
5. What is the resistance of 4H choke whose impedance at 50 Hz has magnitude of 750
ohm, what is the angle of impedance?
Experiment No. 4
Name: 3- Voltmeter method
Objective:
a) To measure the power and power factor of a single phase load by 3-voltmeter
method
b) To draw phasor diagram.
Apparatus: 1-phase auto transformer, Rheostat (200 Ω, 2.8 A)
Choke coil (4H)
AC ammeter (0-3 A)
AC voltmeter (0-250 V, 0-40 V)
Theory:
The single phase load under consideration is a choke coil. In this method, a known
resistance is connected in series with the choke and a.c. voltage is applied to the combination.
The voltage across the resistance gives the value of current and the vector diagram shown below
can be obtained.

Experimental Setup:

Observation Table:
S. No. VL ILINE VR VrL
Procedure:
1. Tabulate all the measured values.
2. Graphically plot all the measured quantities in a phasor relationship.

Experimental Quiz:
1. In the case of an inductor, what will be the shape of volt/ampere versus frequency
curve?
2. What is the maximum power available from the power supply which you have used?
3. In a series RC circuit, write down an expression for the voltage across the capacitor in
terms of the total voltage and the voltage across the resistance.
4. In a series RLC circuit, determine expression for current in (i) resistor R (ii) Capacitor C
and (iii) inductor L.
5. What is the power by this method, compare with wattmeter readings?
Experiment No. 5
Name: 3- ammeter method
Objective:
a) To measure the power and power factor of a single phase load by 3-ammeter
method
b) To draw phasor diagram.
Apparatus: 1-phase auto transformer, Rheostat (200 Ω, 2.8 A)
Choke coil (4H)
AC ammeter (0-3 A, 0-1 A)
AC voltmeter (0-250 V)
Theory:
A known resistance is connected in parallel to the choke and the line current in the
resistance give the supply voltage. The vector diagram shown below can be obtained as shown
and power and power factor can be calculated.

Experimental Setup:
I Line
A
(0-3)A
1-φ 1φ A IR A I rL
230V Auto
50 Hz Transformer
(200Ω,
AC Supply V 0-250V
2.8A) CHOKE
V Line
(4H)

Observation Table
S. No. VL IL IR IrL
Procedure:
1. Tabulate all the measured values.
2. Graphically plot all the measured quantities in a phasor relationship.

Experimental Quiz:
1. What do you mean by inductance of a coil? What is an iron cored coil? What is an air-
cored coil?
2. What will be the effect on inductance on a increase in the no. of turns of a coil?
3. How is the rating of a coil and capacitance specified?
4. What is the resistance of 4H choke whose impedance at 50 Hz has magnitude of 750
ohm, what is the angle of impedance?
5. What are the different types of capacitance commonly used ?
Experiment No. 6
Name: Study of resonance in electrical circuit
Objective
a) To find the condition of resonance in AC RLC series circuit
b) Draw the different phasor diagrams
Apparatus: AC ammeter (0-1 A)
AC voltmeter (0-25 V)
Sine wave generator
Theory:
Imax = V/R
fo = 1/(2π√(LC))
Q = ωoL/R = 1/(ωoRC) = VL or VC/ Supply voltage
ωo = 2π fo, where fo is the resonant frequency
draw graph between current/ voltage/ impedance and frequency.
f1, f2 corresponds to 0.707 Imax

Experimental Setup:
L
C

VL Vc

R VR
Variable Freq.
Supply

Observation Table:
S. No. f I VL Vc Calculated I= Calculated value
VR/R of fo

Procedure:
1. Tabulate all the measured values.
2. Graphically plot all the measured quantities in a phasor relationship.
3. Draw the resonance curve.
Experimental Quiz:
1. State the basic difference if any, between the resonance phenomenon in series and
parallel RLC circuit.
2. The reactance offered by a parallel resonant circuit is zero/ one/ infinite.
3. The pf at resonance is 0.5/1/0
4. The resonant (max) value of current in a series RLC circuit is limited by the value of
R/L/C of the circuit.
5. How is it that you get higher voltage at resonance across C (or L) than the applied voltage
in series resonance, explain.
6. An RLC circuit has complex/ purely resistive/ purely reactive impedance.
Experiment No. 7
Name: 3-phase star connection
Objective
a) To obtain the relation between line and phase quantity in 3-phase star connection
b) To obtain the phasor diagram.
Apparatus: 3-phase autotransformer
AC voltmeter (0-300 V, 0-500 V)
AC ammeter (0-5 A)
3-phase lamp load (250 V, 200 W)
Theory:
A balanced system of 3-phase voltages had the property that their voltages are same but
differing in phase from one another by 120o.
VR = Vm sinωt
VY = Vm sin(ωt-120o)
VB = Vm sin(ωt+120o)
When electrical loads are connected in star to the 3-phase supply the line currents and
phase currents are same but the line voltages are given by
VRY = VR-VY = √3 Vm sin(ωt+30o)
VYB = VY-VB = √3 Vm sin(ωt+30o-120o)
VBR = VB-VR = √3 Vm sin(ωt+30o+120o)

Thus the line current and phase current are same in star but line voltage is √3 times of
phase voltage.
Experimental Setup:

Observation Table:
S. No. IL VP VL VL/ VP

Procedure:
1. Tabulate all the measured values.
2. Graphically plot all the measured quantities in a phasor relationship.

Experimental Quiz:
1. If the load is unbalanced what will happen to the ratio and why?
Experiment No. 8
Name: 3-phase delta connection
Objective
c) To obtain the relation between line and phase quantity in 3-phase delta connection
d) To obtain the phasor diagram.
Apparatus: 3-phase autotransformer
AC voltmeter (0-500 V)
AC ammeter (0-5 A, 0-10 A)
3-phase lamp load (250 V, 200 W)
Theory:
A balanced system of 3-phase voltages had the property that their voltages are same but
differing in phase from one another by 120o.
IRY = Im sinωt
IYB = Im sin(ωt-120o)
IBR = Im sin(ωt+120o)
When identical loads are connected in delta to the 3-phase supply the line voltage and
phase voltage are same but the line current are given by
IR = √3 Im sin(ωt+30o)
IY = √3 Im sin(ωt-30o-120o)
IB = √3 Im sin(ωt-30o+120o)

Thus the line voltage and phase voltage are same in delta but line current is √3 times of
phase current.
Experimental Setup:

Observation Table
S. No. IL IP VL IL/ IP

Procedure:
1. Tabulate all the measured values.
2. Graphically plot all the measured quantities in a phasor relationship.

Experimental Quiz:
1. If the load is unbalanced what will happen to the ratio and why?
Experiment No. 9
Name: Measurement of 3-phase power
Objective:
a) To measure the power input to 3-phase induction motor using two wattmeters
b) To obtain the phasor diagram
Apparatus: 2 Wattmeters (10A, 500V)
AC ammeter (0-10 A)
AC voltmeter (0-500 V)
Theory:
Suppose that the reading of first wattmeter is W1 and second wattmeter is W2 given by
W1 = IR * VRB cosФ
W2 = IY * VYB cosФ

Vector Diagram:

W1 = √3 Vph * Iph cos(30o-Ф)

W2 = √3 Vph * Iph cos(30o+Ф)

and W1 + W2 = 3 Vph * Iph cosФ = √3 VL * ILcosФ

again (W1 + W2)/( W1 - W2) = √3 cotФ

Experimental Setup:

Observation Table
S. No. I W1 W2 Ф Power

Procedure:
1. Tabulate all the measured values.
2. Graphically plot all the measured quantities in a phasor relationship.

Experimental Quiz:
1. Suppose the voltage and current waveforms have different frequencies, will there be any
avg. power.
2. Can one use an wattmeter as a voltmeter or a wattmeter as an ammeter? What is to be
done in each case?
3. How many coils are there in a single in a single phase wattmeter?
4. What do you understand by phase sequence in reference to 3-phase circuits?
5. How a wattmeter is connected in an a.c. circuit?
Experiment No. 10
Name: Self & mutual inductance
Objective:
a) To determine self & mutual inductance of coils
Apparatus: 1 - ϕ Autotransformer
Regulated Power Supply Unit
Inductive Coils
AC ammeter (0-1 A)
AC voltmeter (0-100 V)
DC voltmeter (0-5 V)
DC ammeter (0-500 mA)
Theory:

Experimental Setup:
(i) To find dc resistance of the coils :

A -
+

(0-500) mA
+ COIL
V (0 – 5) V

(ii) To find self inductance of the coils :

P
A
(0-1) A
COIL

230V, Single
50Hz, Phase
single
phase
AUTO
TRANSFOR
V (0-100)V

AC MER
supply

DPST FUSE
(iii) To find mutual inductance between the coils :
(a)Series Addition:

P
A
(0-1) A
COIL 1 COIL 2

230V, Single
50Hz, Phase
single
phase
AUTO
TRANSFOR
V
AC MER (0-100)V
supply

DPST FUSE

(b) Series Opposition:

P
A
(0-1) A
COIL 1 COIL 2

230V, Single
50Hz, Phase
single
phase
AUTO
TRANSFOR
V
AC MER (0-100)V
supply

DPST FUSE

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig. (i)
2. Apply a low voltage dc and note down the dc meter reading to determine dc resistance R 1
of the first coil.
3. Repeat steps (1) & (2) with the second coil to determine its dc resistance R2.
4. Rig up the circuit as shown in fig. (ii) using coil 1.
5. Switch on the ac supply, keeping auto- transformer in zero output position.
6. Apply a reduced voltage by adjusting the auto- transformer and note down the ac meter
readings to calculate the self- inductance L1 of the first coil.
7. Repeat steps (5) & (6) with coil 2, to determine its self- inductance L2.
8. Connect both the coils in series addition, as shown in fig.(iii)(a) and repeat the steps (5)
& (6) to determine the reactance m1, care must be taken to see that the two coils are co-
axial by keeping them exactly one above the other.
 9. Connect both the coils in series opposition, as shown in fig.(iii)(b) and repeat the steps
(5) & (6) to determine the reactance m2.

Observations:
(i)
Coil Coil
1 2
V1 I1 R1=V1/I1 Average V2 I2 R2=V2/I2 Average
(V) (A) Ω R1 (V) (A) Ω R2

(ii)
Coil 1 Coil 2
V1 I1 Z1 XL1 L1 V2 I2 Z2 XL2 L2
(V) (A) Ω (H) (V) (A) Ω (H)

(iii)
Series Series
Addition Opposition
V1' volts I1' amps Z1' Ω V2' volts I2' amps Z2' Ω

Calculations:
(i) Coil 1: R1 = V1/I1 , Mean R1 =
(ii) Coil 2: R2 = V2/I2 , Mean R2 =
(iii) Coil 1: Z1 = V1/I1 , XL1 = (Z1 2 - R1 2)1/2 , L1 = XL1 /2πf
(iv) Coil 2: Z2 = V2/I2 , XL2 = (Z2 2 - R2 2)1/2 , L2 = XL2 /2πf
(v) Z1' =((R1+R2)2+( XL1 + XL2 + 2ωM)2)1/2
XL1 + XL2 + 2ωM = ((Z1') 2 - (R1+R2)2 )1/2 = m1 .............................................................(a)

Z2' =((R1+R2)2+( XL1 + XL2 - 2ωM)2)1/2

XL1 + XL2 - 2ωM = ((Z2') 2 - (R1+R2)2 )1/2 = m2 ..............................................................(b)
Subtracting (b) from (a) ,
m1 - m2 = 4ωM
Mutual Inductance, M = ( m1 - m2 ) / 4ω
= ( m1 - m2 ) / 8πf , where: (ω = 2πf)

Results:
(i) Self-inductance of coil 1, L1 = H

(ii) Self-inductance of coil 2, L2 = H

(iii)Mutual-inductance between the two coils, M = H

Experiment No. 11
Name: Calibration of instruments : D.C. Ammeter / Voltmeter,
A.C. Ammeter / Voltmeter.
Objective:
a) To calculate percentage error of instruments through calibration

Apparatus: Ammeter(MC) (0-15) Amp

Ammeter(MI) (0-15) Amp
Voltmeter(MC) (0-300) Volt
Voltmeter(MI) (0-300) Volt
Rheostat
1 - ϕ Autotransformer

Experimental Setup:

(i) Calibration of DC ammeter

+ + A - + A -
(0-15)A (0-15)A
TESTING STANDARD
METER METER

230V,

DC Loading
Rheostat
supply

-
DPST FUSE

(ii) Calibration of DC voltmeter:

Variable
230 V
Rheostat + (0-300)V
+
DC 500 ohms,
(0-300)V
TESTING V STANDARD V
2 Amps
METER - METER -
supply

-
DPST FUSE
 (iii) Calibration of AC ammeter:

P
A A
(0-15)A (0-15)A
TESTING STANDARD
METER METER

230V, Single
50Hz, Phase
single AUTO Loading
phase TRANSFOR Rheostat
AC MER
supply

DPST FUSE

(iv) Calibration of AC voltmeter:

230V, Single
50Hz, Phase (0-300)V
single AUTO
(0-300)V
TESTING V STANDARD V
phase TRANSFOR
METER METER
AC MER
supply

DPST FUSE

Procedure:

(i) Calibration of DC Ammeter

 Connections are made as per the circuit diagram,
 Test ammeter and standard ammeter readings are noted down for various load conditions,
 Percentage of error is calculated as per the formula.

(ii) Calibration of DC Voltmeter

 Connections are made as per the circuit diagram,
 Test voltmeter and standard voltmeter readings are noted down for various load
conditions,
 Percentage of error is calculated as per the formula.
 (iii) Calibration of AC Ammeter
 Connections are made as per the circuit diagram,
 Using autotransformer set 230V,
 Test ammeter and standard ammeter readings are noted down for various load conditions,
 Percentage of error is calculated as per the formula.

(iv) Calibration of AC Voltmeter

 Connections are made as per the circuit diagram,
 Using autotransformer set 230V,
 Test voltmeter and standard voltmeter readings are noted down for various load
conditions,
 Percentage of error is calculated as per the formula.

Observation Table:

Table 1: Calibration of DC Ammeter

Sr. No. Test Ammeter reading (A) Standard Ammeter reading (A) Error %Error

Table 2: Calibration of DC Voltmeter

Sr. No. Test Voltmeter reading (V) Standard Voltmeter reading (V) Error %Error

Table 3: Calibration of AC Ammeter

Sr. No. Test Ammeter reading (A) Standard Ammeter reading (A) Error %Error
Table 4: Calibration of AC Voltmeter

Sr. No. Test Voltmeter reading (V) Standard Voltmeter reading (V) Error %Error

TMreading  SMreading
% error = x100
TMreading

Discussion Questions:

Q1. What do you mean by calibration?

Q2. What is accuracy and precision?

Q3. What is standard deviation?

Q4. Why is ammeter and voltmeter always connected in series and parallel respectively?

Q5. What is the necessity of calibrating an instrument?

Experiment No. 12
Name: Calibration of Energy Meter
Objective:
a) To calculate percentage error of energy meter through calibration
Apparatus:
 Voltmeter
 Ammeter
 Stop Clock
 Energy Meter
 Wattmeter
 Lamp Load

Theory:

Experimental Setup:

(300W,10A) ENERGY METER

(0-10 A)
A

(200W,250V)
(I- PHASE
AC SUPPLY) V (0-250 V)

Procedure:

 Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram

 Close the DPST switch and adjust the load to full load value
 The time taken for 10 revolutions of the aluminium disk in the energy meter is noted.
 The error is calculated. It must be maintained within ± 3%.
 The load is reduced in steps and for each step, Step 3 is repeated and % error is
calculated.
Observation table:

Sl. No. Wattmeter reading Energy Meter Error %

Reading Error

Calculations:

PowerCalculatedFromEnergymeter  Wattmeter Re ading

% Error = x100
Wattmeter Re ading

Discussion Questions:

Q1. What is an energy meter and where it is used?

Q2. What is the advantage of using a wattmeter where it’s application can be substituted with a
voltmeter-ammeter assembly?

Q3. What are eddy current and state an application of such current?

Q4. What do you mean by energy meter constant?