Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering

B.Tech IIyear- IIsem (Mechanical & Civil Engg.)

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

PART -A: ELECTRICAL

1. Verification of KCL and KVL.

2. i) Measurement of voltage, current and real power in primary and secondary circuits of a single phase
transformer.
ii) Verification of relation between voltage and currents (Star-Delta,Delta-Star,Delta-Delta,Star-Star) in
a three-phase transformer.

3. Measurement of Active and Reactive power in a balanced three-phase circuit.

4. Performance characteristics of separately excited DC Shunt motor.

5. Performance characteristics of Three-phase induction motor.

6. No-Load characteristics of Three-phase Alternator.

PART-B: ELECTRONICS

1. Study and operation of

(i) Multi-meters (ii) Function generator (iii) Regulated Power supply (iv) CRO

2. PN Junction Diode.

3. Zener diode characteristics and Zener as voltage regulator.

4. Input and Output characteristics of Transistor in CB/CE configuration.

5. Full wave Rectifier with & without filters.

6. Input and Output characteristics of FET in CS configuration.

 Experiment No. 1
VERIFICATION OF KCL & KVL
AIM: To verify (i) Kirchhoff’s current law (ii) Kirchhoff’s voltage law

(i) KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the apparatus Range Quantity

1 RPS (0-15)V 1

2 Resistor 1K, 4.7K , 3.3K 3

3 Ammeter (0-20)mA 3

4 Bread board ------ 1

5 Connecting wires ------ As required

THEORY:

Kirchhoff’s current law:

The algebraic sum of the currents entering in any node is Zero.

The law represents the mathematical statement of the fact change cannot accumulate at a node. A
node is not a circuit element and it certainly cannot store destroy (or) generate charge. Hence the current
must sum to zero. A hydraulic analog sum is zero. For example consider three water pipes joined pn the
shape of Y. we defined free currents as following into each of 3 pipes. If we insists that what is always

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Check your connections before switch on the supply.
3. Vary the regulated supply.
4. Measure the current using ammeter.
5. Note the readings in the tabulation.
6. Compare the observation reading to theoretical value.
 ii) KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Range Quantity

apparatus

1 RPS (0-15)V 1

2 Resistor 1K, 4.7K , 3.3K Each 1

3 voltmeter (0-20)V 3

4 Bread board ------ 1

5 Connecting wires ------ As

required

THEORY:

(i) Kirchhoff’s voltage law:

The algebraic sum of the voltage around any closed path is zero.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Check your connections before switch on the supply.
3. Vary the regulated supply.
4. Measure the voltage using voltmeter.
5. Note the readings in the tabulation.
6. Compare the observation reading to theoretical value.
Circuit diagram:
1. Kirchhoff’s current law:

Kirchhoff’s current law

1.0k 3.3k

4.7 K
0-30V

Practical measurement:

(0-20)mA (0-20)mA
+ A - + -
A

4.7 K
0-30V +
A (0-20)mA
-

Tabulation:

Voltage Total current I1(mA) I2(mA)

I(mA)
Circuit diagram

Krichoff’s voltage law:

1.0k 4.7k 3.3k

V1 V2 V3

0-30V

Practical measurement:

1.0k 4.7k 3.3k

+ - + V - + -
V V
0-30V (0-20)V (0-20)V (0-20)V
Tabulation:

Voltage V1 V2 V3
(V) (volts) (volts) (volts)

Calculation:

RESULT:
 Experiment No. 2
i) Measurement of voltage, current and real power in primary and
secondary circuits of a single phase Transformer.
AIM: Measurement of voltage, current and real power in primary and secondary circuits of a single phase
transformer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. Equipments Type & Specifications Quantity

1 Transformer 1-Φ ,2KVA 1 No.

2 A.C. Ammeter Digital (0 – 10) A 2 No.

3 A.C Voltmeter Digital (0–300)V 2 No.

Dynamometer Type, 2 No.

5 U.P.F Wattmeter (5/10A)/(0-300/600V)

6. Auto Transformer 1-ϕ,6 Amps,230 Volts 1 No.

7 Connecting wires --- As Required

8 Resistive load Bunk 1 No.

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect the circuit diagram such that the supply on LV side and load on HV side as shown the
figure.

2) Gradually increase the voltage using auto-transformer till the voltmeter reads the rated voltage
230V, on LV side and also record the voltage on HV side.

3) Maintain the voltage V1 to be constant for all loads.

4) Switch on the load switches one by one record the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter’s
readings.

5) After noting the values, gradually decrease the load and set the Auto-Transformer zero voltage
position and Switch off the supply.
Theory:

A Transformer is a static device which transfers the electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit
with changes in voltages and current but without any change in the frequency.

The transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction between two windings placed on a
common magnetic circuit. The two windings are electrically insulated from each other and also from the core.

Various measurements are made by connecting different loads directly on the transformer and to
determine the efficiency and regulation of transformer at different load conditions. Usually, this test is performed
for low power rating transformer since load is directly applied, approximating no assumptions are needed
accuracy of the results is limited only by the accuracy of the measurements.

When the secondary is loaded the secondary current I2 is setup. The magnitude and phase of I2 with
respect to V2 is determined by the characteristics of the load. The secondary current sets up its own mmf and
hence its own flux ф2 which is in opposition to main primary flux ф which is due to I0 the secondary ampere turns
N2*I2 are known as demagnetizing ampere turns .The opposing secondary flux I2 weakens the primary flux Φ
momentary. Hence primary back Emf E1 tends to be reduced. For a movement V1 gain the upper hand over E1
and hence causes more current to flow in primary.

Let the additional primary current be I21 .It is known as load component of primary current. This current
is anti phase with I21 the additional primary mmf N1*I2 sets up its own flux Φ21 which is in opposite to Φ2 and
is equal to its magnitude. Hence the two cancel each other out. So the magnetic effects of secondary current I2 are
immediately neutralized by the additional primary current I21.Hence whatever the load conditions be, the net flux
passing through core is approximately the same as no-load.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Observations for Load Test: (purely resistive)

V1 = 230 V (Constant)

S.No Primary Secondary % % Reg.

V1 (V) I1 (A) W1(KW) V2(V) I2(A) W2(KW)

% Efficiency η = Output power * 100

Input power

% Regulation = (E0 – V)*100

V
MODEL GRAPHS:

Efficiency Vs Output Power Regulation Vs Power factor

Precautions:

1 Avoid loose connections.

2 Don’t touch the circuit connections while power is on.

3 Take the meter readings without parallax error.

4 Voltage is to be varied gradually till rated current flows.

5 Ensure that the setting of the variac is at zero output voltage during starting

Result:
 (ii) Verification of Relationship between Voltages and Currents (Star-Delta, Delta-
Delta, Delta-star, Star-Star) Three Phase Transformer
AIM: To verify the Relationship between Voltages and Currents of 3-ph transformer (Star-Delta,
Delta-Delta, Delta-star, Star-Star)

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipment name quantity

01 Digital voltmeter (0-500VAC) 02

02 Digital ammeter (0-20 AAC) 02
03 3 Ph transformer 01
04 Balanced resistive load 01
05 Connecting wires. As Required

THEORY:

Three phase transformers are more economical for supplying large loads and large power distribution. Even
though most of the utilization equipments are connected by the single phase transformers, these are not preferred for
large power distribution in the aspect of economy.

The three phase power is used in almost all fields of electrical power system such as power generation,
transmission and distribution sectors, also all the industrial sectors are supplied or connected with three phase system.
Therefore, to step-up (or increase) or step-down (or decrease) the voltages in the three phase systems, three phase
transformers are used. As compared with the single phase transformer, there are numerous advantages with 3 phase
transformer such as smaller and lighter to construct for the same power handling capacity, better operating
characteristics, etc.

Working of Three Phase Transformers

Consider the below figure in which the primary of the transformer is connected in star fashion on the cores. For
simplicity, only primary winding is shown in the figure which is connected across the three phase AC supply.

The three cores are arranged at an angle of 120 degrees to each other. The empty leg of each core is combined in
such that they form center leg. When the primary is excited with the three phase supply source, the currents IR, IY and IB
are starts flowing through individual phase windings. These currents produce the magnetic fluxes ΦR, ΦY and ΦB in the
respective cores. Since the center leg is common for all the cores, the sum of all three fluxes are carried by it. In three
phase system, at any instant the vector sum of all the currents is zero. In turn, at the instant the sum of all the fluxes is
same. Hence, the center leg doesn’t carry any flux at any instant. So even if the center leg is removed it makes no
difference in other conditions of the transformer. Likewise, in three phase system where any two conductors acts as return
for the current in third conductor, any two legs acts as a return path of the flux for the third leg if the center leg is removed
in case of three phase transformer. Therefore, while designing the three phase transformer, this principle is used.
 These fluxes induce the secondary EMFs in respective phase such that they maintain their phase angle
between them. These EMFs drives the currents in the secondary and hence to the load. Depends on the type of
connection used and number of turns on each phase, the voltage induced will be varied for obtaining step-up or step-
down of voltages.

Three Phase Transformer Connections

As discussed above, either by a single three phase transformer or by three single phase transformers combination,
three phase transformations can be carried out. The way of connecting the windings for three phase transformation is same
whether the three windings of a three phase transformer or three windings of three single phase transformers are used. The
primary and secondary windings are connected in different ways, such as in delta or star or combination of these two. The
voltage and current ratings of the three phase transformer is depends on suitable connection. The most commonly used
connections are

• Star-delta

• Delta-star

• Delta-delta

• Star-star

Star – Delta Connection:

This type of connection is commonly used to step-down the voltages to a lower value in transmission end
substations. Utility companies use this connection to reduce the voltage levels for distribution systems.

In this, the primary winding of the transformer is connected in star and secondary in delta connection. The
neutral point on the primary or high voltage side can be grounded which is desirable in most of the cases. The line
voltage ratio between secondary and primary is 1/√3 times the transformation ratio of each transformer. There exists
30 degrees phase difference between primary and secondary line voltages.

Since the actual primary coil voltage is 58% of the primary line voltage, the insulation requirements for HV
windings is reduced by using this winding.

In this connection balanced three phase voltage are obtained at the secondary or LV side, even when the
unbalanced currents are flowing the in the primary or HV side due to neutral wire. The neutral wire grounding also
provides lightning surge protection.
Delta – Star Connection:

This connection is used to step-up the voltage level and is commonly employed in sending end or starting of high
tension transmission system.

In this, the primary is connected in delta fashion and secondary in star fashion so that three phase 4 wire system at
secondary is possible.

The secondary voltage to the load is √3 times the delta connected primary voltage. Also the load and secondary
currents will be the same due to the same series circuit.

This connection provides three single phase circuits at both lower and higher voltages and one three phase
circuit at higher voltage so that single and three phase loads can be supplied.

Dual voltages are obtained delta-star connection. Low single phase voltages are obtained by wiring between any phase
and ground. Higher single phase voltages are obtained by wiring between any two phases. And by connecting all three
phases to the load, three phase voltage is obtained.

The insulation requirement on high voltage side is lowered due to the star (less number of turns per phase)
connected secondary. Similar to star-delta, this connection causes to create a 30 degrees phase difference between
primary and secondary line voltages. By using this connection, it is not possible to connect it parallel with delta-delta and
star-star transformers due to the primary and secondary voltage phase difference.
Delta-delta:

This type of connection is used when the supply source is delta connected and the secondary load needs single
voltage with high current. This is generally employed for three phase power loads (like three phase motor).

In this, both primary and secondary windings are connected in delta fashion.

The voltage across the load is equal to the secondary voltage and voltage across the primary winding is equal to
source voltage. In this, the current flow through the load will be 1.732 times the secondary current and the feeder current
will equal to the 1.732 times current through the primary winding. Due to these high supply and load currents, it is
recommended to place transformer much closer to both source and load circuits.

In this, there exists no phase difference between the primary and secondary voltages. The three phase voltages
remains constant even with unbalanced load, thus allows unbalanced loading. The main advantage of this connection is
if the one transformer is defective or removed for service (open delta connection), then remaining two transformers
continue to deliver thee phase power at reduced load capacity.
Star – Star Connection:

In this, both primary and secondary windings are connected in star fashion and also there exist no phase
difference between the primary and secondary voltages.

In this, current flowing through both primary and secondary windings are equal to the currents of the lines to which they
are connected (supply source and load). And voltages between line phases on either end equal to 1.732 times respective
winding voltages. Due to neutral availability, it is well suited for three phase four wire system.

This type connection satisfactorily works if the load is balanced. But if the load is unbalanced, the neutral
point shift causes unequal phase voltages. Large third harmonic voltages would appear in both primary and secondary
windings without the neutral tie. This may lead to the insulation failures. This connection considerably generates
interference with communication lines and hence with this connection configuration, telephone lines cannot be run in
parallel. Due to these disadvantages, the star-star connection is rarely used and not employed in practice.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (For STAR and STAR Configuration)

Fig 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (For DELTA and DELTA Configuration)

Fig 2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (For DELTA and STAR Configuration)

Fig 3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (For STAR and DELTA Configuration)

Fig 4
PROCEDURE: (For Balanced connected Loads)

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.( fig 1)

2. Connect the supply to the STAR connected load through all meters as per the circuit diagram.

3. Switch ON the MCB.

4. Apply Voltage using Three Phase dimmerstat up to 400Volts.

5. Note down the Readings of voltmeter, ammeter.

6. Switch OFF the STAR Connected load.

7. Tabulate the readings.

8. Repeat the same procedure for (fig 2,3,4) remaining configurations.

OBSERVATIONS:

PRIMARY SECONDARY

Transformer VOLTAGE CURRENT VOLTAGE CURRENT

Configuration (L-L) (L-L)

STAR/STAR

DELTA/DELTA

DELTA/STAR

STAR/DELTA

CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:
 Experiment No. 3

MEASUREMENT OF 3-PHASE ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER FOR

BALANCED LOAD

AIM: To measure the Active and Reactive power for STAR connected balanced loads.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipment name Quantity

01 Digital voltmeter (0-500Volts AC) 01

02 Digital ammeter (0-10Amps AC) 01
03 Analog wattmeter (0-500V, 5Amps) 02
04 R-Load bank (STAR Connected) 01
05 Experiment setup. 01
06 Connecting wires. As Required

THEORY:

Real Power: (P)

Alternative words used for Real Power (Actual Power, True Power, Watt-full Power, Useful Power,
Real Power, and Active Power)

In a DC Circuit, power supply to the DC load is simply the product of Voltage across the load and
Current flowing through it i.e., P = V I. because in DC Circuits, there is no concept of phase angle between
current and voltage. In other words, there is no Power factor in DC Circuits.

But the situation is Sinusoidal or AC Circuits is more complex because of phase difference between
Current and Voltage. Therefore average value of power (Real Power) is P = VI Cosθ is in fact supplied to
the load.

In AC circuits, When circuit is pure resistive, then the same formula used for power as used in DC
as P=VI.

Real Power formulas:

P=VI (In DC circuits)

P = VI Cosθ (in Single phase AC Circuits)

P = √3 VL IL Cosθ or (in Three Phase AC Circuits)

P = 3 VPh IPh Cosθ

 Reactive Power: (Q)

The powers that continuously bounce back and forth between source and load is known as Reactive
Power (Q). Power merely absorbed and returned in load due to its reactive properties is referred to as
reactive power. The unit of Active or Real power is Watt where 1W = 1V x 1 A. Reactive power represent
that the energy is first stored and then released in the form of magnetic field or electrostatic field in case of
inductor and capacitor respectively.

Reactive power is given by Q = V I Sinθ which can be positive (+ve) for inductive, negative (-Ve) for
capacitive load. The unit of reactive power is Volt-Ampere reactive. I.e. VAR where 1 VAR = 1V x 1A.

In more simple words, in Inductor or Capacitor, how much magnetic or electric field made by 1A x 1V is
called the unit of reactive power.

Reactive power formulas:

Q = V I Sinθ VAR.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (For STAR and DELTA connected Loads)
PROCEDURE: (For Balanced connected Loads)

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the supply to the STAR connected load through all meters as per the circuit diagram.

3. Switch ON the MCB.

4. Apply Voltage using Three Phase dimmer stat up to 400Volts.

5. Note down the Readings of voltmeter, ammeter, and wattmeter.

6. Switch OFF the STAR Connected load.

OBSERVATIONS:

S.NO VOLTAGE CURRENT Total Active Power (Reactive Power)

(W1+W2) (W1+W2)

1.

2.

3.

CALCULATIONS:

3 (W1 −W2)

Tan = (W1 + W2)

Tan−1 3(W −W )

• = 12

(W1 +W2)

• Power factor = cos

• 3 phase reactive power: √3 × × × sin ( cos =0.8 lag)

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Avoid loose/ wrong connections.

2. Switch off the supply after doing the experiment.

RESULT:
 Experiment No. 4

PERFORMANCE CHARECTERISTICS OF A SEPERATELY EXCITED

DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM: To Draw the performance characteristics of Separately excited DC Shunt motor.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

S.NO SPECIFICATIONS MOTOR

1. Speed 1500 r.p.m

2. Power supply 5HP/220V

3. Field Current 2A

4. Load Current 20A

5. Voltage 220V

APPARATUS:

S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

NAME
1. Voltmeter MC (0-300V) 1

2. Ammeter MC (0-10/20A) 1

3. Rheostat Wire 300Ω /2A 1

Wound
4. Tachometer Digital (0-9999) r.p.m 1

5. - As required
Connecting Wires -
PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connection as per circuit diagram.

2. Keep the motor field rheostat in minimum resistance position and check the belt is loose and
the motor is un-loaded.
3. Switch ON the supply and start the motor with the help of 3-point starter.
4. Adjust the field rheostat of the motor such that it runs at its rated speed (1500 r.p.m) using
tachometer.
5. Take the no-load reading of input current (Io) and input voltage
(Vt) and the speed(N).

6. Load the motor in steps by tightening the belt around the brake drum and note the reading of
the spring balance (S1 & S2), voltmeter and ammeter and measure the speed.
7. Continue the experiment till full load is reached and cool the pulley through out the loading
period.
8. Slowly reduce the load and stop the motor.
9. Tabulate the all readings.
10. Draw the performance characteristics speed (N) vs output and Torque (T) vs output and
current (Io) vs output and efficiency vs output.

Precautions:

1. Make the connections properly.

2. Initially don’t apply the any load on the motor.
3. Cool the pulley by pouring the water.
4. After completion of experiment reduce the load gradually than switch OFF the supply.

CALCULATIONS:

Radius of pulley (R) = 100mm

Input Power (P) = VIo

Torque (T) = 9.81 * (S2 - S1)* R (N-m)

Output power = 2πNT /60 (Watts)

Efficiency (%η) = (output / input) * 100

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULAR FORM:

S1 S2 Speed (N)
(r.p.m)
S.No Voltage(V) Current (Amps) (in kgs) (in kgs)

(Volts)

Torque (T)

S.No (N-m) Input power Output power Efficiency (%η)

(Watts) (Watts)
MODEL GRAPHS:

%η
 Experiment No. 5

PERFORMANCE CHARECTERISTICS OF A 3-Φ INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM: To perform the Load test on 3-Ф Induction motor and plot the performance Characteristics curve.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

S.NO TYPE AC MOTOR

1 Power 5HP

2 Speed 1440 rpm

3 Voltage 415V

4 Current 7.5A

APPARATUS:

S.NO EQUIPMENT TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 Wattmeter EDM (0-5/10)A 2

UPF
150/300/600)V

2 Ammeter MIA (0-10/20A) 1

3 Voltmeter MIV (0-600)V 1

4 Tachometer Digital (0-9999)rpm 1

5 Rotor Resistant 3-Ф,415V 1

Starter
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Ensure that motor is unloaded and Rotor Resistant Starter is OFF position.
3. Switch ON 3- Ф AC mains and ON the Rotor Resistant Starter and adjust the motor speed using Rotor
resistance selector switch gradually (up to P4).
4. Observe the direction of rotation of motor incase its reverse, change the phase sequence of supply
voltage.
5. Take the readings of all the meters and speed under no-load condition.
6. Increase the load on motor gradually by turning of hand wheels. Thus tightening belt. Record the
readings of all meters and speed of energy setting at load observations may be continued up to full load
current rating of motor (7.5A).
7. Reduce the load on motor and finally un-loaded it completely.
8. OFF the Rotor resistant starter and switching off the supply.
9. Note down the effective diameter of brake drum.

CALCULATIONS:
Wattmeter Readings W1 = (Watts)

W2 = (Watts)

Input to the motor = (W1 + W2) = Win put

Spring Readings are S1 = (in Kgs)

S2 = (in Kgs)

Radius of brake drum r = 0.1 m

Torque on Shaft (T) = 9.81(S1 – S2) * r (N-m)

Speed of Motor (N) = (in rpm)

Output power (P) = 2π NT /60 (Watts)

Efficiency (%η) = (Output / Input) * 100

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBERVATION TABLE:
Voltage Current Wattmete Wattmete S1 S2 Speed I /P Torque O/ %η
(V) (A) r r (Kg) (Kg) (W) (N-m) P
(W1) (W2) (rpm) (W)

415V

IDEAL GRAPHS:

%η T
(N-m)

O/P O/P

(rpm)

O/P
 Experiment No. 6

NO-LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF 3-Φ ALTERNATOR

AIM: To determine the regulation of an alternator using Synchronous Impedance

and MMF methods.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

S.NO TYPE DC MOTOR ALTERNATOR

1 Power 5HP/3.7KW 3KVA

2 Speed 1500rpm 1500rpm

3 Voltage 220V 415V

4 Current 19A 4.2A

APPARATUS:

S.NO EQUIPMENT TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 Ammeter MIA (0-10/20)A 1

MCA (0-1/2)A 1

2 Voltmeter MIV (0-600)V 1

3 Tachometer Digital (0-9999)rpm 1

4 Rheostat Wire 300Ω/2A 1

wound

5 DC Excitation 0-220V/2A 1

Unit
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the figure.
2. Keep the motor side rheostat at minimum position and the potential divider of the alternator
maximum voltage position.
3. Start the motor with help of 3- point starter.
4. Adjust the field rheostat so that the motor runs at the rated speed.
5. By varying the potential divider note down the readings of field current and open circuit voltage
up to rated voltage (415V).
6. Now stop the motor and replace the voltmeter by suitable ammeter and short the stator terminals
of Alternator.
7. Again varying the potential divider note the values of field current and short circuit current up to
full load current (4A).
8. Find the armature resistance per phase.
9. Switch OFF the supply to DC motor.

CALCULATIONS:
IMPEDANCE METHOD:

Zs = Open circuit voltage/ph for excitation If (Eoc/ph)

Short circuit current/ph for same excitation (Isc/ph)

Xs =√ (Zs2 – Ra2) , Vph = VL/ √3 , Iph = 3KVA/ √3 *VL

Eo =√[ (Vph COSФ + Iph Ra)2 + (Vph SINФ + Iph Xs)2]

% Regulation = [(Eo – V)/V] * 100

MMF METHOD:

Vph = VL / √3 power factor = COSФ

If1 = Field current required to produce voltage on open circuit.

If2 = Field current required to circulate the rated current in ammeter under short circuit.
Ifr = √ [If12 + If22 – 2 If1 If2 COS (90+ Ф)]

% Voltage regulation = [(Eo - V)/V] * 100

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATION TABLE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

O.C Voltage (Voc) Field Current (If)

(in Volts) (in Amps)

MODEL GRAPH:

MODEL GRAPH:

Eg OCC

SCC

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

S.C Current(ISC) Field Current(If)

( in Amps) (in Amps)

If
 Experiment No. 1

STUDY AND OPERATION OF MULTIMETERS, FUNCTION

GENERATOR, REGULATED POWER SUPPLIES

AIM: To study and operation of multimeters, function generator, and regulated power supply.

APPARATUS:

Multimeter

Function generator

Regulated power supply.

THEORY:

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

Power supplies provided by a regulated DC voltage facilities fine and coarse adjustments and monitoring
facilities for voltage and current. They will work in constant voltage and current mode depending on current limit
and output load. The current limit has good stability, load and line regulations. Outputs are protected against
overload and short circuit damages. They are available in single and dual channel models with different voltage
and current capacities. Overload protection circuit of constant self restoring type is provided to prevent the unit as
well as the circuit under use. The power supplies are specially designed and developed for well regulated DC
output.

These are useful for high regulation laboratory power supplies, particularly suitable for experimental setup and
circuit development in R&D.
Designation Specifications

Wave form: Sine, squares, triangles, TTL square waves

Amplitude : 0-20V for all the functions.

Sine distortion : Less than 1% from 0.1 HZ to 100 HZ harmonics

Modulation showed down fundamental for 100K

HZ to 1MHG.

Offset : Continuously variable 10V

Frequency range : 0.1 HZ to 1Μhz in ranges.

Output impedance : 600 ohms, 5%.

Square wave duty cycle : 49% to 51%.

Differential linearity : 0.5%

Range selectors: Decode frequency by multiplying the range selected with the frequencyindicated by dial gives
the output frequency, which applies for all functions.

Function selectors: Selected desired output wave form which appears at 600T output.

VCO input: An external input will vary the output frequency. The change in frequency is directly proportional to
input voltage.

TTL output: A TTL square wave is available at this jack. The frequency is determined by the range selected and
the setting of frequency dial. This output is independent of amplitude and D.C OFFSET controls.

Amplitude control: Control he amplitude of the output signal, which appears at 600ohms.

OFFSET control: Control the DC offset of the output. It is continuously variable for •}5V,•}100V.

Fine frequency dial: Multiplying the setting of this dial to the frequency range selected gives the output
frequency of the wave forms at the 600ohms.
MULTIMETER:

DIGITAL MULTIMETER

A multimeter is a versatile instrument and is also called Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter (VOM).

It is used to measure the d.c and a.c voltages and resistance values.

A digital multimeters essentially consists of an analog to digital converters. It

converters analog values in the input to an equivalent binary forms. These values are processed

by digital circuits to be shown on the visual display with decimal values. The liquid crystal

display system is generally employed. Actually all the functions in DMM depend ion the

voltage measurements by the converter and comparator circuits

Result: The operation of multiimeters, function generator, and Regulated Power Supply are

studied
 STUDY & OPERATION OF CRO

AIM: To observe front panel control knobs and to find amplitude, time period and frequency

for given waveforms and also find phase by using the lissajous figures.

APPARATUS: Cathode Ray Oscilloscope, function generator, connecting wires.

THEORY: C.R.O is a versatile instrument used for display of wave forms and is a fast x-y plotter.

The heart of C.R.O is and the rest is the circuitry to operate C.R.O

The main parts are

1. Electron gun: - it is used to produce sharply focused beam of electron accelerated to very high velocity.

2. Deflection system: - it deflects the electron both in horizontal and vertical plan.

3. Florescent screen:- the screen which produces, spot of visible light . when beam of electrons are incident on it
the other side of tube is coated with phosphorus material.

FRONT PANNEL:

ON-POWER: toggle switch for switching on power.

INTENCITY: controls trace intensity from zero to maximum.

FOCUS: It controls sharpness of trace a slight adgestement of focus is done after changing intensity of trace.

AC-DC: GROUND: It selects coupling of AC-DC ground signal to vertical amplifier.

X-MAG: It expands length of time base from 1-5 times continuously and to maximum time base to 40 ns/cm.

SQUARE: This provides square wave 2v (p-P) amplitude and enables to check y calibration of scope.

SAWTOOTH WAVE FORM: This provides saw tooth wave form output coincident to sweep speed with an
output of sawtooth wave (p-p)

VERTICAL SECTION:

y position: This enables movement of display along y-axis.

Y-INPUT: It connects input signal to vertical amplifier through AC-DC ground coupling switch

CALIBRATION: 15mv – 150mv dc signal depending on position selection is applied to vertical amplifier.

DC BALANCE: It is control on panel electrostatic ally in accordance with waveforms to be displayed.

VOLTS/CM: Switch adjusts sensitivity.

HORIZANTAL SECTION:

X-POSITION: This control enables movement of display along x-axis.

TRIGGERING LEVEL: It selects mode of triggering.

TIMEBASE: This controls or selects sweep speeds.

VERNUIS: This control the fine adjustments associated with time base sweep.

SIGN SELECTOR: It selects different options of INT/EXT, NORM/TO.

STAB: Present on panel

EXITCAD: It allows time base range to be extended.

HORIZANTAL INPUT: It connects external signal to horizontal amplifier.

Ext SYN: it connects external signal to trigger circuit for synchronization.

OBSERVATIONS:-

Amplitude = no. of vertical divisions * Volts/div.

Time period = no. of horizontal divisions * Time/div.

Frequency=1/T

Amplitude taken on vertical section (y).

Time period taken on horizontal section(x)

RESULT: To calculated the given waveform, frequency, amplitude and phase.

APPLICATIONS OF CRO:

1. Measurement of current

2. Measurement of voltage

3. Measurement of power

4. Measurement of frequency

5. Measurement of phase angle

6. To see transistor curves

7. To trace and measuring signals of RF, IF and AF in radio and TV.

8. To trace visual display of sine waves.

 Experiment No. 2

PN JUNCTION DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

AIM:-To observe and draw the Forward and Reverse bias V-I Characteristics of a P-N Junction diode.

APPARATUS:-

P-N Diode IN4007.

Regulated Power supply (0-30v)

Resistor 1KΩ

Ammeters (0-200 mA, 0-500mA)

Voltmeter (0-20 V)

Bread board

Connecting wires

THEORY:-

A p-n junction diode conducts only in one direction. The V-I characteristics of the diode are
curve between voltage across the diode and current through the diode. When external voltage is zero,
circuit is open and the potential barrier does not allow the current to flow. Therefore, the circuit current is
zero. When P-type (Anode is connected to +ve terminal and n- type (cathode) is connected to –ve terminal
of the supply voltage, is known as forward bias. The potential barrier is reduced when diode is in the
forward biased condition. At some forward voltage, the potential barrier altogether eliminated and
current starts flowing through the diode and also in the circuit. The diode is said to be in ON state. The
current increases with increasing forward voltage.

When N-type (cathode) is connected to +ve terminal and P-type (Anode) is connected –ve terminal of
the supply voltage is known as reverse bias and the potential barrier across the junction increases.
Therefore, the junction resistance becomes very high and a very small current (reverse saturation current)
flows in the circuit. The diode is said to be in OFF state. The reverse bias current due to minority charge
carriers.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

FORWARD BIAS:-

Fig: PN Junction Forward Bias

REVERSE BIAS:-

Fig: PN Junction Reverse Bias

MODEL WAVEFORM:-

Fig: PN Junction Characteristics

PROCEDURE:-

FORWARD BIAS:-

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. for forward bias, the RPS +ve is connected to the anode of the diode and RPS –ve is connected to
the cathode of the diode,

3. Switch on the power supply and increase the input voltage (supply voltage) in Steps.

4. Note down the corresponding current flowing through the diode and voltage across the diode for each
and every step of the input voltage.

5. The reading of voltage and current are tabulated.

6. Graph is plotted between voltage and current.

OBSERVATION:-

S.NO APPLIED VOLTAGE ACROSS CURRENT THROUGH

VOLTAGE DIODE(V) DIODE(mA)
(V)

PROCEDURE:-

REVERSE BIAS:-

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. for reverse bias, the RPS +ve is connected to the cathode of the diode and

RPS –ve is connected to the anode of the diode.

3. Switch on the power supply and increase the input voltage (supply voltage) in Steps

4. Note down the corresponding current flowing through the diode voltage .Across the diode for each and
every step of the input voltage.

5. The readings of voltage and current are tabulated

6. Graph is plotted between voltage and current.

OBSEVATION:-

S.NO APPLIEDVOLTAGE VOLTAGE ACROSS CURRENT THROUGH

ACROSSDIODE(V) DIODE(V) DIODE(mA)

PRECAUTIONS:-

1. All the connections should be correct.

2. Parallax error should be avoided while taking the readings from the Analog meters.

RESULT: - Forward and Reverse Bias characteristics for a p-n diode is observed

VIVA QESTIONS:-

1. Define depletion region of a diode?

2. What is meant by transition & space charge capacitance of a diode?

3. Is the V-I relationship of a diode Linear or Exponential?

4. Define cut-in voltage of a diode and specify the values for Si and Ge diodes?

5. What are the applications of a p-n diode?

6. Draw the ideal characteristics of P-N junction diode?

7. What is the diode equation?

8. What is PIV?

9. What is the break down voltage?

10. What is the effect of temperature on PN junction diodes?

 Experiment No. 3

ZENER DIODE CHARACTERISTICS AND ZENER AS VOLTAGE

REGULATOR

AIM: - a) To observe and draw the static characteristics of a zener diode

b) To find the voltage regulation of a given zener diode

APPARATUS: -

Zener diode.

Regulated Power Supply (0-30v).

Voltmeter (0-20v)

Ammeter (0-100mA)

Resistor (1KOhm)

Bread Board

Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

STATIC CHARACTERISTICS:-

Fig: Zener Diode Static Characteristics

REGULATION CHARACTERISTICS:-

Fig: Zener Diode Regulation Characteristics

Theory:-

A zener diode is heavily doped p-n junction diode, specially made to operate in the break down
region. A p-n junction diode normally does not conduct when reverse biased. But if the reverse bias is
increased, at a particular voltage it starts conducting heavily. This voltage is called Break down Voltage.
High current through the diode can permanently damage the device

To avoid high current, we connect a resistor in series with zener diode. Once the diode starts
conducting it maintains almost constant voltage across the terminals whatever may be the current through
it, i.e., it has very low dynamic resistance. It is used in voltage regulators.

PROCEDURE:-

Static characteristics:-

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The Regulated power supply voltage is increased in steps.

3. The zener current (Iz), and the zener voltage (Vz) are observed and then

Noted in the tabular form.

4. A graph is plotted between zener current (Iz) and zener voltage (Vz).
Regulation characteristics:-

1. The voltage regulation of any device is usually expressed as percentage regulation

2. The percentage regulation is given by the formula

((VNL-VFL)/VFL)X100

VNL=Voltage across the diode, when no load is connected.

VFL=Voltage across the diode, when load is connected.

3. Connection are made as per the circuit diagram

4. The load is placed in full load condition and the zener voltage (Vz), Zener current (lz), load current (IL)
are measured.

5. The above step is repeated by decreasing the value of the load in steps.

6. All the readings are tabulated.

7. The percentage regulation is calculated using the above formula

OBSERVATIONS:-

Static characteristics:-

S.NO Applied voltage(v) ZENER ZENER CURRENT(IZ)

VOLTAGE(VZ)

Regulation characteristics:-

S.No Applied voltage(v) VNL(VOLTS) VFL VOLTS) RL (KΏ) % REGULATION

MODEL WAVEFORMS:-

Fig: Zener Diode Characteristics

PRECAUTIONS:-

1. The terminals of the zener diode should be properly identified

2. While determination of the load regulation, load should not be immediately shorted.

3. Should be ensured that the applied voltages & currents do not exceed the ratings of the diode.

RESULT:-

a) Static characteristics of zener diode are obtained and drawn.

b) Percentage regulation of zener diode is calculated.

VIVAQUESTIONS:-

1. What type of temperature coefficient does the zener diode have?

2. If the impurity concentration is increased, how the depletion width effected?

3. Does the dynamic impendence of a zener diode vary?

4. Explain briefly about avalanche and zener breakdowns?

5. Draw the zener equivalent circuit?

6. Differentiate between line regulation & load regulation?

7. In which region zener diode can be used as a regulator?

8. How the breakdown voltage of a particular diode can be controlled?

9. What type of temperature coefficient does the Avalanche breakdown has?

10. By what type of charge carriers the current flows in zener and avalanche breakdown diodes?
 Experiment No. 4

INPUT&OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSISTOR IN CB

CONFIGURATION

AIM: 1.To observe and draw the input and output characteristics of a transistor connected in common base
configuration.

2. To find α of the given transistor.

APPARATUS: Transistor, BC 107

Regulated power supply (0-30V, 1A)

Voltmeter (0-20V)

Ammeters (0-100mA)

Resistor, 1000Ω

Bread board

Connecting wires

THEORY: A transistor is a three terminal active device. The terminals are emitter, base, collector. In CB
configuration, the base is common to both input (emitter) and output (collector). For normal operation, the
E-B junction is forward biased and C-B junction is reverse biased.

In CB configuration, IE is +ve, IC is –ve and IB is –ve. So,

VEB=f1 (VCB,IE) and

IC=f2 (VCB,IB)

With an increase in the reverse collector voltage, the space-charge width at the output junction
increases and the effective base width ‘W’ decreases. This phenomenon is known as “Early effect”. Then,
there will be less chance for recombination within the base region. With an increase of charge gradient
within the base region, the current of minority carriers injected across the emitter junction increases. The
current amplification factor of CB configuration is given by,

α= ∆IC/ ∆IE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig: Transistor CB Characteristics

PROCEDURE:

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. For plotting the input characteristics, the output voltage VCE is kept constant at 0V and for different
values of VEB note down the values of IE.

3. Repeat the above step keeping VCB at 2V, 4V, and 6V.All the readings is tabulated.

4. A graph is drawn between VEB and IE for constant VCB.

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1.Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. For plotting the output characteristics, the input IE is kept constant at 10m A and for different values of
VCB, note down the values of IC.

3. Repeat the above step for the values of IE at 20 am, 40 mA, and 60 mA, all the readings are tabulated.

4. A graph is drawn between VCB and Ic for constant IE

OBSERVATIONS:

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

S.No VCB=0V VCB=1V VCB=2V

VEB(V) IE(mA) VEB(V) IE(mA) VEB(V) IE(mA)

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

IE=10mA IE=20mA IE=30mA

S.No
VCB(V) IC(mA) VCB(V) IC(mA) VCB(V) IC(mA)
MODEL GRAPHS:

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS

Fig: Transistor CB Input Characteristics

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS

Fig: Transistor CB Output Characteristics

PRECAUTIONS:

1.The supply voltages should not exceed the rating of the transistor.

2. Meters should be connected properly according to their polarities.

RESULT:

1. The input and output characteristics of the transistor are drawn.

2. The α of the given transistor is calculated.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the range of α for the transistor?

2. Draw the input and output characteristics of the transistor in CB configuration?

3. Identify various regions in output characteristics?

4. What is the relation between α and β?

5. What are the applications of CB configuration?

6. What are the input and output impedances of CB configuration?

7. Define α (alpha)?

8. What is EARLY effect?

9. Draw diagram of CB configuration for PNP transistor?

10. What is the power gain of CB configuration?

 Experiment No. 5

INPUT &OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSISTOR IN CE

CONFIGURATION
AIM: 1. to draw the input and output characteristics of transistor connected in

CE configuration

2. To find β of the given transistor.

APPARATUS:

Transistor (BC 107)

R.P.S (O-30V) 2Nos

Voltmeters (0-20V) 2Nos

Ammeters (0-200μA)

(0-500mA)

Resistors 1Kohm

Bread board

THEORY: A transistor is a three terminal device. The terminals are emitter, base, collector. In common
emitter configuration, input voltage is applied between base and emitter terminals and output is taken
across the collector and emitter terminals.Therefore the emitter terminal is common to both input and
output. The input characteristics resemble that of a forward biased diode curve. This is expected since the
Base-Emitter junction of the transistor is forward biased. As compared to CB arrangement IB increases
less rapidly with VBE . Therefore input resistance of CE circuit is higher than that of CB circuit.

The output characteristics are drawn between Ic and VCE at constant IB. the collector current varies with
VCE unto few volts only. After this the collector current becomes almost constant, and independent of V CE.
The value of VCE up to which the collector current changes with V CE is known as Knee voltage. The
transistor always operated in the region above Knee voltage, IC is always constant and is approximately
equal to IB.

The current amplification factor of CE configuration is given by

Β = ΔIC/ΔIB

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig: Transistor CE Characteristics

PROCEDURE:

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. For plotting the input characteristics the output voltage VCE is kept constant at 1V and for different
values of VBE . Note down the values of IC

3. Repeat the above step by keeping VCE at 2V and 4V.

4. Tabulate all the readings.

5. Plot the graph between VBE and IB for constant VCE

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram

2. For plotting the output characteristics the input current IB is kept constant at 10μA and for different
values of VCE note down the values of IC

3. Repeat the above step by keeping IB at 75 μA 100 μA

4. Tabulate the all the readings

5. Plot the graph between VCE and IC for constant IB

OBSERVATIONS:

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

VCE = 1V VCE = 2V VCE = 4V

S.NO
VBE(V) IB(μA) VBE(V) IB(μA) VBE(V) IB(μA)

OUT PUT CHARACTERISTICS:

IB = 50 μA IB = 75 μA IB = 100 μA
S.NO
VCE(V) IC(mA) VCE(V) IC(mA) VCE(V) IC(mA)
MODEL GRAPHS:

INPUT CHARACTERSTICS:

Fig: Transistor CE Input Characteristics

OUTPUT CHARECTERSTICS:

Fig: Transistor CE Input Characteristics

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The supply voltage should not exceed the rating of the transistor

2. Meters should be connected properly according to their polarities

RESULT:

1. The input and output characteristics of a transistor in CE configuration are Drawn

2. The  of a given transistor is calculated

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the range of  for the transistor?

2. What are the input and output impedances of CE configuration?

3. Identify various regions in the output characteristics?

4. What is the relation between?  and 

5. Define current gain in CE configuration?

6. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

7. What is the phase relation between input and output?

8. Draw diagram of CE configuration for PNP transistor?

9. What is the power gain of CE configuration?

10. What are the applications of CE configuration?

 Experiment No. 6

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH & WITHOUT FILTERS

AIM:-To find the Ripple factor and regulation of a Full-wave Rectifier with and without filter.

APPARATUS:-

Experimental Board

Transformer (6-0-6v).

P-n Diodes, (lN4007) ---2 No’s

Multimeters –2No’s

Filter Capacitor (100μF/25v) -

Connecting Wires

Load resistor, 1KΩ

THEORY:- The circuit of a center-tapped full wave rectifier uses two diodes D1&D2. During positive
half cycle of secondary voltage (input voltage), the diode D1 is forward biased and D2is reverse biased.

The diode D1 conducts and current flows through load resistor RL. During negative half cycle,
diode D2 becomes forward biased and D1 reverse biased. Now, D2 conducts and current flows through
the load resistor RL in the same direction. There is a continuous current flow through the load resistor RL,
during both the half cycles and will get unidirectional current as show in the model graph. The difference
between full wave and half wave rectification is that a full wave rectifier allows unidirectional (one way)
current to the load during the entire 360 degrees of the input signal and half-wave rectifier allows this
only during one half cycle (180 degree).

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

Fig: Full Wave Rectifier

PROCEDURE:

1.Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the ac mains to the primary side of the transformer and the secondary side to the rectifier.
3. Measure the ac voltage at the input side of the rectifier.
4. Measure both ac and dc voltages at the output side the rectifier.
5. Find the theoretical value of the dc voltage by using the formula Vic=2Vm/П
6. Connect the filter capacitor across the load resistor and measure the values of Vac and Vdc at the
output.
7. The theoretical values of Ripple factors with and without capacitor are calculated.
8. From the values of Vac and Vdc practical values of Ripple factors are calculated. The practical values
are compared with theoretical values.

THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:-

Vrms = Vm/ √2

Vm =Vrms√2

Vdc=2Vm/П

(i)Without filter:

Ripple factor, r = √ ( Vrms/ Vdc )2 -1 = 0.482

(ii)With filter:

Ripple factor, r = 1/ (4√3 f C RL) where f =50Hz

C =100µF

RL=1KΩ

PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS:

Without filter:-

Vac=

Vdc=

Ripple factor, r=Vac/Vdc

With filters:-

Vac=

Vdc=

Ripple factor=Vac/Vdc
Without Filter:

USING DMM Vac(v) Vdc(v) r= Vac/ Vdc

With Filter

USING DMM Vac(v) Vdc(v) r= Vac/ Vdc

Without Filter

Vrms = Vm/ √2 , Vdc=2Vm/П , Vac=√( Vrms2- Vdc 2)

Vm(v) Vac(v) Vdc(v) r= Vac/ Vdc

USING CRO

With Filter

V1(V) V2(V) Vdc= (V1+V2)/2 Vac= r=

USINGCRO (V1- V2)/2√3 Vac/ Vdc

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The primary and secondary side of the transformer should be carefully identified

2. The polarities of all the diodes should be carefully identified.

RESULT:- The ripple factor of the Full-wave rectifier (with filter and without filter) is calculated.
VIVA QUESTIONS:-

1. Define regulation of the full wave rectifier?

2. Define peak inverse voltage (PIV)? And write its value for Full-wave rectifier?

3. If one of the diode is changed in its polarities what wave form would you get?

4. Does the process of rectification alter the frequency of the waveform?

5. What is ripple factor of the Full-wave rectifier?

6. What is the necessity of the transformer in the rectifier circuit?

7. What are the applications of a rectifier?

8. What is mint by ripple and define Ripple factor?

9. Explain how capacitor helps to improve the ripple factor?

10. Can a rectifier made in INDIA (V=230v, f=50Hz) be used in USA (V=110v, f=60Hz)?
 Experiment No. 7

INPUT AND OUPT CHARACTERISTICS OF FET IN CS CONFIGURATIONS

AIM: a). To draw the drain and transfer characteristics of a given FET.

b). To find the drain resistance (rd) amplification factor (μ) and Tran conductance (gm) of the given FET.

APPARATUS:

FET (BFW-11)

Regulated power supply

Voltmeter (0-20V)

Ammeter (0-100mA)

Bread board

Connecting wires

THEORY: A FET is a three terminal device, having the characteristics of high input impedance and less noise,
the Gate to Source junction of the FET s always reverse biased. In response to small applied voltage from
drain to source, the n-type bar acts as sample resistor, and the drain current increases linearly with VDS.
With increase in ID the ohmic voltage drop between the source and the channel region reverse biases the
junction and the conducting position of the channel begins to remain constant. The VDS at this instant is
called “pinch of voltage”. If the gate to source voltage (VGS) is applied in the direction to provide
additional reverse bias, the pinch off voltage ill is decreased.

In amplifier application, the FET is always used in the region beyond the pinch-off.

FDS=IDSS(1-VGS/VP)^2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig: FET Characteristics

PROCEDURE:

1. All the connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. To plot the drain characteristics, keep VGS constant at 0V.

3. Vary the VDD and observe the values of VDS and ID.

4. Repeat the above steps 2, 3 for different values of VGS at 0.1V and 0.2V.

5. All the readings are tabulated.

6. To plot the transfer characteristics, keep VDS constant at 1V.

7. Vary VGG and observe the values of VGS and ID.

8. Repeat steps 6 and 7 for different values of VDS at 1.5 V and 2V.

9. The readings are tabulated.

10. From drain characteristics, calculate the values of dynamic resistance (rd) by using the formula rd =
∆VDS/∆ID

11. From transfer characteristics, calculate the value of transconductace (gm) by using the formula
Gm=∆ID/∆VDS.

12. Amplification factor (μ) = dynamic resistance. Tran conductance

μ = ∆VDS/∆VGS

OBSERVATIONS:

DRAIN CHARACTERISTICS:

S.NO VGS=0V VGS=0.1V VGS=0.2V

VDS(V) ID(mA) VDS(V) ID(mA) VDS(V) ID(mA)

TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS:

S.NO VDS =0.5V VDS=1V VDS =1.5V

VGS (V) ID(mA) VGS (V) ID(mA) VGS (V) ID(mA)

MODEL GRAPH:

TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS

Fig: Transfer Characteristics

DRAIN CHARACTERISTICS

Fig: Drain Characteristics

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The three terminals of the FET must be carefully identified

2. Practically FET contains four terminals, which are called source, drain, Gate substrate.

3. Source and case should be short circuited.

4. Voltages exceeding the ratings of the FET should not be applied.

RESULT:

1. The drain and transfer characteristics of a given FET are drawn

2. The dynamic resistance (rd), amplification factor (μ) and Tran conductance (gm) of the given FET are
calculated.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What are the advantages of FET?

2. Different between FET and BJT?

3. Explain different regions of V-I characteristics of FET?

4. What are the applications of FET?

5. What are the types of FET?

6. Draw the symbol of FET.

7. What are the disadvantages of FET?

8. What are the parameters of FET?