Evaluate ∫ x sinx dx using the integration by parts formula with u = x and 2

x (lnx - 1 ) + C
dv = sinx dx = . Ans
Solution: 2 2
⇒ ∫ dv = ∫ sinx dx
and dv = sinx dx
⇒ du = dx
Here, u = x
⇒
ln x
v = - cosx Evaluate: ∫ ( ) dx
Using integration by parts x³
∫ udv = uv - ∫ vdu
Solution:
∴ ∫ x sinx dx = x (-cosx) - ∫ (-cosx) dx
we get,
Let, u = ln x

⇒ du =
= -x cosx + ∫ cosx dx 1 and,
dx
= -x cosx + sinx + C x 1
Evaluate ∫x exdx dv = dx
Using integration by parts x³
⇒ ∫ dv = ∫ x⁻³ dx
Solution: and ∫ udv = uv − ∫vdu
−1 −1 ⇒ 1v = x /(-3+1)
⇒ du=dx ∴∫ .dx = lnx ⋅ ⋅
Let, u=x
lnx
⇒∫ dv = ∫exdx
dv = exdx (-3+1)
−∫ dx
⇒ v = ex
Using integration by parts x³ 2 x ² 2 x ² xx ⁻² 1
= = - . x⁻²
lnx 1
∴ ∫ x ex dx = x ex - ∫ ex.dx
∫ udv = uv - ∫ vdu
=- + ∫ dx −2 2
= xex - ex + C
2x ² x³
= ex (x-1) + C lnx 1 −1
=- + . +c
2x ² 2 2 x ²
lnx 1
Evaluate ∫ sin(lnx) dx =- −. +c
Solution: and 2x ² 4 x ²
⇒ ∫ dv = ∫ dx
Let u = sin(lnx) dv = dx

⇒ du = cos(lnx) ∴v=x
d
(lnx) dx
dx Evaluate: ∫x²e³ˣdx

⇒ du = cos(lnx) dx
and
1 Solution:

∴ ∫ dv = ∫ e³ˣ dx
dv = e³ˣ dx
∴ du = 2x dx
Let, u = x²
x
Using integration by parts
∴v=
∫ u dv = uv - ∫ v du Using integration by parts:
1
. e³
∴ ∫ sin(lnx) dx = sin(lnx) ⋅ x - ∫ x ⋅ cos(lnx)
1 ∫u dv = uv - ∫v du 3
∴ ∫ x²e³ˣ dx = x².
dx
x 1 1
= sin(lnx) ⋅ x - ∫ cos(lnx) dx
e³ˣ - ∫ .e³ˣ . 2x dx
3 3
Consider, ∫ cos(lnx) dx
1 2
Using integration by parts again and = . x² . e³ˣ - ∫ x . e³ˣ dx

⇒ ∫ dv = ∫ dx
Let, u = cos(lnx) dv = dx 3 3
⇒ du = - sin(lnx) ∴v=x
d Consider ∫x . e³ˣ dx

∴ du = dx
(lnx) dx Let, u = x and
dx
∴ ∫ dv = ∫ e³ˣ dx
dv = e³ˣ dx

⇒ du = - sin(lnx) dx
1 Using integration by parts again:

∴ ∫ x . e³ˣ dx = x. .e³ˣ - ∫ . e³ˣ dx ∴ v = e³ˣ

x 1 1 1
so we get, 3 3 3
∫ cos(lnx) dx = cos(lnx) ⋅ x - ∫ x . [- sin(lnx) .
1 1 1
] dx = . x . e³ˣ - . ∫ e³ˣ dx
x 3 3
∴ ∫ sin(lnx) dx = x ⋅ sin(lnx) - {x ⋅ cos (lnx) + ∫ sin(lnx) dx}
= x cos(lnx) + ∫ sin (lnx) dx
1 1
⇒ ∫ sin(lnx) dx = x sin(lnx) - x cos (lnx) - ∫ sin(lnx) dx
= . x . e³ˣ - . e³ˣ + c
3 9
⇒ ∫ sin(lnx) dx + ∫ sin(lnx) dx = x sin(lnx) - x cos(lnx)
⇒ 2 ∫ sin(lnx) dx = x sin(lnx) - x cos(lnx) + C ∴ ∫ x² e³ˣ dx = .x² e³ˣ -
1 2 1 1
( .x e³ˣ - . e³ˣ)
3 3 3 9
⇒∫
2. sin(lnx) dx [ x sin (lnx)−x cos (lnx)]
= +C 1 2 2
2 2 = . x² e³ˣ - . x e³ˣ + .e³ˣ + c
3 9 27
∴ ∫ sin(lnx) dx =
1
. [x sin(lnx) - x cos(lnx)] + C
2 Evaluate ∫ t³e t dt
2

Solution: 2
Let, u = t² and, dv = t . e t dt
Evaluate: ∫ x lnx dx
=> du = 2t dt 2
Solution: => 2t dt = du => ∫dv = ∫t.e t dt

⇒ du = 1/x .dx
Let, u = lnx And
du 2
=> v = ∫e t .t . dt
⇒ ∫ dv = ∫ x¹ dx
dv = x dx => t . dt =
2 du
⇒ v = x(1+1) /(1+1) + C
Using integration by parts:
Using integration by parts => ∫eu .
⇒ v = x²/2 + C
∫ udv = uv - ∫ vdu
2 2 2 2
Therefore, ∫ t³. e t dt = t².½ . e t - ∫ ½ . e t . 2t . dt
= ½ ∫eᵘ du
2 2
x x 1 dx
2 2
= ½ . e t . t² - ∫ t . e t dt = ½ eᵘ
∫ x lnx = ln . x . -∫ .
2 2 x 2
= ½ e t . t² - ½ . e t + C
2

2
=
x . lnx - 1 ∫x dx 2
= ½ . e t (t² - 1) + C
2 2
2 2 Evaluate: ∫x² sinx dx
x . lnx - 1 . x + C Solution:
⇒ ∫ dv = ∫ sinx dx
= and dv = sinx dx
2 2 2 Let, u = x²

⇒
=> du = 2x dx
v = - cosx
 ∴ ∫ tan-1x dx = x ⋅ tan-1x - ∫ x ⋅
1
∴ ∫ x² sinx dx = x². (-cosx) - ∫(-cosx) 2x dx
Using integration by parts dx
1+ x ²
= -x² cosx - 2 ∫ x cosx dx
Consider, ∫ x cosx dx
x
To integrate ∫ dx we use substitution
Let, u = x 1+ x ²
⇒ du = 2x dx
=> du= dx Let, u = 1 + x²

∴ ∫ x cosx dx = x . sinx - ∫ sinx dx

Using integration by parts again

⇒ x dx =
= x . sinx - (-cosx)
du
2
∴ ∫ x² sinx dx = -x²cosx + 2 (x sinx + cosx) + C
= x sinx + cosx + C

∴∫ ⋅
= -x² cosx + 2x sinx + 2cosx + C
1 1 du
dx = ∫
1+ x ² u 2
π /2
1
Evaluate: ∫ x cosx dx = ½ ∫ du
u
0

= ½ ⋅ ln(1 + x²) + c
Solution: = ½ ln|u| + c
Let, u = x
∴ ∫ tan-1x dx = x ⋅ tan-1 x - ½ ln(1 + x²)
=> du = dx Now, putting the value
Using integration by parts

∴ Area = ∫01 tan-1x dx

π /2 π /2 Then we evaluate this from (0,1)
∴
π /2
∫ x cosx dx= x sinx¿ ∫ sinx dx = [x ⋅ tan-1x - ½ . ln(1 + x²)]01
-
0
= [1 ⋅ tan-1.(1) - ½ ln(1 + 1²)] * [0 ⋅ tan-1. (0) - ½ . ln(1 + 0²)]
0 0 Calculating at the bounds

= [1 ⋅ π/4 - ½ . ln(2)] - [0 - ½ . ln(1)]

For, x sinx|₀π/2 = π/2 . sinπ/2- (0 . sin.0)
= π/2 . 1 - 0 [∴Since tan^(-1)(1) = π / 4
= π/2 and tan^(-1)(0) = 0 ]
and, ∫₀ sinx dx = - cosx |₀π/2
π/2
= π/4 - ½ . ln(2) – 0
= -cosπ/2 - (-cos .0) = π/4 - ½ ln(2) (Ans)
=-0+1 Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving the region
=1 bounded by the graph of f(x) = e-x, the x-axis, the y-axis, and the line
∴ ∫₀π/2 x cosx dx = π/2 - 1 + C (Ans)
Combine the results
x=1 about the y-axis.
Solution:

∴ V = 2π ∫₀¹ x e⁻ˣ dx
The volume V using the shell method is given by

To solve the integral

∫₀¹ x e⁻ˣ dx and
Let, u = x dv = e⁻ˣ dx
⇒ du = dx ⇒ ∫ dv = ∫ e⁻ˣ dx
⇒ v = e⁻ˣ

Using integration by parts:

∫ x e⁻ˣ dx = x (-e⁻ˣ) |₀¹ - ∫₀¹ (-e⁻ˣ) dx
= -x e⁻ˣ |₀¹ + ∫₀¹ e⁻ˣ dx
For,
-x e⁻ˣ |₀¹ = -1 ⋅ e⁻¹ - (0 ⋅ e⁰) For,
= -1/e - 0 ∫₀¹ e⁻ˣ dx = -e⁻ˣ |₀¹
Find the area of the region bounded above by the graph of y = tan-1 x = -1/e = -e⁻¹ - (-e⁰)
and below by the x-axis over the interval [0,1]\\ Putting all values: = -1/e + 1
Solution: = 1 - 1/e
we need to evaluate the definite integral ∫₀¹ x e⁻ˣ dx = -1/e + (1 - 1/e)
Area = ∫01 tan-1x dx = -1/e + 1 - 1/e

⇒ ∫ dv = ∫ dx
Let, and dv = dx = 1 - 2 ⋅ 1/e

∴v=x
u = tan-1x = 1 - 2/e

⇒ du =
1
∴ V = 2π (1 - 2/e)
Now multiply by 2π to find the volume:
dx
1+ x ²
Using integration by parts = 2π - 4π/e

Evaluate ∫ cos3x sinx dx = u5/5 + C

Solution: = (sinx)5/5 + C

⇒ du = -sinx dx
Let, u = cosx = sin5x/5 + C (Ans)

⇒ -du = sinx dx
Evaluate: ∫cos2x sin³x dx
Solution:

⇒ du = –sinx dx
Thus, ∫ cos3x sinx dx = ∫ u3 (-du) Let, u = cosx

⇒ –du = sinx dx
= -∫ u3 du

∴ ∫cos2x sin³x dx = ∫cos2x . sin2x . sinx dx

= - u(3+1)/3 +1) + C
= - u4/4 + C
= - (cosx)4/4 + C = ∫cos2x . (1-cos2x) . sinx dx
= - cos4x/4 + C (Ans) = ∫ u2 (1 – u²) (- du)
4x
Evaluate ∫ sin cosx dx = - ∫ u2(1– u2) du
Solution: = - ∫ u2 (1- u2) – du

⇒ du = cosx dx
Let, u = sinx = ∫ (u4 – u2) du
= ∫ u4 du - ∫ u2 du
Thus, ∫ sin4x cosx dx = ∫ u4 du = u5 /5 – u3/3
= u(4+1)/4+1 + C = 1/5 cos5x – 1/3 cos3x +c
 cos 4 x
= ¼ ∫ [1 - 2cos2x + 1/2 +)] dx
2
2−4 cos 2 x+1+ cos 4 x
=¼∫( ) dx
2
=1/4 . ½ ∫ (3 - 4cos2x + cos4x) dx
= ⅛ [ ∫ 3 dx - ∫ 4cos2x dx + ∫ cos4x dx]
= ⅛ (3x – 4 . sin2x/2 + sin4x / 4) + C
= ⅛ (3x – 2 sin2x + sin4x / 4) + C
= 3x/8 - sin2x/2 + sin4x/32 + C
Evaluate: ∫ cos2x dx
Solution:

∴ ∫cos^6x dx = ∫ (1/2 +
cos 2 x
) dx
2
= ½. ∫ (1 + cos2x) dx
Evaluate: ∫cos³x sin2x dx
= ½. ∫ 1 dx + ∫cos2x dx
Solution:
sin 2 x
⇒ du = cosx dx
Let, u = sinx = ½. [x + ]+c
2
∴ ∫cos³x sin2x dx = ∫cos2x . cosx . sin2x dx Evaluate: ∫cos2(3x) dx
= ∫(1 – sin²x) . cosx .sin2x dx Solution:

∴ ∫cos2(3x) dx = ∫(1/2 +
= ∫(1 – sin²x) . sin2x . cosx dx
= ∫( sin²x – sin4x) . cosx dx
cos 2 x
) dx
= ∫(u2– u4) du 2
= ∫ u2 du - ∫ u4 du = ½. ∫ (1 + cos6x) dx
= u3/3 – u5/5 + C = ½. ∫ 1 dx + ∫cos6x dx
= 1/3 sin3x – 1/5 sin5x + C sin 6 x
2
Evaluate: ∫ sin x dx = ½.[x + ]+c
6
∴ ∫sin2x dx = ∫ (1/2 - cos2x/2) dx
Solution:
sin 6 x
= 1/2 ∫ (1 - cos2x) dx = x/2 + +c
= 1/2 ∫1 dx - ∫ cos2x dx
12
Evaluate: ∫cos8x sin5x dx
= 1/2 [x - sin2x/2] + c
Solution:
Evaluate: ∫ sin3x dx
⇒ du = -sinx dx
Let, u = cosx
∴ ∫ sin3x dx = ∫ sin2x . sinx dx
Solution:
⇒ -du = sinx dx
∴ ∫cos8x sin5x dx = ∫ cos8x . sin4x . sinx dx
= ∫ (1 - cos2x) . sinx dx

⇒ du = -sinx dx
Let, u = cosx
= ∫ cos8x . (sin2x)2 . sinx dx
⇒ -du = sinx dx
= ∫ cos8x . (1 - cos2x)2 sinx dx
∴ ∫ sin3x dx = ∫ (1 - u2) . (-du)
= ∫ u8 . (1 - u2)2. (-du)
= - ∫ u8(1 - 2u2 + u4) du
= - ∫ (1 - u2) du = -[u9/9 - u11/11 + u13/13] + c
= - ∫ 1 du + ∫ u2 du = -(1/9 cos9x - 1/11 cos11x + 1/13 cos13x) + c
= - u + u(2+1)/2 + c Evaluate ∫ cos³x dx
= - cosx + u3/3+ c
Solution
= - cosx + (cos3x)/3 + c
∫ cos³x dx = ∫ cos²x . cos x dx
= ∫ (1 - sin²x) cos x dx

∴ du = cosx dx
Let u = sinx

∴ ∫ cos³x dx = ∫ (1 - u²) du
= ∫ 1 du - ∫ u² du
= u - u³/3 + C
= sinx - sin³x/3 + C
Evaluate ∫ tan³x dx

∴ ∫ tan³x dx = ∫ tan2x . tanx dx

Solution

= ∫ (sec²x - 1) tanx dx
= ∫ (sec²x . tanx - tanx) dx
Evaluate ∫ sin⁴x dx = ∫ tanx . sec²x dx - ∫ tanx dx
= tan²x - ln |secx| + C
∴ ∫ sin⁴x dx = ∫ (sin²x)² dx
Solution
= ½ tan²x - ln |secx| + C
Evaluate: ∫ tan⁴x dx
cos 2 x
∴ ∫ tan⁴x dx = ∫ tan²x . tan²x dx
= ∫ (1/2 - )² dx Solution:
2
= ∫ (sec²x - 1) tan²x dx
= ¼ ∫ (1 - cos2x)² dx
= ∫ (sec²x . tan²x - tan²x) dx
= ¼ ∫ (1 - 2cos2x + cos²2x) dx = ∫ sec²x . tan²x dx - ∫ tan²x dx
cos 4 x = ∫ (sec²x . tan²x) dx - (sec²x - 1) dx
= ¼ ∫ [1 - 2cos2x + (1/2 + )] dx = ∫ (sec²x . tan²x) dx - ∫ sec²x dx + ∫ 1 dx
2
∴ du = sec²x dx
Let, u = tanx

∴ ∫ tan⁴x dx = ∫ u² du - tanx + x
= u3/3 - tanx + x + C
= tan³x/3 - tanx + x + C Ans
 Evaluate:∫ sin5x . cos3x dx
Solution:
∫ sin(5x). cos(3x) dx = ½. ∫ [sin(5x + 3x) + sin(5x - 3x)] dx
Evaluate ∫ sec³x dx = ½. ∫ [sin(8x) + sin(2x)] dx

∴ ∫ sec³x dx = ∫ secx . sec²x dx

Solution = ½. {-cos(8x)/8} + 1/2 . {-cos(2x)/2} + c
= -1/16. cos(8x) - 1/4 . cos(2x) + c
Using integration by parts,
∫ udv = uv - ∫ vdu

∴ du = secx . tanx dx
Let u = secx
Evaluate: ∫ cos(6x). cos(5x) dx
Solution:
∴ ∫ dv = ∫ sec²x
and dv = sec²x

∴ v = tanx
∫ cos(6x) . cos(5x) dx = ½. ∫ [cos(6x + 5x) + cos(6x - 5x)] dx

∴ ∫ sec³x dx = secx . tanx - ∫ tanx . secx.tanx dx

= ½. ∫ [cos(11x) + cos(x)] dx
= ½. ∫ cos(11x) dx + 1/2 ∫ cos(x) dx
= secx . tanx - ∫ tan2x . secx dx = ½. {sin(11x)/11} + 1/2 {sin(x)/1} + c
= secx . tanx - (sec²x -1) secx dx
= sin(11x)/22 + sin(x)/2 + c
= secx . tanx - ∫ (sec³x - secx) dx
Evaluate: ∫ sec5(x) . tanx dx
⇒ ∫ sec³x dx + ∫ sec³x dx = secx . tanx + ∫ secx dx
= secx . tanx - ∫ sec³x dx + ∫ secx dx

⇒ 2 ∫ sec³x dx = secx . tanx + ln |secx + tanx| + C

Solution:

⇒ ∫ sec³x dx =
∫ sec5x. tanx dx = ∫ secx . sec4x . tanx dx
Let u = secx
secx .tanx+ ln∨secx +tanx∨ ¿ ¿ => du = secx . tanx dx
2
∴ ∫ sec³x dx = secx . tanx + ½ ln |secx + tanx| + C
∫ sec5x . tanx dx = ∫ u4 du
= u5/5 + c
Evaluate: ∫ sec⁵x dx = (1/5) sec5x + c

∴ ∫ sec⁵x dx = ∫ sec³x . sec²x dx

Solution:
Evaluate: ∫ tan5x . sec2x dx
∴ du = 3 sec²x d/dx(sec²x) dx
Let, u = sec³x
Solution:
∴ du = 3 sec²x . secx . tanx dx Let u = tanx

∴ v = tanx
and dv = ∫ sec²x dx => du = sec2x dx
∫ tan5x . sec2x dx = ∫ u5 du

∴ ∫ sec⁵x dx = sec³x . tanx - ∫ tanx . 3 sec²x . tanx dx

Using integration by parts: = u6/6 + c
= (1/6) tan6x + c
= sec³x . tanx - 3 ∫ sec³x tan²x dx
= sec³x . tanx - 3 ∫ sec³x . (sec²x - 1) dx
= sec³x . tanx - 3 ( ∫ sec⁵x dx - ∫ sec³x dx )

⇒ ∫ sec⁵x dx + 3 ∫ sec⁵x dx = sec³x . tanx - 3 ∫ sec³x dx

= sec³x . tanx - 3 ∫ sec⁵x dx - 3∫ sec³x dx

⇒ 4 ∫ sec⁵x dx = sec³x . tanx - 3 (½ ∫ secx .tanx dx + ½ ln |secx + tanx| +

⇒ 4 ∫ sec⁵x dx = sec³x . tanx - 3/2 secx. tanx + 3/2 ln |secx + tanx| +

C)

∴ ∫ sec⁵x dx = ¼. sec³x . tanx - 3/8. secx. tanx + 3/8. ln |secx + tanx|

C

+C

Evaluate: ∫ tan5x . sec3x dx

Solution:
∫ tan5x . sec3x dx = ∫ tan4x . tanx . secx . sec2x dx
= ∫ tan4x . secx . tanx . secx dx
= ∫ (tan2x)2 . secx . tanx . secx dx
= ∫ (sec2x- 1)2 . secx . tanx . secx dx
Let u = secx
⇒ du = secx . tanx dx
Therefore, ∫ (u2 - 1)2 . u2 du = ∫ (u4 - 2u2 + 1) . u2 du
= ∫ (u6 - 2u4 + u2) du
= ∫ u6 du - 2 ∫ u4 du + ∫ u2 du
= u7/7 - 2 . u5/5 + u3)/3 + c
= 1/7. sec7x - 2/5 . sec5x + 1/3 . sec3x + c
Evaluate: ∫ tan x . sec x dx
6 2

Solution:
Let u = tanx
⇒ du = sec2x dx
Therefore, ∫ tan6x . sec2x dx = ∫ u6 . (u2 + 1) du
= ∫ (u8 + u6) du
= ∫ u8 du + ∫ u6 du
= u9/9 + u7/7 + c
= 1/9 . tan9x + 1/7 . tan7(x) + c
Evaluate ∫ tan³x . sec7x dx

⇒ du = secx . tanx dx
SolutionLet, u = secx

∴ ∫tan³x . sec7x dx = ∫ tan2x . sec6x . secx.tanx

= ∫ (sec2x -1) . sec2x . secx . tanx dx
= ∫ (u2 - 1) . u6 du
= ∫ u8 du - ∫ u6 du
= u9/9 – u7/7 + C
= 1/9 . sec9x - 1/7 . sec7x + C

ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss

Evaluate: ∫√(9 - x²) dx

solution

⇒ dx = 3 cosθ dθ
Let, x = 3 sinθ

⇒ sinθ = x / 3
since, x = 3 sinθ
⇒ θ = sin⁻¹ (x / 3)
∴ cosθ = √(9 - x²) / 3

∴ ∫ √(9 - x²) dx = ∫ √{9 - (3 sinθ)²}. 3 cosθ dθ

= ∫ √(9 - 9 sin²θ) 3 cosθ dθ
= ∫ √9(1 - sin²θ) 3 cosθ dθ
= ∫ √9 cos²θ 3 cosθ dθ
= ∫ 3 cosθ . 3 cosθ dθ
= ∫ 9 cos²θ dθ
= ∫ 9 (½ + cos2θ / 2) dθ
= 9/2 ∫1 dθ + 9/2 ∫cos2θ dθ
= 9/2.θ + 9/4 sin2θ + c
= 9/2. θ + 9/4 (2 sinθ cosθ) + c
= 9/2 sin⁻¹(x/3) + 9/2 . x/3. √(9 - x²) / 3 + c
= 9/2 sin⁻¹(x/3) + x √(9 - x²) / 2 + c

Evaluate ∫ √(4 - x²) / x dx

solution

⇒ dx = 2 cosθ dθ
Let, x = 2 sinθ

⇒ sinθ = x / 2
since, x = 2 sinθ

∴ ∫ √(4 - x²) / x dx = ∫ √{4 - (2 sinθ)²}/2sinθ. 2cosθ dθ

= ∫ √(4 - 4 sin²θ)/2sinθ . 2cosθ dθ
= ∫ √4(1 - sin²θ)/sinθ. cosθ dθ
= ∫ √4cos²θ/sinθ . cosθ dθ
= ∫ 2cosθ/sinθ . cosθ dθ
= ∫ 2cos²θ/sinθ dθ
= ∫ 2(1 - sin²θ) / sinθ dθ
= ∫ 2. 1/sinθ – 2. sinθ/sinθ dθ
= ∫ (2 cscθ - 2 sinθ) dθ

= 2 ∫ cscθ dθ - 2 ∫ sinθ dθ
= 2 ln |csecθ - cotθ| - 2 (-cosθ) + c
= 2 ln |cscθ - cotθ| + 2 cosθ + c

Here, cscθ = 1/sinθ = 2/x

and, cosθ = √(1 - sin²θ)

= √{1 – (x/2)2}
= √(4 - x²)/2

∴ cotθ = cosθ / sinθ

= √(4 - x²)/2 . 2/x

= √(4 - x²) / x

∴ ∫ √(4 - x²) / x dx = 2 ln ⎪2/x - √(4 - x²)/x⎪ + 2. √(4 - x²) / 2

Thus, putting the value all:

= 2 ln ⎪2 - √(4 - x²) / x ⎪ + √(4 - x²) + c

Evaluate ∫ x³ / √(25 - x²) dx by using the appropriate trigonometric substitution.

Solution:

⇒ dx = 5 cosθ dθ
Let, x = 5 sinθ

∴ ∫ x³ / √(25 - x²) dx = ∫ (5 sinθ)³/√{25 - (5 sinθ)²}. 5 cosθ dθ

= ∫ (125 sin³θ) /{√25 - 25 sin²θ}. 5cosθ dθ
= ∫ (125 sin³) /{25 (1 - sin²θ)}. 5cosθ dθ
= ∫ (125 sin³θ)/5cosθ. 5cosθ dθ
= ∫ 125 sin³θ dθ
= 125 ∫ sin²θ. sinθ dθ
= 125 ∫ (1 - cos²θ) sinθ dθ

⇒ du = -sinθ dθ
Let, u = cosθ

⇒ -du = sinθ dθ

∫ x³ / √(25 - x²) dx = 125 ∫ (1 - u³) (-du)

=-125 [∫ 1 du - ∫ u³ du]
= -125 [u - (u³ / 3)] + c
= -125 [cosθ - cos³θ/3] + c

Here, cosθ = √(1 - sin²θ) = √{1 – (x/5)2}

= √{(25 - x²)/ 25} = √(25 - x²) /5

cos3θ/3 = {√(25 - x²)/ 5}3 /3 = √(25 - x²)3/2 /375

and, x = 5 sinθ
sinθ = x / 5

∴ ∫ x³ / √(25 - x²) dx = -125 [ (25 - x²)³/5 - √(25 - x²)3/2 /375] + C

Evaluate ∫ dx / √(x² - 4) Assume that x > 2

solution

⇒ dx = 2 secθ tanθ dθ
Let, x = 2 secθ

∴ ∫ dx / √(x² - 4) = ∫ 1 /{√(2sec²θ) - 4}. 2 secθ tanθ dθ

= ∫ 1 / {√(4 sec²θ - 4)}. 2 secθ tanθ dθ
= ∫ 1 / {√4 (sec²θ - 1)}. 2 secθ tanθ dθ
= ∫ 1/(√4 tan2θ). 2 secθ tanθ dθ
= ∫1/(2tan2θ) dθ. 2 secθ tanθ dθ
 = ∫ secθ dθ

= ln |secθ + tanθ| + c

Here, x = 2 secθ
⇒ secθ = x / 2

Thus, tanθ = √(secθ - 1) = √{(x/2)² - 1} = √{(x²/4) – 1}

= √(x² - 4) / 2

∴ ∫ dx / √(x² - 4) = ln |secθ + tanθ| + c

= ln |x/2 + √(x² - 4)/ 2| + c

Find the length of the curve y = x² over the interval [0, ½]

Solution:
We can use the arc length formula for a function y = f(x)

L = ∫ from a to b √{1 + (dy/dx)² } dx

Here, f(x) = x²

∴ dy/dx = d/dx (x²)

⇒ dy/dx = 2x
∴ L = ∫ from 0 to ½ √{1 + (2x)²} dx
= ∫ from 0 to ½ √(1 + 4x²) dx

⇒ dx = ½ sec²θ dθ
Let, x = ½ tanθ

When x = 0
θ = tan⁻¹ x

∴θ=0
= tan⁻¹ 0

and x = ½
θ = tan⁻¹(½)
= π/4

∴ L = ∫ from 0 to π/4 √{1 + 4(½ tanθ)²} * ½ sec²θ dθ

= ∫ from 0 to π/4 √(1 + tan²θ) * ½ sec²θ dθ
= ∫ from 0 to π/4 √sec²θ * ½ sec²θ dθ
= ∫ from 0 to π/4 secθ * ½ sec²θ dθ
= ½ ∫ from 0 to π/4 sec3θ dθ

∴ ∫ sec3θ dθ = ½ secθ tanθ + ½ ln |secθ + tanθ| + c

∴ L = ½ [½ secθ tanθ + ½ ln |secθ + tanθ|] from 0 to π/4

For θ = π/4:

∴ ½ (½ √2 * 1 + ½ ln |√2 + 1|) = ½ [√2/2 + {ln(√2 + 1)}/2]

sec(π/4) = √2 , tan(π/4) = 1

For θ = 0:
sec(0) = 1, tan = 0
½ (½ * 1 * 0 + ½ ln |1 + 0|) = ½ (0 + (ln1)/2) = 0

L = ½ (√2/2 + ln(√2 + 1)/2) = √2/4 + ln(√2 + 1)/4 (Ans)

Find the area of the region between the graph of f(x) = √(x2- 9) and the x-axis
over the interval [3, 5]

solution:
The area A is given by the definite integral of f(x) from 3 to 5:

A = ∫ from 3 to 5 √(x2- 9) dx

⇒ dx = 3 secθ tanθ dθ
Let, x = 3 secθ
When x = 3, θ = 0
and when x = 5, θ = sec⁻¹(5/3)

∴ A = ∫ from 0 to sec⁻¹(5/3) √(3 secθ)² - 9) ⋅ 3 secθ tanθ dθ

= ∫ from 0 to sec⁻¹(5/3) √(9 sec²θ - 9) ⋅ 3 secθ tanθ dθ
= ∫ from 0 to sec⁻¹(5/3) √9(sec²θ - 1) ⋅ 3 secθ tanθ dθ
= ∫ from 0 to sec⁻¹(5/3) √9 tan²θ ⋅ 3 secθ tanθ dθ
= ∫ from 0 to sec⁻¹(5/3) 3 |tanθ| ⋅ 3 secθ tanθ dθ
= 9 ∫ from 0 to sec⁻¹(5/3) tan²θ secθ dθ

∴ A = 9 ∫ from 0 to sec⁻¹(5/3) (sec²θ - 1) secθ dθ

= 9 ∫ from 0 to sec⁻¹(5/3) (sec³θ - secθ) dθ
= 9 ∫ from 0 to sec⁻¹(5/3) sec³θ dθ - ∫ from 0 to sec⁻¹(5/3) secθ dθ

∴ ∫ secθ dθ = ½ secθ tanθ + ½ ln |secθ + tanθ| + c

and ∫ secθ dθ = ln |secθ + tanθ| + c

Putting the values:

∴ A = 9 ∫ from 0 to sec⁻¹(5/3) ½ secθ tanθ + ½ ln |secθ + tanθ|- ln |secθ + tanθ|

For sec⁻¹(5/3):
A = 9 [½ sec{sec⁻¹(5/3)}. tan{sec⁻¹(5/3)} + ½ ln |sec{sec⁻¹(5/3)} + tan{sec⁻¹(5/3)}| -
9 [ln |sec{sec⁻¹(5/3)}|] tan {sec⁻¹(5/3)}

Using sec(sec⁻¹u) = u
and tan(sec⁻¹u) = √(u² - 1)

We get:

A = 9 [½ ⋅ 5/3 ⋅ √(5/3)² - 1 + ½ ln(5/3 + √(5/3)² - 1)]- 9 [ln(5/3 + √(5/3)² - 1)]

= 9 [½ ⋅ 5/3 ⋅ 4/3 + ½ ln(5/3 + 4/3)] - 9 [ln(5/3 + 4/3)]
= 9 [½ ⋅ 20/9 + ½ ln3] - 9 ln3
= 9 [10/9 + ln3/2] - 9 ln3
= 10 + 9 ln3/2 - 9 ln3

∴ A = 10 - 9 ln3/2

Evaluate ∫ x³ √(1 - x²) dx two ways: first by using the substitution u = 1 - x²

and then by using a trigonometric substitution.
Solution
Method - 1
∴ u = 1 - x²
⇒ du = 2x dx
Let, u = 1 + x²

⇒ dx = 1/2x du
∴ ∫ x³ √(1 - x²) dx = ∫ x³ √u (-1/2x) du
= -1/2 ∫ x² √u du
= -1/2 ∫ (1 - u) √u du
= -1/2 ∫ (u¹/² - u³/²) du
= -1/2 ∫ u¹/² du + 1/2 ∫ u³/² du
= -1/2 [u(3/2) / (3/2)] + 1/2 [u(5/2) / (5/2)] + c
= -1/3. u(3/2) + 1/5 u(5/2) + c
= -1/3 (1 - x²)(3/2) + 1/5 (1 - x²)(5/2) + c
Method - 2
∫ x³ √(1 - x²) dx
Solution:

⇒ dx = cosθ dθ
Let, x = sinθ

∴ ∫ x³ √(1 - x²) dx = ∫ sin³θ √(1 - sin²θ) cosθ dθ

= ∫ sin³θ ⋅ cosθ ⋅ cosθ dθ

= ∫ sin³θ √(cos²θ) cosθ dθ

= ∫ sin³θ ⋅ cos²θ dθ
= ∫ sin²θ ⋅ sinθ ⋅ cos²θ dθ
= ∫ (1 - cos²θ) sinθ ⋅ cos²θ dθ
= ∫ (cos⁴θ - cos²θ) sinθ dθ
Again Let, u = cosθ
 du = -sinθ
 -du = sinθ
= ∫ (u⁴ - u²) (du)
= ∫ (u⁵ - u³) du
= (u⁵/5) - (u³/3) + c
= u⁵/5 - u³/3 + c
= (1/5) cos⁵θ - (1/3) cos³θ + c
Let, x = sinθ

∴ ∫ x³ √(1 - x²) dx = 1/5 (√(1 - x²))⁵ - 1/3 (√(1 - x²))³ + c

cosθ = √(1 - sin²θ) = √(1 - x²)

= 1/5 (1 - x²)5/2 - 1/3 (1 - x²)3/2+ c

Evaluate ∫ x³ √(x² + 4) dx by using substitution involving tanθ.

Solution:

⇒ dx = 2 sec²θ dθ
Let, x = 2 tanθ

∴ ∫ x³ √(x² + 4) dx = ∫ (2 tanθ)³ √(2 tanθ)² + 4 ⋅ 2 sec²θ dθ

= ∫ 8 tan³θ √4 tan²θ + 4 ⋅ 2 sec²θ dθ
= ∫ 8 tan³θ √4(tan²θ + 1) ⋅ 2 sec²θ dθ
= ∫ 8 tan³θ √4 sec²θ ⋅ 2 sec²θ dθ
= ∫ 8 tan³θ ⋅ 4 sec³θ dθ
= 32 ∫ tan³θ ⋅ sec³θ dθ
 tanθ ⋅ tan²θ ⋅ sec³θ dθ
(sec²θ - 1) tanθ ⋅ sec³θ dθ
= 32 ∫
= 32 ∫
= 32 ∫ tanθ (sec²θ - sec⁴θ) dθ
= 32 ∫ tanθ sec⁴θ dθ - 32 ∫ tanθ sec²θ dθ Ans.