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CHILDREN, YOUNG PEOPLE
AND THE PRESS IN A
TRANSITIONING SOCIETY
REPRESENTATIONS,
REACTIONS AND CRIMINALISATION

Faith Gordon

PALGRAVE SOCIO-LEGAL STUDIES

 Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies

Series Editor
Dave Cowan
School of Law
University of Bristol
Bristol, UK

‘Children, Young People and the Press is exemplary critical criminology: an original
interdisciplinary study of young people and the print media in Northern Ireland
under transition. This multifaceted empirical investigation shows how the press has
targeted and demonised ‘deviant’ youth, and to what effect. Gordon’s work is thought-
fully structured, clear and lively in expression, and forceful in argument: a rich asset
for students of youth, media, law and society.’
—Scott Poynting, Western Sydney University
and Queensland University of Technology, Australia

‘Every generation seems to succumb to fears about the generations that follow. Such
moral panics about “the kids today” appear particularly misplaced in the context of a
society in transition from a troubled past like Northern Ireland. In this insightful and
rigorously evidenced analysis, Gordon argues instead in favour of listening to the
voices of young people themselves as they represent our best hope for a brighter
future.’
—Shadd Maruna, University of Manchester, UK

‘Conflict takes away childhoods and its legacy into the peace can destroy children’s
future. This expertly argued book draws on detailed research to address how children
are represented in the print media in transitional societies and how these representa-
tions contribute to the problems youth are seen as presenting. It is cogently argued,
very well written and erudite in its coverage. It is a wonderful addition to youth stud-
ies and transitional justice.’
—John D. Brewer, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland

‘This book offers a valuable contribution to criminological literature, in particular the

growing body of empirically-informed critical youth justice scholarship. Gordon
examines an issue of international significance in an incisive, cogent and articulate
manner. A must-read for students and professionals with an interest in media influ-
ence upon constructing understandings of youth offending.’
—Stephen Case, Loughborough University, UK
The Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies series is a developing series of monographs
and textbooks featuring cutting edge work which, in the best tradition of
socio-legal studies, reach out to a wide international audience.

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14679
 Faith Gordon

Children, Young
People and the Press
in a Transitioning
Society
Representations, Reactions and
Criminalisation
Faith Gordon
University of Westminster
History, Sociology and Criminology
London, UK

Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies

ISBN 978-1-137-60681-5    ISBN 978-1-137-60682-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60682-2

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018933518

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018

The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole
or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
­recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or i­ nformation
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar ­methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does
not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective
laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are
believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
­editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or
omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in
­published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
The registered company address is: The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom
For my God-daughter, Iona
 Acknowledgements

The subject of children, young people and media representations has been
with me now for over a decade and throughout my journey, there were many
people who provided encouragement.
The writing of this book commenced during my time working in the
School of Law, Queen’s University Belfast. Thank you to my PhD supervisors,
Professor Phil Scraton and Professor Anne-Marie McAlinden, for their com-
ments and suggestions on my PhD study, which became the foundation for
this monograph. I would like to acknowledge The Department of Education
and Learning in Northern Ireland who provided me with a PhD scholarship,
which made the extended empirical research possible.
At Queen’s University, Professor Sally Wheeler, Head of School, Professor
Anne-Marie McAlinden, Director of Research and Professor Scott Poynting,
External Examiner (University of Auckland), were supportive in encouraging
me to submit a book proposal. Many thanks to Professor Dave Cowan, Series
Editor and Aléta Bezuidenhout, Palgrave for their support, guidance and
patience throughout the writing process. Most recently thank you to Steph
Carey and Josie Taylor for their support at the final stages of the submission
process.
Sincere thanks to the 28 interviewees who took time out of their busy
schedules to participate in the primary research. I am extremely grateful to the
33 children and young people who so generously gave up their leisure time to
participate and share their insights and experiences with me and to the subse-
quent 171 children and young people I met and engaged with during my
post-doctoral research project.
At home in Northern Ireland, I have a number of former colleagues and
friends who have maintained ongoing interest in my research and career

vii
viii Acknowledgements

­evelopment and have provided guidance and friendship along the way:
d
Professor Norma Dawson; Professor Shadd Maruna; Professor Laura Lundy;
Professor John Brewer; Professor Joanne Hughes; Dr. Ciara Hackett; Dr.
Cheryl Lawther; Dr. John Stannard; Dr. Heather Conway; Dr. Bronagh Byrne;
Dr. Sharon Thompson; Koulla Yiasouma; Tara Mills, Ronan Lavery QC;
Sharon Whittaker; Natalie Whelehan; Edel Quinn; Niall Enright; Sara Boyce.
The monograph has travelled with me to my new home in London and I
am grateful to the new friendships and working relationships formed at the
University of Westminster, the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies and fur-
ther afield.
At the University of Westminster, I would like to thank my colleagues in
the Department of History, Sociology and Criminology for assisting me to
settle into a new city and the Department. In particular, I have benefitted
from the excellent mentoring of Professor Lisa Webley and Mr. Tony Burke.
Professor Webley has offered a tremendous amount of insight, support and
friendship – she remains an inspiration in terms of her teaching and research
achievements and she is one of the most collegial and supportive people I have
met in academia to date.
At the University of Westminster, encouragement has also been provided
by Neena Samota; Professor Sarah Niblock; Elaine Fisher; Dr. Margherita
Sprio; Juliet Allen, Dr. Petros Karatsareas; Dr. Russell Orr; Dr. Victoria
Brooks; Dr. Simon Flacks; Dr. Ed Bracho; Dr. Andy Aresti and Dr. Sacha
Darke and many others working in the Faculty of Social Sciences and
Humanities. Further to this, thanks are due to Professor Andrew Linn, Pro
Vice-Chancellor and Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities,
Dr. Martin Doherty, Professor Terry Lamb, Dr. Thomas Moore and Professor
Malcolm Kirkup for their support regarding the establishment of the Youth
Justice Network, which I am Director of at the University of Westminster.
My greatest thanks is to David Manlow, Course Leader in Criminology, for
his ongoing encouragement, positive energy and belief in me (especially when
my own self-belief waivered!) that I could make it across the finish line with this
project. His dedication to our students is truly inspirational and I am learning a
lot from him. It was the coffees and chats with David about the monograph
(plus his music suggestions) that has gotten me over the finish line!
More recently, I am grateful for the collegial support of the Information Law
and Policy Centre at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies. The Director of
the Centre, Dr. Nora NiLoideain has been extremely supportive of my research
interests and the development of my latest work in the area of children’s rights
in the digital age. I am very excited about undertaking my role as a Research
Associate of the Centre.
 Acknowledgements
   ix

Encouragement was kindly provided by a number of family, friends and

neighbours in Annaclone, Belfast, London and further afield, in particular:
Dr. Therese O’Reilly; Adrian Marshall; Phil Luney; Ronan Doran; Nuala
Cosgrave; Annette MacArtain-Kerr; Kat Mervyn; Una Murphy and Brian
Pelan; Margaret Dodds; Madeleine Hillis; Patrick McAnearney; Frankie
McKinley; Betty, Raymond and Fiona McCullough; Betty Johnston, Elizabeth
Heath and family; Katie Barron and Rob Thompson; Jack Nouril; Clover
Southwell; Rev. Diane Clutterbuck; Bob Matthews; Ellie-May, Clare and
Paul Horrell; Dr. Humera Iqbal and husband, Hak; Dr. Keir Irwin-Rodgers;
Holly Powell-Jones; Emma Nottingham; Monika Baylis; Dr. Victoria Knight;
Lucy Baldwin; Dr. Paul Reilly; Dr. Stuart Miller; Professor Steve Case;
Professor Bernard Schissel; Dr. Helena Gosling and colleagues at Liverpool
John Moores University; James Lee; Paul Jordan; Assan Ali; Dr. Emily
Falconer, partner David and Iona; Dr. Ludivine Broch and Elliott; Mary and
John Hicks; Miriam, Adam and Ezra Kennedy and my Flatmates in London
(Karin, Ash, Matt and Will).
The staff working in the following organisations: Headliners, IARS, Include
Youth, Save the Children NI, Terry Enright Foundation and London Youth,
continue to inspire me. I am honoured to be a trustee of Headliners and to see
first-hand the difference staff make to the lives of children and young people
who are experiencing marginalisation and exclusion.
On a personal level, the greatest thanks of all is due to my parents, Kenny
and Isobel, my sister, Serena and her husband, Jonathan. Over the years, they
have been so supportive and encouraging of my work. Their belief in me com-
pleting the monograph never waivered and that is what truly kept me going.
 Contents

Part I The Theoretical Context    1

1 Researching the Media Representations of Children

and Young People   3

2 The Significance and Impact of the Media

in Contemporary Society  17

3 The Impact of Social Reaction on Contemporary Policy

Responses to Children and Young People  47

Part II Media Representations, Social Reaction and the Impact   73

4 Print Media Content Analysis: Language, Imagery

and Prominent Themes  75

5 Reading the ‘Riots’ 113

6 ‘It’s the Nature of the Beast’: Responses from the Media

and Other ‘Moral Entrepreneurs’ 139

7 ‘The Hidden Voices’ in the Media: Responses from Children,

Young People and Their Advocates 177

xi
xii Contents

Part III Challenges and Future Policy Responses 211

8 Conclusion: Reading Between the Headlines – Demonising

and Scapegoating of Youth in Transition 213

Appendix 1: Sample Newspapers and Media Coverage  239

Appendix 2: Interview and Focus Group Schedule  241

Bibliography 243

Index 279
 Abbreviations

ABC Audit Bureau of Circulation

ACPO Association of Chief Police Officers
AEPs Attenuating Energy Projectiles
ASBO/ASBOs Anti-social Behaviour Order/s
BBC British Broadcasting Corporation
BECTU Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union
CCTV Closed Circuit Television
CD Compact Disk
CDA Crime and Disorder Act 1998
CJI Criminal Justice Inspectorate Northern Ireland
CJR Criminal Justice Review
COPs Colloquial Term for Police Officers
CPS Crown Prosecution Service
CRC United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child
CS GAS 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile/Tear Gas
CSJ Centre for Social Justice
DHSSPNI Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety Northern
Ireland
DOJ NI Department of Justice Northern Ireland
DPP District Policing Partnership
DUP Democratic Unionist Party
ECHR European Convention on Human Rights
EU European Union
FOI Freedom of Information
GCSE General Certificate of Secondary Education
HRA Human Rights Act 1998
IRA Irish Republican Army
MLA Member of the Legislative Assembly

xiii
xiv Abbreviations

MP Member of Parliament
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
NI Northern Ireland
NIACRO Northern Ireland Association for the Care and Resettlement of
Offenders
NICCY Northern Ireland Children’s Commissioner
NIHRC Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission
NIO Northern Ireland Office
NUJ National Union of Journalists
OAP ‘Old Age Pensioner’
OFCOM Office of Communications
PACE Police and Criminal Evidence (NI) Order 1989
PCC Press Complaints Commission
PHA Public Health Agency
POCVA Protection of Children and Vulnerable Adults (NI) Order 2003
PPS Public Prosecution Service Northern Ireland
PR Public Relations
PSNI Police Service of Northern Ireland
RA Irish Republican Army (colloquial abbreviation)
ROI Republic of Ireland
RUC Royal Ulster Constabulary
SAS Special Air Service
SBN South Belfast News
SDLP Social and Democratic Labour Party
SF Sinn Féin
TV Television
UDA Ulster Defence Association
UK United Kingdom
UN United Nations
UNCRC United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
US/USA United States/United States of America
UTV Ulster Television
UUP Ulster Unionist Party
 List of Tables

Table 4.1 Content analysis themes 87

Table A1.1 Sample newspapers circulation figures, December 2010 240
Table A1.2 Other local newspapers cited  240
Table A1.3 National and international print media 240
Table A2.1 Focus groups schedule and reference system 241
Table A2.2 Interview schedule and reference system 241

xv
 Part I
The Theoretical Context
Another random document with
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The chronicles
of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Vol. 09 [of 13]
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
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included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: The chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Vol. 09 [of

13]
containing an account of the cruel civil wars between
the houses of Orleans and Burgundy, of the possession
of Paris and Normandy by the English, their expulsion
thence, and of other memorable events that happened
in the kingdom of France, as well as in other countries

Author: Enguerrand de Monstrelet

Translator: Thomas Johnes

Release date: March 13, 2024 [eBook #73160]

Language: English

Original publication: London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and

Brown, 1810

Credits: Graeme Mackreth and The Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHRONICLES

OF ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET, VOL. 09 [OF 13] ***
 THE

CHRONICLES
OF

ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET.
H. Bryer, Printer, Bridge Street, Blackfriars, London.
 THE

CHRONICLES
OF

ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET;
CONTAINING

AN ACCOUNT OF THE CRUEL CIVIL WARS BETWEEN THE

HOUSES OF

ORLEANS AND BURGUNDY;

OF THE POSSESSION OF

PARIS AND NORMANDY BY THE ENGLISH;

THEIR EXPULSION THENCE;

AND OF OTHER

MEMORABLE EVENTS THAT HAPPENED IN THE KINGDOM OF

FRANCE,

AS WELL AS IN OTHER COUNTRIES.

A HISTORY OF FAIR EXAMPLE, AND OF GREAT PROFIT TO

THE

FRENCH,
Beginning at the Year mcccc. where that of Sir JOHN FROISSART finishes, and
ending at the Year
 mcccclxvii. and continued by others to the Year mdxvi.

TRANSLATED

BY THOMAS JOHNES, ESQ.

IN THIRTEEN VOLUMES ... VOL. IX.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, PATERNOSTER-

ROW;
AND J. WHITE AND CO. FLEET-STREET.

1810

.
 CONTENTS
OF

THE NINTH VOLUME.

PAGE
CHAP. I.
The king of France, being satisfied that the English had broken
the truce, declares
War against them. Verneuil is taken by a miller, whom an
Englishman
had beaten 1
CHAP. II.
The count de St Pol appears before Nogent, which surrenders
to him. The capture
of Point-audemer 7
CHAP. III.
The English invade Scotland twice, and are as many times
repulsed. The tower
of Verneuil surrenders to the king of France. Other matters 10
CHAP. IV.
The king of France summons Mantes to surrender, which it
does, and is taken
possession of, in the name of the king, by the count de Dunois,
his lieutenant-general 17
CHAP. V.
The king of France makes his entry into Verneuil. The reception 20
he receives. The
seneschal of Poitou undertakes an expedition against the castle
of Loigny. It surrenders
to the king, and several English are taken in it. Vernon
surrenders to the king
CHAP. VI.
The king of France comes to the town of Evreux, where he is
handsomely received,
and goes thence to Louviers. The castle of Anjou submits to the
king.
Gournay surrenders also. John Howel yields up the castle of La
Roche-Guyon
to its lord, and turns to the French 27
CHAP. VII.
The counts of Eu and of St Pol take by storm the new castle of
Nicorps. The
castle surrenders on terms. The count de Dunois gains the
castle of Harcourt 33
CHAP. VIII.
The duke of Brittany and the constable of France enter
Normandy with a great
army and lay siege to St Lo, which surrenders to them, as do
many other
small places. The town of Carentan surrenders also 37
CHAP. IX.
The duke of Alençon conquers his town of Alençon. The count
de Foix gains
the town and castle of Mauléon. The count de Dunois takes
Argentan. The
English retire into the keep of the castle, and, on surrendering
it, march away
with only staves in their hands 42
CHAP. X.
The king of Sicily waits on the king of France at Louviers.
Fresnoy surrenders
to the duke of Alençon. Gisors capitulates. The castle of Gallon
is besieged 49
 CHAP. XI.
The king of France orders the counts de Dunois, d'Eu, and de St
Pol to join
him, as he intended to march to Rouen, whence, after
remaining three days he
returns. Some of the inhabitants of Rouen are near delivering
up the city
to him. The duke of Brittany besieges Fougeres. Condé is taken 52
CHAP. XII.
The archbishop of Rouen and others of the citizens negotiate to
surrender that
city to the king of France. The keys are presented to the
lieutenant-general,
the count de Dunois, who enters the town with his army 60
CHAP. XIII.
The king of France besieges the duke of Somerset, Lord Talbot,
and their men,
in the government-palace of Rouen. They surrender, on
condition of being
allowed to march away on yielding up the castle of Arques, and
other places
mentioned 70
CHAP. XIV.
The king of France makes a grand entry into Rouen. He is
sumptuously received.
The English restore to the king the castle of Arques, Caudebec,
Tancarville,
Monstierville, &c. 75
CHAP. XV.
The castle of Gaillon submits to the obedience of the king of
France, Fougeres
surrenders to the duke of Brittany, and Bellême to the duke of
Alençon. A
well-fought battle takes place between the French and English 88
 CHAP. XVI.
The king of France leaves Rouen. He sends his lieutenant-
general to besiege
Harfleur, which surrenders on capitulation. The fair Agnes is
taken ill. Her
death, and her last testament 92
CHAP. XVII.
The count de Foix raises a large army to besiege the castle of
Guischen. The
English assemble to raise the siege, but are defeated by the
lord de Lautrec and
the bastard de Foix 101
CHAP. XVIII.
After the capture of Valognes by sir Thomas Kiriel, he takes the
field with
a large army of Englishmen. He is met by the count de
Clermont, who at
tacks and defeats him 108
CHAP. XIX.
The duke of Brittany besieges Avranches, with his whole force.
It surrenders to
him. He takes Tombelaine. Bayeux is won. The constable gains
Bricquebec,
Valognes, St Sauveur le Vicomte. Other incidents 117
CHAP. XX.
The siege of Caen. The king of France, attended by the king of
Sicily and his
son, the duke of Calabria, appear before it with a large army.
The English,
after sustaining much damage from the batteries, surrender the
town and castle
of Caen 123
CHAP. XXI.
The king of France makes his entry into Caen, and is nobly
received there. The
English surrender Falaise. Poton de Saintrailles is appointed
governor of it.
Domfront is reduced to the king's obedience 131
CHAP. XXII.
The decease of the duke of Brittany, and of the lord Giles his
brother, whom he
had cruelly put to death before his decease. Cherbourg is
besieged by sea and
land, and is taken by the French 136
CHAP. XXIII.
The author particularises the valour of several of the nobles in
the conquest of
Normandy. The king of France sends the count de Penthievre,
as his lieutenant,
into Guienne 143
CHAP. XXIV.
The lord d'Orval defeats the men of Bordeaux. Duke Peter of
Brittany does
homage to the king of France. The duke of Burgundy attempts
to lay a
tax on salt throughout Flanders 154
CHAP. XXV.
The king appoints the count de Dunois his lieutenant-general in
Guienne, who besieges
Mont-Guyon. It surrenders to him. He lays siege to the town of
Blaye, which
is taken by storm. The castle capitulates 159
CHAP. XXVI.
The greater part of the towns and castles in the duchy of
Guienne enter into
treaties for their surrender, with the exception of Bayonne.
Bordeaux surrenders 166
 CHAP. XXVII.
The city of Bayonne is besieged by the counts de Foix and de
Dunois, lieutenants-general
to the king. It surrenders. The regulations made in
consequence. Pope
Nicholas marries the emperor of Germany to the daughter of
the king of
Portugal. The events that take place in England 180
CHAP. XXVIII.
Jacques Coeur is arrested and confined. The reasons of it. The
king of France
declares war against the duke of Savoy, but peace is made, by
the mediation
of the cardinal de Touteville. Lord Shrewsbury regains Bordeaux
from the
French 196
CHAP. XXIX.
The men of Ghent besiege Oudenarde. The duke of Burgundy
sends an army
against them. The Picards conquer the Pont d'Espieres from the
Ghent men,
and kill many of them 202
CHAP. XXX.
The count d'Estampes, with the aid of the Picards alone, raises
the siege of
Oudenarde, and defeats the Ghent men, without the knowledge
of the duke of
Burgundy 205
CHAP. XXXI.
The duke of Burgundy establishes garrisons round Ghent. He
makes several inroads
into the country of Waes 210
CHAP. XXXII.
The Ghent men fortify Nineve. The count d'Estampes defeats
them there.
The men of Ghent attempt to destroy a dyke, to drown the
country of Waes,
but are again defeated by the count de St Pol 215
CHAP. XXXIII.
The battle of Rupelmonde, where the Ghent men are defeated
by the duke of Burgundy 218
CHAP. XXXIV.
The Ghent men who had fled to Acre abandon the place: it is
burnt by the
duke of Burgundy. The king of France sends ambassadors to
the duke in Flanders,
to restore peace to that countrys 221
CHAP. XXXV.
The cutler of Ghent is made prisoner in battle. The Ghent men
are defeated.
They are again defeated at Hulst and Moerbeke 224
CHAP. XXXVI.
The articles proposed by the ambassadors from France as the
ground-work for a
treaty of peace between the men of Ghent and their lord, but
which are not agreed
to by those in Ghent 230
CHAP. XXXVII.
The Ghent men recommence the war against their lord, and
burn Hulst. A
French herald escapes from Ghent 234
CHAP. XXXVIII.
The duke of Burgundy raises a large army to combat the Ghent
men, who burn
Harlebeck, a large village near Courtray. Other events of this
war 238
 CHAP. XXXIX.
The marshal of Burgundy burns the small town of Eckeloo. The
Ghent men are
defeated before Alost, which they intended to besiege 243
CHAP. XL.
Mention made of different encounters between the Picards and
Ghent men.
The latter attempt to set fire to some parts of Hainault. They
are met by the Picards
soon afterward 246
CHAP. XLI.
The Ghent men send a deputation to the count d'Estampes, to
mediate a peace.
Immediately after they besiege Courtray, but without success.
They are near taking
prisoner the duchess of Burgundy, on her road to Bruges 249
CHAP. XLII.
Pierre Moreau makes another attack on Dendermonde. The
Ghent men invade
Hainault, and commit great ravages there 254
CHAP. XLIII.
The Ghent men would have taken Alost by storm, had it not
been well defended.
The three estates of Flanders are urgent for peace 256
CHAP. XLIV.
The duke of Burgundy sends an army into Luxembourg against
some Germans
who, from Thionville, were wasting that country. The duke
enters Flanders
with a large force, to make war on Ghent 259
CHAP. XLV.
The duke of Burgundy takes the castle of Poulcres, but that 262
flower of chivalry
sir James de Lalain is slain before it. He besieges the castle of
Gavere, takes
it, and hangs all within, before the Ghent men advance to offer
him battle.
They are defeated
CHAP. XLVI.
The battle of Gaveren, where the Ghent men are completely
defeated, with the
loss of upward of twenty thousand men slain and drowned 270
CHAP. XLVII.
The duke of Burgundy, moved by pity, sends his herald to Ghent
to know if
the townsmen would submit to his will and he would have
compassion on them.
The men of Ghent send him a deputation to beg his mercy 275
CHAP. XLVIII.
Here follow the articles of the treaty between Philip the good,
and the town of
Ghent 278
CHAP. XLIX.
The manner in which the Ghent men humble themselves to
their lord, the duke
of Burgundy 283
CHAP. L.
While the duke of Burgundy is carrying on his warfare against
the Ghent men,
the lord de Croy is very active in opposing the Germans in the
duchy of
Luxembourg, where they had done much mischief 286
CHAP. LI.
King Charles of France conquers Bordeaux and the Bordelois a
second
time 287
 CHAP. LII.
Pope Nicholas notifies to the duke of Burgundy a croisade
against the Turks.
The duke vows to undertake an expedition to Turkey, on certain
conditions 289
CHAP. LIII.
Charles count de Charolois, son to the duke of Burgundy, is
betrothed to his
cousin-germain the lady Isabella of Bourbon. The duke goes
into Germany, and
soon after his return the count marries his cousin-german 295
CHAP. LIV.
The king of France goes to his castle of Lusignan. The earl of
Shrewsbury takes
Fronsac. The French besiege Chastillon. Lord Shrewsbury
assembles a large
force to raise this siege. He is there slain 297
CHAP. LV.
After the reduction of Chastillon, the French take St Emilion and
Libourne. The king
joins his army before Bordeaux, in which were great numbers of
English. That
town surrenders on capitulation 305
CHAP. LVI.
The grand Turk besieges Constantinople and batters the city
with heavy artillery.
It is taken by storm. The cruelties committed there. A remedy
proposed to resist
the Turk 314
CHAP. LVII.
The Turk sends letters to the pope, who, in consequence, 335
wishes to form a croisade
against him. Le Blanc, knight-marshal of Hungary, defeats the
Turks near the
port of Sambrine
CHAP. LVIII.
Judgement given against Jacques Coeur and the damsel of
Mortaigne. Master
William Edelin, doctor of divinity, is publicly reprimanded at
Evreux 341
CHAP. LIX.
The king of France sends an embassy to the king of Spain. He
builds two
castles at Bordeaux to keep the inhabitants in subjection. The
duke of
York imprisons the dukes of Somerset and Glocester. Other
events 347
CHAP. LX.
The marriage of the count de Charolois with the lady Isabella of
Bourbon. The
duke of Burgundy returns from Germany, and is most
honourably received in the
towns of Lille and Arras 351
CHAP. LXI.
The duke of Burgundy lays heavy taxes on his estates, to defray
his expedition
against the Turks 353
CHAP. LXII.
The bishop of Utrecht dies. The duke of Burgundy goes to
Holland to procure
the election to the bishoprick for his bastard son David, then
bishop of Therouenne 355
CHAP. LXIII.
The count de Clermont, the lord de Lohéac marshal of France, 357
and other captains,
arrest the count d'Armagnac, and deliver him up to the king.
They put
the archbishop of Auch in possession of his archbishopric. Other
events
CHAP. LXIV.
The king of France is discontented with the dauphin, for going
to the duke of
Burgundy without his consent. Pope Calixtus makes regulations
respecting
the croisade against the Turks 360
CHAP. LXV.
The duke of Burgundy, with a large army, escorts his bastard
son into Holland,
and puts him in peaceable possession of the bishoprick of
Utrecht. He besieges
Deventer, and forces its inhabitants to obey the new bishop,
which they had
before refused 372
CHAP. LXVI.
The duke of Alençon is arrested and thrown into prison. The
Turks are miraculously
defeated in Hungary. Other events that happened in this year of
mcccclvi 376
CHAP. LXVII.
The Dauphin of France takes refuge with duke Philip of
Burgundy. Other events
that happened in this year 381
CHAP. LXVIII.
A quarrel takes place between duke Philip of Burgundy and his
son the count of
Charolois, but is appeased by the dauphin. The countess of
Charolois is brought to
bed of a daughter. Other events that happened in divers parts 388
CHAP. LXIX.
An embassy from the king of Hungary arrives at Tours, and is 392
honourably received
by the king of France. The king of Hungary dies. The French
take the
sea-port of Sandwich by storm
CHAP. LXX.
Duke Philip of Burgundy carries the dauphin to Bruges, where
he is joyfully
received with many honours. Other events mentioned and
repeated 402
CHAP. LXXI.
A coolness between the duke of Burgundy and the count of St
Pol. Other 406
matters
CHAP. LXXII.
The death of Lancelot king of Hungary, which causes great
mourning at the court
of France. The deaths of John of Coimbra, king of Cyprus, and
of the duke of
Brittany, which last is succeeded by his brother Arthur count de
Richemont 414
CHAP. LXXIII.
King Charles is dangerously ill. On his recovery, he sends to
inform the duke
of Burgundy that he shall take under his ward the estates of the
youth of
Rodemac. The duke's answer. Of the storms of wind, frost, and
snow in this
season 417
CHAP. LXXIV.
The duke of Burgundy, at the request of the town of Ghent,
goes thither. A
great feast is made there 420
CHAP. LXXV.
The death of the king of Arragon. His bastard Fernando 424
succeeds to the throne
of Naples. Of pope Pius, and the events that happened about
that time; such as
the death of the duke of Brittany, and the embassy from
England to the duke of
Burgundy
CHAP. LXXVI.
The duke of Burgundy makes his entry into Ghent, and is
magnificently entertained
by the town. The king of France sends to summon the duke of
Burgundy
to attend the trial of the duke d'Alençon 427

HERE BEGINNETH

THE NINTH VOLUME

OF THE

CHRONICLES
OF

ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET.
 CHAP. I.
THE KING OF FRANCE, BEING SATISFIED THAT THE
ENGLISH HAD BROKEN THE TRUCE, DECLARES WAR
AGAINST THEM.—VERNEUIL IS TAKEN BY A MILLER,
WHOM AN ENGLISHMAN HAD BEATEN.
The king of France, having received full information of the warfare
carried on by the English against Scotland, which was included in the
truce, and of that against the Spaniards by sea, who were also
included in it, as well as that on his own subjects of Dieppe, la
Rochelle, and elsewhere, ever since the signing of the truce, without
making any restitution whatever for the damages done by them,
more especially in the capture of Fougeres from the duke of Brittany,
for which they refused to make any reparation, although often
summoned by the king so to do, as well by ambassadors to king
Henry as to those who had the government of Normandy: having,
therefore, maturely deliberated on all these grievances in his council,
and knowing that he had fully acquitted himself of his duty in
endeavouring to preserve peace, he declared war against England by
sea and land.
During the truce, the english garrisons of Mantes, Verneuil, and
Laigny had gone on the high roads between Orleans and Paris, and
had robbed and murdered all passengers and merchants that fell in
their way. In like manner did the English of Neufchâtel, Gournay, and
Gerberoy, on the roads between Paris, Abbeville, and Amiens: they
also made inroads over the country, seizing all they could lay hands
on, and murdering gentlemen in their beds, who had sworn
allegiance to the king of France; such as the lord de Maillebois, the
lord de St Remy, Olivier de Noirequerque, and several more.
On the other hand, such tradesmen and labouring farmers as had,
on the faith of the truce, returned to their occupations, houses, and
villages, were continually harrassed and put to death by the English,
who called them false Armagnac-traitors.
These were the fine exploits of the English during the existence of
the truce. They were called Vizards, from wearing masks and
frightful disguises over their other clothes, when they went on any
such expeditions, to prevent them being discovered.
To put an end to all these deceitful proceedings of the English, the
king of France assembled a large body of men at arms, as did the
duke of Brittany, on their frontiers. The garrison of Fougeres made a
sally on these last,—but they were repulsed so valiantly that they
lost upwards of six score in killed and taken.
At this time a miller in the town of Varneuil[1] was beaten by an
Englishman going the rounds. In revenge, he went to the bailiff of
Evreux, and promised, on certain conditions, to admit him and his
men into the town. In consequence of this, sir Pierre de Brésé,
seneschal of Poitou, the said bailiff of Evreux, Jacques de Clermont
and others, collected their men with all haste, and appeared before
the walls of Verneuil by break of day on the 29th day of July.
The miller was on guard this night, and dismissed the watch sooner
than usual because it was Sunday, that they might attend mass and
then breakfast. The French, by the aid of the miller, fixed their
ladders to his mill, and, by this means, entered the town without any
one knowing, or even suspecting it. Six score English were in
garrison, some of whom were killed or made prisoners, and the rest
fled in haste to the castle.
On the morrow, the miller drew off most part of the water from the
ditches of the castle, which was then vigorously attacked and
defended,—but at last it was taken by storm. Many gallant deeds
were done, particularly by the seneschal, who acquired greater
renown than any other, although all fought well, for they had not
any heavy artillery,—and numbers of the English were killed,
wounded, and taken. The remainder took shelter in the tour grise,
which was impregnable so long as provisions did not fail, being very
thick and high, and detached from the castle, surrounded with
ditches full of water. Notwithstanding its strength, the French
attacked it on all sides,—and while they were thus engaged, the
count de Dunois arrived with the lord de Culant and many other
knights and esquires. The first had been lately appointed lieutenant-
general of the armies of the king of France,—and the lord de Culant
had been made grand master of the household.
Having had information that lord Talbot was on his march to relieve
his countrymen in the tower, and was arrived at Breteuil[2], they
soon departed, leaving sir Florent Dilliers, who remained to manage
the siege, with about eight hundred combatants.
The count de Dunois kept advancing until he met lord Talbot near to
Harcourt[3], who, when he perceived the French, fortified himself so
strongly, with stakes and the baggage-carts which carried his stores,
that they could no way injure him. At nightfall, he retreated in haste
to Harcourt. All the ensuing day the French were drawn up in battle-
array in the expectation of an engagement, but Talbot would not
quit the town.
The following knights were this day created: the lord de Herbault, sir
John de Bar lord of Baugey, and John Daulon, equerry of the king's
stables; and the French, finding that Talbot would not come out of
Harcourt, withdrew that evening to Evreux.
On the sixth day of August, in this year, the king of France advanced
toward Amboise, to cross the river Loire, and march his army into
Normandy to support the besiegers of Verneuil. The count de Dunois
and his company remained two days in Evreux.

FOOTNOTES:
[1] Verneuil,—a town in Normandy, diocese of Evreux.
[2] Breteuil,—a town in Normandy, near Conches.
[3] Harcourt,—a town in Normandy, election of Conches, ten
leagues from Rouen.
 CHAP. II.
THE COUNT DE ST POL APPEARS BEFORE NOGENT,
WHICH SURRENDERS TO HIM.—THE CAPTURE OF POINT-
AUDEMER.
On Friday, the 8th day of August, in this year, the count de St Pol,
with about four hundred[4] horse, came before the castle of Nogent,
of whom twenty or thirty of the most valiant of the van, at the first
shock, forced their way into the lower court, and gained the barriers.
Fearing the cannon of the English, they instantly retreated, to wait
for their companions,—but not before the portcullis had been rapidly
let down, and inclosed two of their number, who were made
prisoners. On the approach of the main army, the place was
courageously attacked on the side toward the fields, when many
were killed and wounded on each side. The governor for king Henry
was called Jean le Fevre, born near to Louviers, who had with him
about thirty companions in arms.
On the Saturday, the place surrendered between eleven and twelve
o'clock, on condition that the garrison should march away in safety
unarmed, except the governor, who was to wear his sword. They
deposited all their effects in the church of St Peter, whence they
afterward came to seek and carry them away whither they pleased.
The conquerors, perceiving on the Sunday that the place was not
tenable, decamped, but not before they had set fire to it, and burnt
it to the ground.
The same Friday, the count de Dunois marched from Evreux with a
large company of knights and esquires, and two thousand five
hundred combatants. Two days after, the counts d'Eu and de St Pol,
the lords de Saveuses, de Roye, de Moy, de Rambures, and others,
to the number of three hundred lances, and from fourteen to fifteen
hundred archers, passed Pont de l'Arche, and continued their march
until they formed a junction, on the 12th before Pont Audemer, with
the count de Dunois and his army. The count de Dunois was posted
on the side toward Rouen, and the counts d'Eu and de St Pol nearer
to Honfleur, on the other side of the river Rille, which runs by the
town,—and each lord drew up his men to the attack of the place.
That part of it near to the quarters of the count de St Pol was so
courageously attacked that it was carried by storm, notwithstanding
the very gallant defence of the English. Many brilliant acts were
done by the count de Dunois' men, who entered the place at the
same time with the others, crossing the ditches with water up to
their necks.
Four hundred and twenty English retreated into a strong house at
the end of the town under their captains, Montfort, treasurer of
Normandy, and Foucques Ebon, who surrendered themselves
prisoners to the counts de Dunois and de St Pol.
Twenty-two new knights were made on this occasion, such as the
lord de Moy, the son of the vidame of Amiens, the son of the lord de
Rambures, and others. Thus was Pont Audemer replaced under the
obedience of the king of France.
King Charles came to Vendôme on this day, the 12th, and remained
there until the 18th day of August, when he marched for Chartres,
and arrived there on the 22d.

FOOTNOTES:
[4] Four hundred. In the original it is four thousand,—but this
number appeared to me too great.
 CHAP. III.
THE ENGLISH INVADE SCOTLAND TWICE, AND ARE AS
MANY TIMES REPULSED[5].—THE TOWER OF VERNEUIL
SURRENDERS TO THE KING OF FRANCE.—OTHER
MATTERS.
It was evident that Heaven was against the English,—and they were
deserving of it, for it is a fact that they have alway encroached on
their Christian eighbours, as well in the kingdom of France as in
Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and elsewhere. Many violences have most
unjustly been done by them, by reason of their not having the words
of our Saviour Jesus Christ before their eyes, 'Render unto Cæsar the
things that be Cæsar's and unto God the things that be God's.'
Among their various plans of annoyance to their neighbours, they
carried one about this time into effect, namely, an invasion of
Scotland. The earl of Salisbury sent two lords of great renown,
natives of England, sir Thomas de Hanton, knight, and the lord
Percy, son to the earl of Northumberland, to wage war against
Scotland. They had with them fifteen thousand combatants and a
numerous body of peasants, and, crossing the river Solway, entered
Scotland, where they remained three days, having advanced six
miles of that country, equal to three french leagues.
When the earl of Douglas heard of this inroad, he collected, without
delay, six thousand Scots, and attacked the English on the plain in
open day. The battle was well fought on both sides, and many were
killed and wounded; but it was won by the Scots, who kept the field,
and made many prisoners: in the number were sir Thomas de
Hanton and Percy: the rest escaped as quickly as they could, to
carry the melancholy news to lord Salisbury. He was very much
grieved, and not without cause, but not cast down; for he instantly
raised a greater army than before, consisting of sixty thousand men,
thinking to destroy the whole kingdom of Scotland.
When the earls of Murray and of Ormond heard of the English
having crossed the Solway with a large army, they, having the fear
of God before their eyes, and finding the English determined thus
conjunctly to destroy their country, took measures to oppose them;
for it is perfectly lawful that every one should fight for his country.
They soon, with the aid of other scots lords, assembled a force of
thirty-two thousand able warriors, and, falling on the english camp
unawares, put them to the rout, with great slaughter and loss in
prisoners and wounded. They were pursued as far as the Solway,
wherein many were drowned. The English lost in these two invasions
from twenty to twenty-four thousand men in killed and prisoners.
The Scots gave all the merit of this signal defeat to God, and not to
human force, for which they celebrated a thanksgiving; and, to
prevent the English from being in future so eager to invade their
country, they resolved to continue the pursuit into England. Having
crossed the Solway, they destroyed the country, full twenty leagues
in length, and six in breadth, as far as the strong town of Newcastle,
without leaving a town or house on their road unburnt. On this
expedition, a knight of great power in Scotland was slain, called sir
John Vbouailles; and the Scots then returned unmolested home.
The account of these battles was given to the writer of the
Chronicles of St Denis, at that abbey, by three scots priests of the
diocese of Dunblaine, of which church one was a canon, and
affirmed it for true before the holy shrine of St Denis, in the manner
above related, and in the presence of the monks of that abbey.
On the 12th of August, the king of France came to Vendôme,
grandly accompanied by men at arms, as well lords, knights and
esquires, as others. He remained there until the 18th; and, during
this time, the lord de Lohéac, marshal of Brittany, sir Geoffry de
Couren[7], and Joachim Rohault and others, attacked the town of St
Jacques de Beuvron with great vigour from nine in the morning until
night, and, with heavy and small artillery, kept up a continual fire on