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    Selfstudys Com File

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    Ayaan Shaikh

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    Selfstudys Com File

    Uploaded by

    Ayaan Shaikh
    8 views3 pages

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    Selfstudys Com File (5)

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    8 views3 pages

    Selfstudys Com File

    Uploaded by

    Ayaan Shaikh

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    Movement and Locomotion

     The body of living organisms is made up of an important framework of bones called the skeletal
    system or the skeleton.

     The skeleton consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, tendons and fascia.

     The bone is a strong, hollow and non-flexible connective tissue. It is a hard, greyish-white tissue,
    composed of 2/3rd of inorganic substances or minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, carbonates etc.
    and 1/3rd of organic substances.

     Types of bones
    a. Long bones
    b. Short bones
    c. Flat bones
    d. Irregular bones

     Cartilages are found between two or more bones. They smoothen the bone surface, act like cushions
    and prevent the rubbing of bones against each other. They also function as shock-absorbing pads.

     Ligaments hold two or more bones together at joints. They control the motion of a joint, and in some
    cases, restrict the motion of a joint.

     Tendons are tough parallel fibres of connective tissue or cords or straps strongly attached to the
    bones. They play an important role in locomotion.

     The fascia is a strong connective tissue that surrounds the muscles, groups of muscles, blood vessels
    and nerves in the form of membranous sheets. Fasciae connect muscles to other muscles of the body.

     Functions of skeleton include providing support and shape, protection, leverage, storage of minerals
    and allowing movement and formation of blood cells.
    COMPONENT OF DESCRIPTION
    THE SKELETON
    Skull Divided into head bones and facial bones.
    Head bones-8, Facial bones-14
    Vertebral column Composed of 26 ring-like bones called vertebrae.
    Has a characteristic S-shaped curve which helps in balancing the
    body.
    Cervical vertebrae-7 bones, Thoracic vertebrae-12 bones,
    Lumbar vertebrae-5 bones, Sacrum-5 bones, Coccyx-4 bones
    Ribs Each rib articulates with a thoracic vertebra.
    True ribs-7 pairs, False ribs-3 pairs, Floating ribs-2 pairs
    Sternum Long, flat and strong bone in the centre of the chest.
    Holds the ribs in place.
    Bones of the Upper arm bone-Humerus, Forearm bones-Radius and Ulna
    limbs Hand-8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges
    Leg bone-Femur, Bones of lower limb-inner Tibia and outer Fibula,
    Knee bone-Patella
    Foot-8 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges
    Bones of the girdles Each pectoral girdle consists of a collar bone or clavicle and the
    shoulder blade or scapula.
    Pelvic girdle-Ilium, Ischium and Pubis

     The point at which two separate bones meet is called a joint.

     Joints permit different types of movements. They allow varying degrees of movement. Some joints
    permit no movement at all, while other joints allow slight movement. Certain joints afford considerable
    movement.
     Immovable/Fibrous joints do not allow any movement of the bones they connect. Fibrous joints are
    found in the skull as well as in the pelvic girdle. They are also found between the calf bone and tibia.

     Partially movable or cartilaginous joints permit only a limited degree of movement. Cartilaginous
    joints are seen in the ear lobe, at the tip of the nose and in the sternum.

     Synovial joints permit free movement in all directions. Examples: Joint in the knee, joint between the
    atlas and axis, joints in tarsal bones, hip joint, shoulder joint and wrist joint.

     Types of synovial Joints


    a. Ball and socket joint: Hip joint and shoulder joint.
    b. Hinge joint: Bones of fingers and toes and in the ankle and knee.
    c. Pivot joint: Atlas and axis of the backbone.
    d. Gliding joint: Wrist and the ankle.

     Muscles are long bundles of contractile tissues. A muscle has two ends; a fixed end where the muscle
    originates and a movable end which pulls some other part.

     Actions such as walking, running, playing etc. require the combined action of several muscles.

     Muscles that cause opposing movements are known as antagonistic muscles. Example: Biceps and
    triceps.

     Functions of muscles
    a. Muscles in the body provide the means of all movements.
    b. They cover the skeletal framework and provide shape or contour to the body.
    c. Muscles help to maintain the body posture while sitting, standing and walking.

     Kinds of muscles

    Skeletal muscles Smooth muscles Cardiac muscles

    •They are under •They are not •Show rapid


    the control of under the control movements and
    one’s will or of one’s will or do not get tired
    volition. volition. easily.
    •Muscles of our •They are found in •Muscles of
    forelimbs, the walls of blood eyelids, heart and
    hindlimbs, fingers, vessels and in the diaphragm are
    neck and eyes lining of stomach, cardiac muscles.
    are skeletal intestine, trachea
    muscles. and oesophagus.

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