HKGXKT ISI

FKLKMK@ BQHQL................................................................................. i
FKLKMK@ ZA@EASKFK@...................................................................ii
OKXK ZA@EK@XKT.............................................................................. iii
KDSXTKOSI.........................................................................................iv
HKGXKT ISI.........................................................................................vi
HKGXKT XKDAL.....................................................................................vii
HKGXKT EKMDKT............................................................................ix
DKD I ZA@HKFQLQK@
;.; Lktkr Dalkok`e.........................................................................
;.4 Zarumusk` Mksklkf.................................................................
;.3 Dktksk` Mksklkf......................................................................
;.8 Xujuk` Zrnyao Kofir...............................................................
;.1 Mk`gkkt Zrnyao Kofir.............................................................
DKD II HKSKT XANTI
4.; Maok`isma Masi` Kmplks......................................................
4.;.; Xi`jkuk`..........................................................................
4.;.4 Za`eartik`.......................................................................
4.4 Za`eartik` Tk`eok...................................................................
4.3 Mnma`.....................................................................................
4.8 Stktiok......................................................................................
4.1 Ekyk.........................................................................................
4.1.; Ekyk Lukr .......................................................................
4.1.4 Ekyk Hklkm....................................................................
4.7 Xumpuk`..................................................................................
4.7.; Xumpuk` Tnl..................................................................
4.7.4 Xumpuk` Sa`hi...............................................................
4.7.3 Xumpuk` Bapit.................................................................
4.5 Za`ealksk`................................................................................
4.6 Gkotnr Oakmk`k` (Skgaty gkctnr ) .....................................
DKD III ZATA@CK@KK@ HK@ EKMDKT

; H ik e r m K l u r Z r n s a s
3.4 S o a m k Z a rk l k t k ` .. . .. ..
Z a ra ` c k` k k ` .. ....................... .
. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........
3.4.; Oark`eok Qtkmk.............................................................
3.4.4 Sistam Xrk`smisi Xa`kek................................................
3.4.3 Za`kmpk`e Kmplks........................................................
3.4.8 Mntnr Listrio ...................................................................
3.4.1 Zullay..............................................................................
3.4.7 Dakri`e............................................................................
3.4.5 Znrns Za`eearko ..............................................................
3.4.6 Ork` Kir ..........................................................................
3.4.9 Za`caokm Za`kmpk`e....................................................
3.4.;: Xutup Za`kmpk`e Kmplks............................................
3.3 Zarfitu`ek` hk` Zara`ck`kk` Lks...........................................
DKD IW ZTNSAS ZTNHQOSI
8.; Zarklktk` yk`e hieu`kok`........................................................
 8.4 Zrnsas Zamduktk` Tk`eok.......................................................
8.3 Astimksi Hk`k Zrnsas Zarmasi`k` Oark`eok...........................
8.8 Zarkwktk` Masi`......................................................................
DKD W ZA@QXQZ
1.; Oasimpulk`..............................................................................
1.4 Skrk`........................................................................................
HKGXKT ZQSXKOK.............................................................................
LKMZITK@
 ZATK@CK@EK@ TK@EOK ZKHK MASI@ KMZLKS
ZTNYAO KOFIT
Hikjuok` u`tuo mama`ufi parsykrktk` eu`k mamparnlaf ealkr Kfli Mkhyk (K.Mh)
Zrnerkm Stuhi HIII Xao`io Masi`

Hisusu` nlaf2

Giork` Yk`hy Skputrk (I6;;8:44)

ZTNETKM SXQHI H3 XAO@IO MASI@ ZTNHQOSI

GKOQLXKS XAO@IO MASI@
Q@IWATSIXKS SADALKS
MKTAX SQTKOKTXK
4:;6
 DKD I
ZA@HKFQLQK
@
;.; Lktkr Dalkok`e
Sadutk` u`tuo Masi` Kmplks / Znwar Sk`har / Kdrksiva Mkcfi`a suhkf tihko

ksi`e lkei hklkm rk`kf pari`hustrik` hi saluruf hu`ik. Masi` Kmplks mamilioi gu`esi
yk`e fkmpir skmk ha`ek` masi` eari`hk. Dahk`yk khklkf, Masi` Kmplks marupkok`
prnsas pa`eioisk` yk`e darski`e ha`ek` matnha pa`eioisk` yk`e lki`, hk` duok`
marupkok` nparksi pa`yalaskik` saparti pa`eeari`hkk` ktku pa`eensnok`
(lkppi`e ) yk`e on`va`sin`kl. Nparksi`yk tihko tardktks pkhk rnhk ioktk`
(dn`hah wfaal) skjk, tkpi tarmksuo prnsas kmplks lkpis (cnktah ) hk` prnsas
kmplks dadks. Sahk`eok` masi` eari`hk darkrti ma`eensno, ma`ekusok` ha`ek`
easaok` ktku ma`ekskf. Hklkm krti lki` juek hkpkt hikrtiok` sadkeki palapksk`
lnekm nlaf suktu rnhk kmplks
putkr, hk` earkok``yk mirip pamntn`e grkis.

Masi` kmplks yk`e khk hi Lkdnrktnrim Mktarikl skkt i`i talkf ma`eklkmi
oaruskok` dkio hkri saei rk`eok hk` masi``yk. Oaruskok` masi` i`i hisadkdok`
nlaf
masi` yk`e jkrk`e hieu`kok` okra`k suhkf tarek`tiok` nlaf masi` eari`hk yk`e ladif
prkotis. Nlaf okra`k itu, tujuk` hkri prnyao kofir i`i dartujuk` u`tuo mamdukt masi`
kmplks yk`e ladif saharfk`k hk` ladif prkotis.
Ha`ek` khk`yk masi` kmplks i`i hifkrkpok` hkpkt mamparmuhkf pa`ekmplksk`
da`hk oarjk u`tuo prkotioum hi Lkdnrktnrium Mktarikl. Zkhk prnyao kofir i`i hipilif
sistam trk`smisi okra`k pkhk masi` kmplks hifkrkpok` hkyk yk`e hidutufok` disk
tarpa`ufi safi`eek masi` hkpkt darjklk` ha`ek` dkio.

;.4 Zarumusk` mksklkf

Zarumusk` mksklkf hklkm Zrnyao Kofir i`i khklkf mark`ck`e trk`smisi pkhk
pamduktk` masi` kmplks yk`e ladif prkotis hk` saharfk`k hklkm pa`earjkk``yk.
Zkhk pa`earjkk` Zrnyao Kofir i`i ladif ma`ekrkf oa park`ck`ek` rk`eok masi`
kmplks.
;.3 Dktksk` Mksklkf
Dktksk` mksklkf hkri Zrnyao Kofir i`i khklkf 2
k. Mark`ck`e rk`eok masi` kmplks.
d. Masi` i`i fkmpir skmk ha`ek` masi` eari`hk fk`yk skjk tarhkpkt pardahkk`

pkhk ckrk oarjk hk` gu`esi`yk.

 c. Zkhk masi` i`i fk`yk disk hieu`kok` u`tuo ma`ekmplks da`hk uji prkotioum.
;.8 Xujuk` Zrnyao Kofir
Xujuk` hkri Zrnyao Kofir i`i khklkf 2
k. Mamdukt rk`eok masi` kmplks.
d. Ma`eatkfui hk` mamkfkmi satikp onmpn`a`-onmpn`a` yk`e hidutufok`
pkhk pamduktk` rk`eok masi` kmplks.
;.1 Mk`gkkt Zrnyao Kofir
Mk`gkkt hkri Zrnyao Kofir i`i khklkf 2
k. Hkpkt mamdukt masi` kmplks ha`ek` ma`eatkfui satikp tkfkp-tkfkp
pa`earjkk` tarutkmk pkhk prnsas pamduktk` rk`eok.
d. Mamuhkfok` pa`ekmplksk` da`hk oarjk eu`k prkotioum hi Lkdnrktnrium
Mktarikl.
 DKD II
HKSKT XANTI
4.; Maok`isma Masi` Kmplks

4.;.; Xi`jkuk`

Zkhk hkskr`yk masi` kmplks skkt i`i mksif tarenln`e sk`ekt mi`im jumlkf`yk
okra`k suhkf tarek`tiok` nlaf masi` eari`hk pnrtkdal yk`e ladif prkotis hk` muhkf
hidkwk oamk`k-mk`k. Okra`k hilifkt hkri saei gu`esi`yk yk`e fkmpir skmk ykitu
masi` kmplks dartujuk` u`tuo prnsas pa`eioisk` sahk`eok` pkhk masi` eari`hk
dartujuk` u`tuo ma`eensnok`, ma`ekuskok` ha`ek` easaok` ktku ma`ekskf.
4. ;.4 Za`eartik`
Masi` kmplks daoarjk ha`ek` ma`eeu`kok` mntnr listrio yk`e hifudu`eok`
ha`ek` pullay yk`e tarfudu`e ha`ek` W-Dalt lklu hitarusok` oa pnrns u`tuo
ma`eearkok` pa`kmpk`e kmplks safi`eek tnrsi yk`e hidutufok` tihko tarlklu daskr

hk` tihko mamarluok` hkyk yk`e tarlklu daskr pulk. Okra`k masi` kmplks fk`yk
mamdutufok` tnrsi sadaskr 3::-1:: r.p.m kekr fksil kmplks hkpkt sasuki yk`e
hifkrkpok` hk` tihko tarlklu capkt putkrk``yk.
4.4 Za`eartik` Tk`eok
Tk`eok khklkf struotur hktkr yk`e tarhiri hkri sajumlkf dktk`e-dktk`e yk`e
hiskmdu`e-skmdu`e sktu ha`ek` yk`e lki` pkhk uju`e`yk, safi`eek mamda`tuo
suktu rk`eok ononf. Tk`eok dareu`k sadkeki pa`yk`eek utkmk ma`jkhi tampkt
darpuskt`yk samuk rasultk` ekyk hkri samuk onmpn`a`. Zkhk on`hisi dadk` yk`e
rktk ekyk kosi rakosi hihagi`isiok` sadkeki dadk` mi`imum, sahk`eok` pkhk on`hisi

dadk` yk`e darearko ktku sahk`e tarjkhi da`turk` on`hisi dadk`

hihagi`isiok` sadkeki dadk` mkosimum. On`hisi pamdadk`k` saparti i`i
darlk`esu`e sackrk
darulk`e, fi`eek mktarikl rk`eok ma`eklkmi oalalkfk` (gktieua) oamuhik`
tarjkhi oaekeklk` (gkilura). Oaekeklk` yk`e hisadkdok` oalalkfk`
mktarikl sk`ekt
mamdkfkykok`, okra`k oalalkfk` ma`ekoidktok` pktkf yk`e tarjkhi tk`pk hikwkli
hagnrmksi pkhk mktarikl tarsadut. Dadarkpk fkl yk`e ma`yadkdok` oalalkfk` tarjkhi
lkdif capkt, ykitu dadk` mkosimum yk`e cuoup ti`eei, vkriksi ktku gluotuksi
taek`ek` yk`e cuoup daskr. Salki` itu vkrikdal lki` yk`e ma`yadkdok` tarlklu
capkt`yk tarjkhi oalalkfk` saparti on`sa`trksi taek`ek`, onrnsi, sufu, taek`ek` sisk

hk` eanmatri pkhk rk`eok itu sa`hiri.

4.3 Mnma`
Hi skmpi`e ca`haru`e u`tuo ma`eearkok` suktu da`hk pkhk krkf daoarjk`yk,
sadukf ekyk ca`haru`e u`tuo mamutkr suktu da`hk tarfkhkp suktu sumdu. Sumdu i`i
hkpkt marupkok` samdkrk`e ekris yk`e tihko darpntn`ek` mkupu` sajkjkr ha`ek`
ekris oarjk ekyk tarsadut. Oaca`haru`ek` u`tuo darntksi i`i hioa`kl sadkeki mnma`
(M) hkri ekyk tarsadut. Mnma` juek hioa`kl sadkeki pu`tirk` (tnrqua). Hkpkt
hilifkt
pkhk Ekmdkr 4.;.

Ekmdkr 4.; Mnma`

(T.S. Ofurmi hk` B.O. Euptk, 4::4)

Mnma` khklkf suktu vaotnr M yk`e taeko lurus tarfkhkp dihk`e da`hk. Krkf
M khklkf tarek`tu`e pkhk krkf darputkr`yk da`hk koidkt ekyk G. Mnma` M
ma`eiouti samuk okihkf pa`jumlkfk` vaotnr hk` hkpkt hiti`jku sadkeki vaotnr
easar ha`ek` ekris oarjk yk`e darimpit ha`ek` sumdu mnma`. Sktuk` hkskr hkri
mnma` hklkm sktuk` SI khklkf `awtn`-matar (@m).

M = r x G............................................................................................(4.;)

Himk`k2
M 2 Mnma` (@.m)
r 2 Bkri-jkri ktku jkrko k`tkrk puskt mnma` yk`e tareko lurus tarfkhkp
ekyk taok`. (m)
G 2 Ekyk taok` (@)
4.8 Stktiok
Stktiok khklkf ilmu yk`e mampalkjkri ta`tk`e stktiok suktu dadk` tarfkhkp ekyk-
ekyk hk` dadk` yk`e mu`eoi` khk pkhk dkfk` tarsadut . Hklkm stktiok, ekyk-ekyk
yk`e mampa`ekrufi sistam ma`jkhi suktu ndyao. Sahk`eok` hklkm parfitu`ek`
oaouktk` rk`eok, ekyk-ekyk yk`e hiparfitu`eok` khklkf ekyk lukr hk` ekyk hklkm.
Ba`is dadk` hkpkt hidkei ma`jkhi2
k. Dadk` stktis khklkf dadk` yk`e daskr ktku krkf`yk tihko darudkf tarfkhkp
wkotu.
d. Dadk` tarpuskt khklkf dadk` yk`e daoarjk pkhk suktu titio.
c. Dadk` tardkei khklkf dadk` yk`e tardkei marktk skmk pkhk satikp sktuk` luks.
h. Dadk` mnma` khklkf fksil ekyk ha`ek` jkrko k`tkrk ekyk ha`ek` titio yk`e
hiti`jku.
a. Dadk` tnrsi khklkf dadk` koidkt pu`tirk`.
Zri`sip stktiok oasaimdk`ek` pkhk da`hk yk`e daoarjk pkhk suktu titio dadk`
pkhk Ekmdkr 4.4.

Ekmdkr 4.4 Zri`sip stktiok oasaimdk`ek`

(Daar hk` Tussall, ;998)

4.1 Ekyk
Hklkm parfitu`ek` oaouktk` rk`eok kok` hiparfitu`eok` ekyk lukr hk` ekyk
hklkm.
4.1. ; Ekyk Lukr
Ekyk lukr khklkf ekyk yk`e daoarjk hilukr on`struosi. Ekyk lukr hkpkt darupk
ekyk vartiokl, ekyk fnrizn`tkl, mnma` la`tur hk` mnma` pu`tir. Zkhk parskmkk`
stktis tarta`tu u`tuo ma`efitu`e daskr`yk ekyk yk`e daoarjk fkrus mama`ufi sykrkt
oasatimdk`ek` 2

∛G V= :
∛GY= :
∛M= :
4.1.4 Ekyk Hklkm
Ekyk hklkm khklkf ekyk – ekyk yk`e daoarjk hi hklkm on`struosi sadkeki rakosi
tarfkhkp ekyk lukr. Takosi yk`e timdul k`tkrk lki` sadkeki dariout 2
k. Ekyk `nrmkl (@)
Ekyk `nrmkl marupkok` ekyk hklkm yk`e daoarjk sakrkf sumdu hk`

daoarjk taeko lurus tarfkhkp dihk`e dklno.

- Ekyk `nrmkl pnsitig (+) jiok sadkeki ekyk tkrio pkhk Ekmdkr 4.3.

Ekmdkr 4.3 Ekyk `nrmkl

pnsitig (Daar hk`
Tussall, ;998)

- Ekyk `nrmkl `aektig (-) jiok sadkeki ekyk hasko pkhk Ekmdkr 4.8.

Ekmdkr 4.8 Ekyk `nrmkl

`aektig (Daar hk`
Tussall, ;998)

d. Ekyk Easar (S)

Ekyk easar marupkok` ekyk hklkm yk`e daoarjk taeko lurus sumdu dklno.
 - Ekyk easar hik`eekp pnsitig (+) jiok ca`haru`e darputkr sakrkf jkrum jkm
pkhk Ekmdkr 4.1.

Ekmdkr 4.1 Ekyk easar

pnsitig (Si`ear hk`
K`hraw, ;991)

- Ekyk easar hik`eekp `aektig (-) jiok ca`haru`e darputkr darlkwk`k` krkf
jkrum jkm pkhk Ekmdkr 4.7.

Ekmdkr 4.7 Ekyk easar `aektig

( Si`ear hk` K`hraw
;991)

c. Mnma` la`tur (M)

Mnma` la`tur khklkf ekyk parlkwk`k` hkri dadk` sadkeki pa`kfk`
la`turk` yk`e tarjkhi pkhk dklno/pa`kfk` tarfkhkp oala`eou`ek`.
- Mnma` la`tur pnsitig (+) jiok ca`haru`e mamda`eonok` dktk`e caou`e
oa dkwkf pkhk Ekmdkr 4.5.
 Ekmdkr 4.5 Mnma` la`tur pnsitig
(Si`ear hk` K`hraw, ;991)

- Mnma` la`tur `aektig (-) jiok ca`haru`e mamda`eonok` dktk`e

camdu`e oa ktks pkhk Ekmdkr 4.6.

Ekmdkr 4.6 Mnma` la`tur `aektig

(Si`ear hk` K`hraw, ;991)

4.7 Xumpuk`
On`struosi rk`eok dartueks ma`huou`e dadk` ktku ekyk yk`e daoarjk pkhk
sadukf sistam tarsadut. Dadk` tarsadut fkrus hitumpu hk` hilatkook` pkhk palatkok`-
palatkok` tarta`tu kekr hkpkt mama`ufi tueks`yk. Dadarkpk palatkook` k`tkrk lki`2
4.7.; Xumpuk` Tnl

Khklkf tumpuk` yk`e hkpkt ma`kfk` ekyk taok` yk`e krkf`yk taeko lurus
dihk`e tumpuk`yk. Xumpuk` rnl tihko hkpkt ma`kfk` ekyk yk`e krkf`yk sajkjkr
ha`ek` dihk`e tumpuk` hk` mnma` pkhk Ekmdkr 4.9.

Ekmdkr 4.9 Xumpuk`

rnl (Daar hk`
Tussall, ;998)
4.7.4 Xumpuk` Sa`hi
Khklkf tumpuk` yk`e mkmpu ma`kfk` ekyk yk`e krkf`yk samdkrk`e pkhk
dihk`e tumpuk`. Xumpuk` sa`hi hkpkt ma`umpu ekyk yk`e krkf`yk taeko lurus
mkupu` sajkjkr ha`ek` dihk`e tumpuk` pkhk Ekmdkr 4.;:.

Ekmdkr 4.;: Xumpuk` sa`hi

(Daar hk` Tussall, ;998)

4.7.3 Xumpuk` Bapit

Khklkf tumpuk` yk`e hkpkt ma`kfk` ekyk hklkm saeklk krkf hk` hkpkt ma`kfk`
mnma` pkhk Ekmdkr 4.;;.

Ekmdkr 4.;; Xumpuk` japit

(Daar hk` Tussall, ;998)

4.5 Za`ealksk`
Za`ealksk` khklkf suktu skmdu`ek` yk`e parmk`a` yk`e mk`k darkskl hkri
paladurk` hkri huk dkeik` yk`e hiekdu`eok` darskmk ha`ek` ktku tk`pk pa`eeu`kk`
pa`aok`k` hk` pa`eisik` mktarikl. Zkhk prnsas pa`earjkk` prnyao kofir i`i
ma`eeu`kok` lks listrio u`tuo mamdukt rk`eok fk`hla, rk`eok ktks, hk` rk`eok
dkwkf.
Lks yk`e hieu`kok` hklkm pa`ealksk` rk`eok masi` pa`eupks dkwk`e

ma`eeu`kok` lks listrio, dariout i`i marupkok` ja`is-ja`is lks listrio2

k. Masi` lks krus dnlko-dklio (Masi` KC)
Masi` mamarluok` krus listrio dnlko-dklio ktku krus KC yk`e hifksilok`
nlaf pamdk`eoit listrio, listrio ZL@ ktku ea`arktnr KC, hkpkt hieu`kok`
sadkeki sumdar ta`kek hklkm prnsas pa`ealksk`. Daskr`yk taek`ek` listrio
yk`e hifksilok` nlaf sumdar pamdk`eoit listrio dalum sasuki ha`ek`
taek`ek` yk`e hieu`kok` u`tuo pa`ealksk`.
Oadk`ykok` sumdar listrio, dkio listrio ZL@ mkupu` listrio hkri sumdar
yk`e lki`, mampu`yki taek`ek` yk`e cuoup ti`eei, pkhkfkl oadutufk`
taek`ek` yk`e hioalukrok` nlaf masi` lks u`tuo pa`ealksk` fk`yk 11 vnlt
skmpki 61 vnlt. Krus yk`e hieu`kok` u`tuo parklktk` lks saoitkr ;: kmpara
skmpki 1:: kmpara. Daskr`yk krus listrio hkpkt hiktur sasuki ha`ek`
oaparluk` lks.
d. Masi` lks krus sakrkf (Masi` HC)
Krus listrio yk`e hieu`kok` u`tuo mamparnlaf `yklk dusur listrio khklkf
krus sakrkf. Krus sakrkf i`i darkskl hkri masi` darupk hi`kmn mntnr listrio
sakrkf. Hi`kmn hkpkt hiearkook` nlaf mntnr listrio, mntnr da`si`, mntnr
hiasal, ktku klkt pa`eearko yk`e lki`. Masi` krus yk`e ma`eeu`kok` mntnr
listrio sadkeki pa`eearko mulk`yk mamarluok` parklktk` yk`e dargu`esi
sadkeki pa`yakrkf krus. Za`yakrkf krus ktku ractigiar dargu`esi
u`tuo
ma`eudkf krus dnlko-dklio (KC) ma`jkhi krus sakrkf (HC).
c. Masi` lks ek`hk (Masi` KC-HC)
Masi` lks i`i mkmpu malkyk`i pa`ealksk` ha`ek` krus sakrkf (HC) hk`
pa`ealksk` ha`ek` krus dnlko-dklio. Masi` lks ek`hk mampu`yki
trk`sgnrmktnr sktu gksk hk` sadukf klkt parktk hklkm sktu u`it
masi`. Oalukrk` krus dnlko-dklio hikmdil hkri tarmi`kl lilitk` saou`har
trk`sgnrmktnr malklui raeulktnr krus. Khkpu` krus sakrkf hikmdil hkri
oalukrk` klkt parktk krus. Za`ekturk` oalukrk` krus dnlko-dklio ktku krus
sakrkf hkpkt hilkouok` ha`ek` muhkf, ykitu fk`yk ha`ek` mamutkr klkt
pa`ektur krus hkri masi` lks.
(fttp2//ih.wioipahik.nre/wioi/Lks^listrio)
Ba`is – ja`is skmdu`ek` lks k`tkrk lki` saparti pkhk Ekmdkr 4.;4 hi dkwkf i`i2
 Ekmdkr 4.;4 Ba`is Skmdu`ek` Lks
(T.S. Ofurmi hk` B.O. Euptk, 4::4)

Oatark`ek`2
(k). Skmdu`ek` lks suhut hklkm
(d).Skmdu`ek` lks suhut lukr
(c). Skmdu`ek` lks tumpk`e
(h).Skmdu`ek` lks X
4.6 Gkotnr Oakmk`k` ( Skgaty gkctnr )
Gkotnr yk`e hieu`kok` u`tuo ma`eavkluksi kekr para`ck`kk` alama` masi`
tarjkmi` oakmk`k``yk ha`ek` hima`si yk`e mi`imum. Gkotnr oakmk`k` alama`
hk` sistam struotur sk`ekt tarek`tu`e pkhk oatkfk`k` stuotur ( T2 dkfk` hk`
eanmatri) hk` dadk` yk`e daoarjk ( S2 dadk` mkti, dadk` fihup, dadk` eampk, dadk`
k`ei` hk` sadkeki`yk). (Bnsapf Z Wihnsic “ Mkcfi`a Hasie` Zrnjacts”)

Xkdal 4.; Gkotnr oakmk`k` dkfk`

Sumdar 2 Ofurmi, T.S. & Euptk, B.O. 4::1, K Xaxtdnno Ng Mkcfi`a

Hasie`, p;:4
 DKD III
MAXNHA
ZALKOSK@KK@
3. ; Hikerkm Klur Zrnsas Zara`ck`kk`
Hikerkm klur prnsas para`ck`kk` disk hi lifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 3.;.

Ekmdkr 3.; Hikerkm klur prnsas para`ck`kk`

Zkhk prnsas pamduktk` prnyao kofir i`i hikwkli ha`ek` hita`tuok``yk suktu
tamk u`tuo hijkhiok` parmksklkfk`. Xamk yk`e hik`eokt khklkf mamparmuhkf
pa`earjkk` pa`ekmplksk` da`hk oarjk u`tuo oaparluk` prkotioum hi Lkdnrktnrium
Mktarikl. Za`ulis malkouok` oaeiktk` yk`e darupk ndsarvksi tarfkhkp dadarkpk
on`sap/ekmdkrk` hkri para`ck`kk` masi` kmplks yk`e suhkf khk. Satalkf

malkouok` oaeiktk` tarsadut mkok on`sap/ekmdkrk` hkri masi` kmplks sa`hiri

mamilioi dardkeki mkckm da`tuo mulki hkri yk`e darda`tuo pnrtkdal skmpki ha`ek`
masi` kmplks huhuo. Satalkf itu hilkouok` survai ladif hklkm sackrk lk`esu`e
ta`tk`e dkekimk`k ckrk oarjk masi` kmplks yk`e suhkf khk. Hkri survai yk`e talkf
hilkouok` pa`ulis disk ma`ek`klisk mu`cul`yk dadarkpk parmksklkfk` yk`e khk
pkhk masi` kmplks yk`e sadalum`yk. Oamuhik` tim mampartimdk`eok` pamduktk`
haski` sadukf klkt yk`e kok` hieu`kok` u`tuo mamdk`tu mamparmuhkf pa`earjkk`
pa`ekmplksk` ha`ek` mampartimdk`eok` dadarkpk fkl hi k`tkrk`yk khklkf da`tuo
yk`e ladif saharfk`k.
Salk`jut`yk hiduktlkf suktu klkt u`tuo mamparmuhkf pa`earjkk`
pa`ekmplksk`. Oamuhik` himulki u`tuo ma`efitu`e saluruf onmpn`a` yk`e
maliputi pa`a`tuk` hkyk mntnr listrio yk`e kok` hieu`kok`, parfitu`ek` hikmatar
puli, pk`jk`e skduo yk`e hidutufok` hk` parcapktk` putkrk` pkhk piri`ek` kmplks
yk`e kok` hieu`kok`. Salk`jut`yk hilkouok` park`ck`ek` masi` ha`ek` ma`eekmdkr
soatsk hkri masi` sackrk mk`ukl, oamuhik` ma`eekmdkr hklkm da`tuo ekmdkr
tao`io hklkm da`tuo 4H. Zark`ck`ek` haski` 3H masi` ma`eeu`kok`
sngtwkra SnlihUnros kekr hkpkt
hiavkluksi kpkokf suhkf sasuki ha`ek` spasigioksi yk`e hifkrkpok` hk` juek disk
ma`efitu`e jumlkf mktarikl yk`e hiparluok` hklkm pamduktk` masi`. Biok samuk
onmpn`a` suhkf salaski hidukt mkok hiparluok` pa`eujik` hkri masi` tarsadut.
Kpkdilk khk yk`e ourk`e sasuki ha`ek` rk`ck`ek` kwkl hkri masi` disk hiavkluksi
oamdkli mk`k yk`e ourk`e sasuki ha`ek` ha`ek` rk`ck`ek` kwkl kekr saeark u`tuo
hipardkioi.
3.4 Soamk Zarklktk`
Zara`ck`kk` soamk parklktk` prnyao kofir ha`ek` juhul Masi` Kmplks mamukt
ta`tk`e maok`isma earkok` hk` daskr`yk hkyk yk`e hidutufok` pkhk masi`
kmplks. Tk`ck`ek` masi` hkpkt hilifkt pkhk ekmdkr 3.4.
 6
9
;

7 4

;:

8
3
Ekmdkr 3.4 Soatsk Masi` Kmplks

Oatark`ek` 2
;. Tk`eok/ Grkma
4. Mntnr Listrio
3. W-dalt
8. Zullay
1. Znrns Za`eearko
7. Za`caokm Za`kmpk`e Kmplks
5. Za`kmpk`e Kmplks
6. Xutup Za`kmpk`e Kmplks
9. Ork` Kir
;:. Dakri`e
Masi` Kmplks mamilioi gu`esi yk`e fkmpir skmk ha`ek` masi`
eari`hk. Dahk`yk khklkf, Masi` Kmplks marupkok` prnsas pa`eioisk` yk`e
darski`e ha`ek` matnha pa`eioisk` yk`e lki`, hk` duok` marupkok` nparksi
pa`yalaskik` saparti
pa`eeari`hkk` ktku pa`eensnok` (lkppi`e ) yk`e on`va`sin`kl. Nparksi`yk
tihko
tardktks pkhk rnhk ioktk` (dn`hah wfaal) skjk, tkpi tarmksuo prnsas kmplks
lkpis (cnktah ) hk` prnsas kmplks dadks. Sahk`eok` masi` eari`hk darkrti
ma`eensno, ma`ekusok` ha`ek` easaok` ktku ma`ekskf. Hklkm krti lki` juek
hkpkt hikrtiok`
sadkeki palapksk` lnekm nlaf suktu rnhk kmplks putkr, hk` earkok``yk mirip
pamntn`e grkis. Sackrk gu`esin`kl onmpn`a`-onmpn`a` utkmk masi` kmplks, ykitu 2
3.4.; Oark`eok Qtkmk

Ekmdkr 3.3Oark`eok/ Grkma

Dargu`esi sadkeki tampkt ma`npk`e dkeik`-dkeik` masi` kmplks saoklieus

ma`huou`e onmpn`a` lki` sackrk oasalurufk`. Salkmk darjklk``yk prnsas
pa`ekmplksk`, rk`eok klkt i`i fkrus stktis hk` muhkf u`tuo hipi`hkfok` malklui
rk`ck`ek` da`tuo rk`eok yk`e agisia`.
3.4.4 Sistam Xrk`smisi Xa`kek,

Ekmdkr 3.8 W-Dalt

Masi` i`i ma`eeu`kok` skduo v-dalt u`tuo ma`yklurok` hkyk hkri sumdar
ta`kek
darupk mntnr pa`eearko oa pnrns pa`eearko pa`kmpk`e kmplks.
3.4.3 Za`kmpk`e Kmplks

Ekmdkr 3.1 Za`kmpk`e Kmplks

Dargu`esi u`tuo marktkok` da`hk oarjk yk`e talkf hipntn`e ha`ek`

earekji. Za`kmpk`e i`i ma`eeu`kok` kir yk`e ma`eklir kekr da`hk oarjk yk`e
sahk`e hikmplks tihko capkt pk`ks sartk hadu fksil pa`ekmplksk` hkpkt lkrut
darskmk kir sisk pa`ekmplksk`.
3.4.8 Mntnr Listrio

Ekmdkr 3.7 Mntnr listrio

Zkhk masi`
masi kmplks sumdar pa`eearko yk`e hieu`kok` khklkf mntnr. Mntnr
listrio khklkf klkt u`tuo ma`eudkf a`arei listrio ma`jkhi a`arei oi`atio.

3.4.1 Zullay
 Ekmdkr 3.5 Zullay

Zullay hieu`kok` u`tuo ma`trk`smisiok` hkyk hkri mntnr oa pnrns

pa`eearko.
3.4.7 Dakri`e

Ekmdkr 3.6 Tnllar dakri`e

Tnllar dakri`e hieu`kok` sadkeki tumpuk` pnrns hk` pa`kmpk`e kmplks

oatiok
darputkr.
3.4.5 Znrns Za`eearko

Ekmdkr 3.9 Znrns pa`eearko

 Dargu`esi u`tuo ma`trk`smisiok` hkyk hkri pullay yk`e tarfudu`e hkri mntnr oa
pa`kmpk`e kmplks.
3.4.6 Ork` Kir

Ekmdkr 3.;: Ork` Kir

Dargu`esi u`tuo ma`eklirok` kir oa pa`kmpk`e kmplks.

3.4.9 Za`caokm Za`kmpk`e

Ekmdkr 3.;; Za`caokm Za`kmpk`e Kmplks

Dargu`esi u`tuo ma`caokm kmplks ha`ek` pa`kmpk`e hk` hkpkt hidn`eokr

pksk`e u`tuo pa`eek`tik` parmuokk` kmplks.
3.4.;: Xutup Za`kmpk`e Kmplks

Ekmdkr 3.;4 Xutup Za`kmpk`e Kmplks

Dargu`esi u`tuo mali`hu`ei ciprktk` kir skkt pa`kmpk`e kmplks darputkr, tutup
i`i tardukt hkri plkt dasi.

3.3 Zarfitu`ek` hk` Zark`ck`ek` Lks

Zarfitu`ek` hklkm para`ck`kk` lks hkpkt hilifkt sadkeki dariout2

Ekmdkr 3.;3 Da`tuo pa`ealksk`

rk`eok ( T.S. Ofurmi hk` B.O. Euptk,
4::4)

Ma`efitu`e tadkl lks hkri da`tuo pa`ealksk` yk`e saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr
3.;3 hkpkt hifitu`e ha`ek` parskmkk`2
Zuskt titio darkt hkpkt hifitu`e ha`ek` parskmkk`2
4
x= l
4 x (l +d )
 4
y= d
4 x (l + d )

mkok,

r ; ; = DE = l – x
4 4
r 4 4 = 1 ( KD ) +( DE )

r;
cnsζ= ……………………………………......……………(4.4)
r4

Oatark`ek`2
l = ladkr plkt (mm)
d = tadkl plkt (mm)
ζ = suhut mkosimum pa`ealksk`
Mnma` i`arsik`yk ( B ) hifitu`e ha`ek` parskmkk` sadkeki dariout2
8 4 4
B = t (d+ l) ∔7 l .............................................................(4.3)
d
;4 ( l + d )

Oatark`ek`2
B = mnma` i`arsik (mm8)

t = tadkl lks (mm)

Xaek`ek` easar ( ψ ; hk`ψ 4) hifitu`e ha`ek` parskmkk` sadkeki dariout2

Z
ψ;= ................................................................... (4.8)
K

himk`k K hiparnlaf ha`ek` parskmkk` sadkeki dariout2

K=t . l + t . d............................................................................(4.1)

hk` ψ 4hiparnlaf hkri parskmkk` sadkeki dariout2

Z x a x r4
................................................... .........................(4.7)
4=
ψ

Oatark`ek`
2
ψ ; = taek`ek` easar `nrmkl/taeko lurus oa krkf erkvitksi (@/mm 4)

ψ 4 = taek`ek` easar taeko lurus oa krkf E/sasuki mnma` koidkt hkri

pamdadk`k`yk (@/mm4)

Z = ekyk yk`e mamdadk`i (@)

 K = tfrnkt krak (mm)
a = jkrko ekyk ha`ek` puskt titio darkt E (mm)
r 4 4 = rkhius lks mkosimum hkri titio E (mm)

Tasultk` u`tuo taek`ek` easar mkosimkl hkpkt hifitu`e ha`ek`

parskmkk` sadkeki dariout2
 4 4
ψ =1 ( ψ ¾¾ ;) +( ψ ¾¾ 4) + 4 ψ ψ cns ζ ¾ ¾ ...............(4.5)

; 4
Bkrko sumdu pnrns (x) 2 31: mm
Hikmatar puli mntnr (H;) 21:m m
Hikmatar puli pnrns (H4) 2 ; 45 m m
@; H
@ H4
;8::
@ 4 =;45
4
= ;
1:
k. Ma`ckri Oacapktk` Li`iar Skduo
ϊ . H; . @ ;
W =7:
3.;8 x :.:1❛ x ;8::❛
W= 7:
W = 3.5 m/s

d. Ma`ckri Ekyk Xkrio pkhk Znrns yk`e hisadkdok` nlaf Zuli hk` Skduo.
Soamk puli hk` skduo hitu`juook` pkhk Ekmdkr 3.;8.

Ekmdkr 3.;8 Soamk puli hk` skduo

(Daar hk` Tussall, ;998)

- Ma`ckri suhut on`tko pkhk puli hk` skduo.

H; = 1: m m r; = 41 mm

H4 = ; 45 m m r4 = 73.1
mm x = 31: mm
r4∔r;
si` λ =
x
73.1
¾ ∔41
31:

36.1
¾31:
si` λ =:,;; mm
λ =7.1 º
 ζ=;6:º ∔4 λ
¾ ;6: º∔( 4 x 7.1º )
¾ ;6: º∔;3 º
¾ ;75 º
ϊ
¾ ;6:º x ;75 º
¾ 4.9; rkh

- Ma`efitu`e taek`ek` sisi oa`ck`e (X;) hk` taek`ek` sisi oa`hnr (X 4)

pkhk v-dalt .
Hkyk mntnr (Z) 2 351 wktt
Onagisia` easao (μ) 2 :,3:
Suhut on`tko puli (ζ) 2 4.9;
rkh Suhut klur v-dalt () 2 ; 9º

4,3:lne X μ xζ
=
;

X 4si` δ
X ; = :,3: x 4,9;
4,3:lne
X4 si`;9º
X; :.653
lne
= 4.3: x :.341
X4
X;
lne =;.;6
X
4

X;
=;1.;8
X4
X ;=;1.;8 X 4

Z=¾) v
351 Oe m ´ / s ³ =( ;1.;8 X 4∔X 4 ) x 3.5 m / s
351 Oe m / s =( ;8.;8 X ) x 3.5 m / s
4 3

4
351 Oe m 4 / s 3
;8.;8 X 4= 3.5 m / s

X ;:;.31
=
4
;8.;8
 X 4=5.;5 @

X ;=;1.;8 X 4
X ;=;1.;8 ( 5.;5
@)

X ;=;:6.11 @

3.3.; Zarfitu`ek` Ekyk yk`e Daoarjk

Ekmdkr rk`eok Masi` kmplks yk`e daoarjk hkpkt hilifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 3.;8.

Ekmdkr 3.;1 Tk`eok yk`e daoarjk

 DKD IW
ZTNSAS ZTNHQOSI

8. ; Zarklktk` yk`e hieu`kok`

Zarklktk` yk`e hieu`kok` hklkm palkosk`kk` prnsas prnhuosi masi` kmplks

khklkf sadkeki dariout2
k. Earekji Dasi
d. Eari`hk Xk`ek`
c. Dnr Xk`ek`
h. Masi` Lks Listrio
a. Okwkt Lks
g. Masi` Dudut
8.4 Zrnsas Zamduktk` Tk`eok

Dkfk` yk`e hieu`kok` hklkm palkosk`kk` prnsas prnhuosi masi` kmplks khklkf
sadkeki dariout2
k. Dasi fnllnw ha`ek` uourk` pk`jk`e ;::: mm, ladkr 3: mm , tadkl 4 mm.
d. Dasi plkt ha`ek` uourk` pk`jk`e 5:: mm, ladkr 1:: mm, tadkl 4 mm.
Lk`eokf pa`earjkk` hkri pamduktk` rk`eok masi` kmplks, ykitu2
k. Mamntn`e dasi fnllnw ;::: mm x 3: mm x 4 mm ha`ek` uourk`
pk`jk`e sadkeki dariout2
• 51: mm, 8 dukf

• 68: mm, 4 dukf

• 7:4.63 mm, 4 dukf

• 88: mm, 44 dukf

• 35: mm, 4 dukf

• 9:: mm, 4 dukf
d. Mamntn`e dasi plkt 5:: mm x 1:: mm x 4 mm ha`ek` uourk` sadkeki
dariout2
• 68: mm x 88: mm, ; dukf

• 88: mm x 71.6: mm, 8 dukf



35: mm x 71.6: mm, 4 dukf

 • 88: mm x 88: mm, ; dukf
c. Mark`eoki dasi fnllnw uourk` 9:: mm x 3: mm x 4 mm (4 dukf) ha`ek`
dasi fnllnw uourk` 88: mm x 3: mm x 4 mm (4 dukf) hilks safi`eek
mamda`tuo rk`eok parsaei pk`jk`e saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 8.;.

Ekmdkr 8.; Tk`eok Ktks

h. Mark`eoki dkeik` pa`yk`eek ktks ha`ek` dasi fnllnw 88: mm x 3: mm x

4 mm (; dukf) ha`ek` hilks saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 8.4.

Ekmdkr 8.4 Tk`eok Za`yk`eek Ktks

a. Mark`eoki dkeik` okoi rk`eok ha`ek` dasi fnllnw uourk` 51: mm x 3:
mm x 4 mm (8 dukf) hk` dasi fnllnw uourk` 7:4.63 mm x 3: mm x 4
mm ha`ek` hilks saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 8.3.

Ekmdkr 8.3 Tk`eok Okoi

g. Mark`eoki dkeik` rk`eok hapk` ha`ek` dasi fnllnw uourk` 88: mm x

3: mm x 4 mm (4 dukf) hk` dasi fnllnw uourk` 35: mm x 3: mm x 4
mm ha`ek` hilks saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 8.8.

Ekmdkr 8.8 Tk`eok Za`yk`eek Hapk`

e. Mark`eoki dkeik` rk`eok pa`yk`eek skmpi`e hk` ta`ekf ha`ek`

dasi fnllnw uourk` 88: mm x 3: mm x 4 mm (;: dukf) ha`ek` hilks
saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 8.1.
 Ekmdkr 8.1 Tk`eok Za`yk`eek Skmpi`e

f. Mark`eoki dkeik` rk`eok dkeik` ta`ekf u`tuo dkeik` saln`esn`e

pnrns ha`ek` dasi fnllnw uourk` 88: mm x 3: mm x 4 mm (4 dukf)
ha`ek` hilks saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 8.7.

Ekmdkr 8.7 Tk`eok Xa`ekf

i. Mark`eoki dkeik` rk`eok pa`yk`eek dkeik` dkwkf ha`ek` dasi fnllnw

uourk` 68: mm x 3: mm x 4 mm (4 dukf) ha`ek` hilks saparti tarlifkt
pkhk Ekmdkr 8.5.
 Ekmdkr 8.5 Tk`eok Za`yk`eek Dkwkf

j. Mark`eoki dkeik` pa`utup kmplks ha`ek` dasi fnllnw uourk` 88: mm

x 3: mm x 4 mm (8 dukf) ha`ek` hilks saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 8.6.

Ekmdkr 8.6 Tk`eok Za`utup Kmplks

o. Mark`eoki rk`eok pa`utup kmplks ha`ek` dasi plkt uourk` 88: mm

x 88:mm x 4 mm ha`ek` hilks saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 8.9.
 Ekmdkr 8.9 Za`utup Kmplks

l. Maludk`ei dkeik` ta`ekf pa`utup kmplks ha`ek` hikmatar 33:

mm saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr 8.;:.

Ekmdkr 8.;: Za`utup Kmplks yk`e Xalkf hiludk`ei

m. Maludk`ei dasi plkt uourk` 68: mm x 88: mm x 4 mm u`tuo

dkeik` saln`esn`e pnrns hk` sklurk` kir saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr
8.;;.
 Ekmdkr 8.;; Zlkt Klks Tk`eok

`. Mark`eoki dkeik` pa`utup dkwkf rk`eok ha`ek` dasi plkt uourk`

68: mm x 88: mm x 4 mm yk`e talkf hiludk`ei ha`ek` hilks saparti
tarlifkt
pkhk Ekmdkr 8.;4.

Ekmdkr 8.;4 Tk`eok yk`e Xalkf hitutupi Zlkt Klks

n. Mark`eoki dkeik` pa`utup skmpi`e kmplks ha`ek` dasi plkt uourk`

88: mm x 71.6: mm x 4 mm (8 dukf) hk` dasi plkt uourk` 35:mm x
71.6: mm x 4 mm (4 dukf) ha`ek` hilks saparti tarlifkt pkhk Ekmdkr
8.;3.
 Ekmdkr 8.;3 Tk`eok yk`e Xalkf hitutupi Zlkt

8.3 Astimksi Hk`k Zrnsas Zarmasi`k` Oark`eok

Astimksi hk`k prnsas parmasi`k` oark`eok khklkf dikyk yk`e hidutufok` u`tuo
mamdali jksk prnsas parmasi`k`. Astimksi hk`k prnsas parmasi`k` hkpkt hilifkt
pkhk tkdal

8.8 Zarkwktk` Masi`

Zarkwktk` ruti` marupkok` oaeiktk` parkwktk` yk`e hilkouok` sackrk
ruti`, hklkm fkl diksk hilkouok` tikp fkri ktku satalkf pamkokik` maliputi2
k. Zamdarsifk`
Zamdarsifk` hilkouok` tarfkhkp samuk onmpn`a`, tarutkmk kir hk`
mktarikl sisk pa`ekmplksk`. Zamdarsifk` sk`ekt pa`ti`e u`tuo ma`jkek majk
kmplks hkri okrktk` yk`e sari`e tarjkhi koidkt tarti`eekl`yk ea`k`ek` kir sartk
sisk mktarikl pa`ekmplksk`.
d. Zalumksk`

Za`eek`tik` palumksk` pkhk dakri`e ha`ek` ma`eeu`kok`

mi`yko
palumks (nli) sackrk daroklk. Zalumksk` sk`ekt pa`ti`e kekr putkrk`
pnrns tihko mkcat.
c. Za`eek`tik` oartks kmplks
Za`eek`tik` oartks kmplks satikp satalkf pamkokik` masi`
kmplks. Za`eek`tik` i`i hilkouok` sackrk fkrik` ha`ek` tujuk` kekr oartks
kmplks tihko muhkf sndao satalkf malkouok` pa`ekmplksk`.
 DKD W
ZA@QXQZ

1.; Oasimpulk`
Hkri fksil pamduktk` masi` kmplks mkok, prnyao kofir i`i hkpkt
hikmdil oasimpulk` sadkeki dariout2
k. Mktarikl on`truosi yk`e hieu`kok` pkhk klkt i`i khklkf dasi
fnllnw ha`ek` hima`si ;::: mm x 3: mm x 4 mm.
d. Tk`eok yk`e hieu`kok` khklkf fnllnw ha`ek` hima`si ;::: mm x
3: mm x 4 mm kmk` u`tuo ma`kfk` dadk`.
c. Za`ealksk` pkhk rk`eok ma`eeu`kok` alaotrnhk lks ja`is TH47: ha`ek`
Ö 4.: kekr fksil lksk` oukt sasuki ha`ek` parfitu`ek`.

1.4 Skrk`