Analysis of Distributed Generation Sources

Using abc Synchronous Machine Model

J. Spetlik, J. Tlusty, Member, IEEE

parameters (generator Odq parameters) are re -computed to abc

Abstract-Paper deals with technical aspects of Distributed from the same machine, which was used in the previous
Generation Systems (DGS). Author developed model of simulation. Inductances transformation is following.
generator, which computes with the stator variables in physical
(abc) form. Importance of the model is shown on examples of
transients, especially where dq asymmetry machines is present. [L1 -= 3 3] Ld(l
Main technical problems connected with DGS operation are
voltage and power stability. These problems are often solved
with simulators based on dq - transformation (Simulink - Self inductances can be expressed as
SimPowerSystems). However, these simulators do not Laa (t) = Ls + L .COS(2.0 (t))
comprehend solution for harmonics, which can be present
during transient and in specific cases could cause errors in Lb(t =L s + Lm cos (2* (o (t) 2-) (2)
protectim functions. This paper includes three simulations with
three dominant types of dispersed generation sources with abc LC(t= L, + Lm .cos (2 (o (t) + 2.))
modeled machines. At the end of paper is made a comparison of
behaviour each of them during occurred transient. Simulated mutual inductances
transients are connecting machine to grid and three phase short
circuit on distribution line. Lab (t) =6- L COS(2.(0 (t)+ 6))
LbC (t) = -A - Lm .cOs (2.(0 (t) -J)) (3)
Index Terms-abc synchronous machine model, distributed
generation system model, dynamic network simulation.
LCa (t) = -M -Lm .cOs (2. (0 (t) + 6))
I. INTRODUCTION Mutual stator- rotor inductances are
pRESENTED model of generator computes with the stator L,f (t) = Mf.COS (0 (t) + )
variables in physical (abc) form. In the following text is
shown its importance, namely in the cases with dq non- Li,D(t) =MD.cos (0 (t) + p) (4)
symmetrical machines. Main technical problems connected
with DGS operation are voltage and power stability. This group LiQ (t) = MQ.sin (0(t) +()
of problems is often solved with simulators based on dq- For phase index i=a p = 0, for i=b p = -23- and for i=c
transformation (Simulink - SimPowerSystems). However, these
p = - 2.)T . Mutual rotor - rotor inductances of vertically
simulators do not comprehend solution for harmonics, which
can be present during transient and in specific cases could placed windings are zero, thus
cause errors in protection functions. This paper deals with LDf =Mx
three dominant types of dispersed generation sources (and
machines with appropriate parameters, abc model) and makes a LDQ =0 (5)
comparison of behaviour each of them during occurred LJQ =0
transient. First chosen type of transient is machine connecting Note that angle of electrical angular displacement
to grid, second three-phase short circuit. On these examples t
can be seen dq model validity in each case. 0 =
(t) Jw(z )dz Oto =wJot 6 (t) t,
to
+ + + (6)
II. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE ABC MODEL DESCRIPTION
where (0(T) electrical angle rotor speed is (0o is stator
Machine model was created in software Mathematica. Input
field angle speed (synchronous) and variable component
6 (t) load angle. Equations for magnetic fluxes in matrix form
This work was supported in part by Czech Technical University in
Prague under Internal Grant KKOV 2642V007. are
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with typical machines used in each DGS technology. Note, that

FW abc LILSS] 7abc
main difference applied during analyzed transients is Xd - xq
Lf fDQ _j [L sr]T
[Lrr] 'LiPQ (7) non-synmetry. Simulated events can be seen in fig. 1 (machine
connection to DGS) and fig. 2 (short circuit on supply line).
Other assumptions for simulation are constant-impedance load
where [ULSS stator - stator inductances matrix (from (2) and DG subsystem interconnection with
power system
and (3)), [Lrr ] rotor - rotor inductances matrix ( Lf, LD, LQ network with one supply line. The power system is modeled as
constant synmmetrical three-phase voltage source.
and (5)) and [Lsr] stator - rotor mutual inductances matrix DstrHbuted Supply line
(4). Whole synchronous machine model in abc reference frame 1@neran1
(voltage equations) can be expressed in matrix form as SSystem
Uabc [Rabc] [°] iabc
LUJQ [°] [RDQ ] Q
Yif abc
UN(8)

Matrices [Rabc] resp. [RfDQ are diagonal, representing

Fig. 1. Machine connection to grid
winding resistances. Vector UNabc represents voltage
Ditstrbuted
decrement at node grounding. GenerAtion line
For further analysis, important quantity is electromagnetic Sybtemn
torque Te, which can be written in general form as partial
Em
derivative of coenergy Wc

2 a(~~~~~~~~~~~(9)
where p is number of machine stator poles. Synchronous
machine's conenergy can be written as B * ~DGS Sturce
WC
Ls2 ]
[U

]lF(Ib
labc
b 'JDQ Fig. 2. Short circuit in distribution network
2
L'abcsL
[L
[L j]rr1 L Q I

IV. SIMULATIONS WITH CHP TECHNOLOGIES AND SMALL

Note that (10) is usable for machine without saturation. HYDRO SOURCES
Consider basic motion equation for torques
Combined heat and power (CHP) technologies produce
T =T-T-T
a mn
(T1) e electricity or mechanical power and recover waste for process
where Tm represents mechanical torque dependent on use. Conventional centralized power system average less than
33% efficiency for electricity. CHP systems can deliver energy
turbine inputs, Td =D.wm = 2-D.@
2
represents friction with efficiencies exceeding 90%. Technologies used for CHP
torque (D is friction constant) and Ta = J.)m = '2.J.@ are diesel engines, natural gas engines, steam turbines, gas
acceleration torque. turbines, micro-turbines and fuel cells.
Among other advantages of CHP can be added economical
Next mechanical equation expresses the relation between
size range (availability to match electric demand of end users),
angular speed Co and load angle 6 .

fast start -up, black start capability and reliability.

3= o-1 (12)
A. Simulation with S team CHP DGS Source
In (12) O) is normalized, therefore = 0)synch = 1.
Steam turbines are one of the most versatile and oldest
prime mover technologies used to drive a generator or
CASE STUDIES
III. mechanical machinery. Steam turbine is conventional source
For model demonstration were taken three types of 10 MW, working on base of Rankine cycle with 30 - 42% electric
6,3 kV machines under consideration. Their parameters agree efficiency.
Steam turbines used in CHP can be classified into two main
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types: non-condensing turbine (back-pressure turbine)

exhausts steam at a pressure suitable for a downstream
process requirement. Non-condensing turbines are the most
efficient, however have constant ratio heat / electric power.
Therefore these sources have to be combined with other type
of steam turbine - extraction turbine. This type of turbine has
opening in its casing for extraction of stream either for process
or feedwater heating.
Generator types for both types are predominantly
turboalternators. This fact was taken into account in the
simulations. 10 MW machine parameters are thus p =2,
Xd= 1,6, xq= 1,5. Following simulations were made for
transients described in IV. - machine connection (at t 0,2) Fig. 6. Alternator currents of CHP machnie with steam turbine, time of
and three-phase short circuit (at t 2,8 - 3,0). three phase short circuit

jMR AN L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.

steamturbine
Fig. 3t..l Frequency of CUPmachniewith
Fig. 3. Frequency of CHP machnie with steam turbine~~~~~~~~~~~~

Fig. 7. Voltage of CHP machnie with steam turbine, time of three phase
short circuit

The simulation shows, that Xd -xq non-symmetry effect should

be in this case neglected. However, model respects DC current
part, which Odq based models neglect.
B. Simulation with Diesel Engine CHP DGS Source
Among the most widely used and most efficient prime
movers are reciprocating (or internal combustion) engines.
Electric effectiveness 25 - 50% make this type of engine an
economic option in many applications. Two main types of
Fig. 4. Load Angle of CHP machnie with steam turbine reciprocating engines can be distinguished: spark-ignited
(Otto cycle) and compression-ignited (Diesel cycle).
Generators used for this type of prime mover are of wide
range. For the purpose of the simulation was chosen 10 MW
machine with parametersp = 4, xd = 1,7, xq = 1,0.

Fig. 5. Alternator currents of CHP machnie with steam turbine, time of

connection the machine to grid
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Fig. 8. Frequency of CHP machine with diesel engine Fig. 12. Voltage of CHP machine with diesel engine, time of three phase
short circuit

Stator reactance dq asymmetry causes in this case visible

component of nd and other harmonics (can be seen in fig. 10,
11 and 12). Remarkable is also overvoltage in fig. 12 after short
circuit.
C. Simulation with Hydro DGS Source
Power from v-ater power is included in Renewable Energy
Sources (RES). However, DGS is part of water power stations
with installed power up to 10 MW (according to the CIGRE-
WG 97-23 up to 50 MW). Main advantage of this source is
Fig. 9. Load Angle of CHP machine with diesel engine short start up time and no emissions. For water turbines three
main types of turbines are used Fransis, Pelton and Kaplan.
Last mentioned is used in the case of the smallest slopes (i.e.
lowest installed power - DGS).
Hydroalternators are multipole machines (small angular
speed) with the biggest xd xq asymmetry. For the purpose of
the simulation was chosen 10 MW machine with parameters
p = l4,Xd= 1,3, xq = 0,45.

Fig. 10. Alternator currents of CHP machne with diesel engine, time of
connection the machine to grid

Fig. 13. Frequency of machine with hydro turbine

Fig. 11. Alternator currents of CHP machne with diesel engine, time of
three phase short circuit
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Fig. 17. Voltage of machine with hydro turbine, time of three phase
short circuit

V. C0MPARABLE ODQ MODEL IN SIMULINK

To compare the results obtained from was the simulation for
the same transient events done in Simulink. Main differences
are shown for case of phasing the machine to grid. Fig. 18
shows the simulation for steam CHP turbine (case A). Model
using solutions in Odq transformed to abc (no abc model
available) gives in this case the same results (fig. 5). However,
Fig. 14. Load Angle of machnie with hydro turbine
simulation in Odq of the same transient for hydro turbine with
multipole (non-symmetrical) machine (case C), which can be
seen in fig. 19 is completely different from abc model, which
includes also part of solution with 100 Hz frequency.

Fig. 15. Alternator currents of machine with hydro turbine, time of

connection the machine to grid U6b mG ... u 6

Fig. 18. Alternator currents of machine with hydro turbine, time of

three phase short circuit (Simulink Odq model)

Vi
1. 11
Fig. 16. Alternator currents of machine with hydro turbine, time of
three phase short circuit

a o.gED.1 RiS 65 D2 a3 035 o4

Fig. 19. Alternator currents of machine with hydro turbine, time of

three phase short circuit (Simulink Odq model)

VI. CONCLUSIONS
In the simulations was shown influence of Xd - xq
asymmetry of common DGS machines on machine behaviour in
the case of connection and during and after three-phase short
circuit. In the paper was shown, that abc model (which was
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used on the case studies) is more applicable than standard Odq

model. This fact is demonstrated in the case of diesel engine
and water turbine machines.

VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Financial support provided from CTU research project
KKOV 2642V007VZ (internal grant).

VIII. REFERENCES
Books:
[1] S. E. Lyshevski: Electromechanical Systems, Electric Machines and
Applied Mechatronics, CRC Press 2000
[2] P. M Andaeson, A. A. Fouad: Power System Control and Stability,
The Iowa State University Press 1977
[3] ONSITE SYSCOM Energy Corporation: Review of Combined Heat
and Power Technologies. 1999, Available: http://www.distributed-
generation.com
[4] Wolfram Research - Mathematica [online] [cite 10. October 2003]
URL: http://www.wolfram.com
[5] Z. Kotek, S. Kubik, M. Razim Nelinearni dynamicke systemy,
SNTL Praha 1973
Papersfrom Conference Proceedings (Published):
[6] Chao Qin, Wang Yibo, Fan Yanfang: Wind-Hydro Hybrid Power
System Stability Analysis
[7] Dolezal J., Tlusty J.: "Interharmonics, Voltage Fluctuation, and
Flicker in Supply Power Systems", in Proc. PEMC '98, Prague, pp.
6/100-6/103

Standards:
[8] Kodex prenosove soustavy revize 2005 (Czech Technical
Transmiission Network Kodex), Jan. 2005.

IX. BIOGRAPHIES

_iisssffisiL Jan Spetlik, Ing. was born in Turnov in the

Czech Republic, on July 4, 1979. He graduated
from the Czech Technical University (CT U) in
Prague, where continues in PhD. study program.
'His employment experience included the heat
power plant in Opatovice in the Czech Republic.
During his PhD. study he is developing nonlinear
simulators - suitable for DG(S problems solving.
His special fields of interrest included dynamic
machine simulations.

Josef Tlusty, prof., Ing., Ph.D. was born in

1948. He received his Ing. degree from the CTU
Prague in 1971 and his Ph.D. degree from the
CTU Prague in 1978. Since 1990 he has been
working at the CTU's Faculty of Electrical
Engineering, Department of Power Engineering as
an associate professor. and in 2003 as full
professor, at present time he is a head of
iuz Department of Power Engineering. His research
interests are in the field of Electric Power Transmission and
Distribution. He is a member of the CIGRE, the CIRED and the
IEEE.