PAWAR PUBLIC SCHOOL, CHANDIVALI

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY
GRADE: 10 CHAPTER 1: PERIODIC TABLE
MARCH 2023 NOTES
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There are 14 printed pages

Introduction-
Mendeleev ꞌs law: "The physical and chemical properties of elements are
periodic functions of their atomic mass."
Modern Periodic law: put forth by Henry Moseley.
It states: Physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of
their atomic numbers.

He suggested that atomic number is a more fundamental property of an element

than its atomic mass.
The Modern Periodic Table is also known as the long form of the Periodic
Table or the extended form of the Periodic Table.
Main Features of The Modern Periodic Table
1. The properties of an element in the periodic table mainly depend on its outer
electronic configuration, except in the case of transition elements.
2. Each period begins with an element having only one electron in the valence
shell and ends with an element in which the valence shell is complete.
3.i) Number of electrons in the valence shell is equal to the group number e.g.,
sodium has one electron in the valence shell and it is placed in group 1.
ii) All elements in the same group have the same outer electronic structure,
e.g., in group 17, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine have seven
electrons in the outermost shell.
The Seven Periods
1. First period: The first period has two elements - hydrogen and helium
2. Second and third period: The second and third periods are known as short
periods. Each consists of eight elements
3. Fourth and fifth period: These two periods are long periods containing
eighteen elements each.
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4. Sixth period: The longest period is the sixth period that contains thirty-
two elements starting with caesium (Z = 55) and ending with radon (Z = 86).
This period includes 14 lanthanide elements (Z = 58 to 71). The lanthanides
are all placed in the same place due to their similar properties.
5) Seventh period: The seventh period 32 elements.
General Characteristics of Periods
1. Valence shell electrons-
The valence shell electrons increase from one to seven as we move from left to
right in a period.
2. Valency
The valency of the elements with respect to hydrogen, increases from 1 to 4 and
then decreases from 4 to 1 across the period. The valency with respect to
oxygen increases from one to seven across the period.
3. Metallic character
In a given period as we move from left to right, the metallic character decreases
gradually and finally changes to non -metallic.
4. Number of electron shells
In a given period, the number of electron shells always remains the same
5.Diagonal relationship
The first element of a group in second period shows striking resemblance to the
element of the next group of the third period i.e., diagonally opposite element.
This is often termed as diagonal relationship

General Characteristics of Group

1. Valence shell electrons
On moving down the group the valence shell electrons remain the same.
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2. Valency
The valency of all the members of a particular group is same
.3. Properties of elements
The members of a certain group possess almost similar properties but the
reactivity may differ, e.g., in case of group 1 the reactivity increases as we move
down the group from lithium to caesium but in case of group 17, it decreases
from fluorine to iodine.
4. Metallic character
Metallic character increases on moving down the group.
5. Number of electron shells
On moving down the group there is an increase in the number of shells by one.

Periodicity in Properties
Means occurrence of characteristic properties of elements at definite
intervals in the Modern Periodic Table when elements are arranged
in increasing order of their atomic numbers.

The periodic trends of the following properties will be studied here

1. Atomic radius
2. Metallic and Non-metallic character
3. Ionization potential
4. Electronegativity
5. Electron affinity

1. Atomic Radius
The distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell of an atom
is called the atomic radius of that atom.
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Across a Period from left to right –

Atomic size decreases-
Reason
The nuclear charge increases but the number of shells remain the same.
Hence electrons in the outer shell are pulled inwards with more force.
Electrons in the same period progressively increase from left to right, as the
atomic number increases. e.g., in period 3, from sodium (Z = 11) to chlorine
(Z = 17).

Hence, sodium is the largest atom and chlorine the smallest. This is true of other
periods as well.
Exception -
Atomic size of group 18 (zero group) elements is more than that of
group 17 (halogens)
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Reason- electron electron repulsion

The outermost shell of group 18 elements is completely filled resulting in

electron – electron repulsion which increases the atomic radius. The effect
of the nuclear pull over the valence shell electrons is not seen.

Down a group –
Atomic size increases-
Reason- shielding effect overpowers nuclear charge due to increasing number of shells, ionisation
potential also decreases, metallic character also increases.
The nuclear charge increases but the number of shells also increases.
These inner shells shield the outer electrons. So the outer electrons are less
attracted by the nucleus. Hence the atomic size increases.

For e.g., in group 1, starting from lithium to sodium, potassium, rubidium and
caesium, the atomic size increases because there is a gradual increase in the
number of shells.

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Number of Shells in a Group Increase

2. Metallic and Non-metallic Character

The tendency of an element to lose electrons and form positive ions (cations) is
called electropositive or metallic character.
"The tendency of an element to accept electrons to form an anion is called its
non-metallic or electronegative character.
In each period, metallic character of elements decreases as we move to the right.
Elements to the left have a pronounced metallic character while those to the
right have a non-metallic character. Conversely, non-metallic character
increases from left to right.
In the third period, sodium on the extreme left is most metallic. From sodium to
magnesium to aluminium, metallic character decreases. Silicon is midway
between metals and non-metals. From phosphorus to sulphur to chlorine, non-
metallic character gradually increases, chlorine being the most non-metallic in
behaviour. In the group 18 (zero group), argon does not exhibit either metallic
or non-metallic character.
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Across the period from left to right-
Non metallic character increases across the period.
Metallic character decreases across the period
Reason-
Nuclear charge increases but atomic size decreases. An atom with smaller
atomic size can gain electrons easily.
Down the group-
Metallic character increases down the group.
Non metallic character decreases down the group
Reason-
Nuclear charge increases and also the atomic size increases. The atomic size
dominates the nuclear charge. A atom with larger atomic size loses
electrons more easily.
Metals usually have 1, 2 or 3 electrons in the outermost shell and ionize by
giving out these electrons.
The most non metallic element of the Periodic table is fluorine.
3. Ionization Potential
Ionization potential (or ionization energy) is the amount of energy required to
remove a loosely bound electron from the outermost shell of an isolated atom in
the gaseous state.

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Thus, the ionization energy gives the ease with which the electron can be
removed from an atom. The smaller the value of the ionization energy, the
easier it is to remove the electron from the atom.
The inert gases have very high ionization potential, due to the stability of the
outer shell. Helium has the highest ionization potential while caesium has the
lowest.

Across the period from left to right-

Ionisation potential increases-
Reason-
Nuclear charge increases, and atomic size decreases.
The attraction between the outermost electrons and the nucleus increases.
Therefore, more energy is needed to remove the electron from the
outermost shell.
Down the group -
Ionisation potential decreases
Reason-
Nuclear charge increases, and atomic size also increases. Therefore
attraction between the outer electrons and nucleus decreases due to
shielding effect. Hence less energy is required to remove the outer
electrons.
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4. Electronegativity
Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in
a molecule of a compound.
Note : Electronegativity is however not the property of an isolated atom.
Types of Electronegativity
1. When the molecule is formed by transfer of electrons (ionic bonding) the
transfer takes place from electropositive atom to electronegative atom. In the
example below, Na is electropositive and Cl is electronegative.

2. If the molecule is formed by sharing of electrons (covalent bond) the bonded

pair of electrons shift towards more electronegative atom resulting in the
formation of polar molecule.
In the example below, chlorine atom is more electronegative as compared to
hydrogen atom, resulting in a covalent bond where the shared pair of electron
shifts towards the more electronegative atom.
This results in polar molecules

The electron pair is more closer to the chlorine atom and so the molecule gets
polarized i.e., the chlorine atom gets a negative charge while the hydrogen atom
gets a positive charge.

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Across the period from left to right-

Electronegativity increases
Reason-
Nuclear charge increases, and atomic size decreases.
A smaller atom accepts electrons more readily than a larger atom.
Down the group -
Electronegativity decreases
Reason-
Nuclear charge increases, and atomic size also increases. Therefore
attraction between the outer electrons and nucleus decreases due to
shielding effect. A larger atom accepts electrons less readily than a
smaller atom.

With the exception of the inert gases, fluorine is the most electronegative and
caesium the least electronegative element in the periodic table.
Note: Electronegativity not applicable for noble gases

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5. Electron Affinity
Electron affinity is the amount of energy released when an electron is added to
an isolated gaseous atom to form an anion.

Electron affinity is the ability of an atom to hold an additional electron. If the

atom has more tendency to accept an electron, then the energy released will be
large and consequently the electron affinity will be high.
As a result of the gain in electrons, the atom gains one negative charge. In the
case of halogens, all the elements have a high electron affinity, as they need one
electron to complete the octet of their outermost shell.
If the electron affinity is low, the electron is weakly bound; if the electron
affinity is high, the electron is strongly bonded, e.g., electron affinity of chlorine
is -3.80 which is higher than that of iodine which is - 3.20. Hence, chlorine
accepts the electrons more easily than iodine.
Note: Electron affinity of chlorine (- 3.80) is more than that of
fluorine ( -3.60), though fluorine is above chlorine in the group.
Reason: Fluorine is a small atom, so its electron density is very high. Adding
an additional electron is not quite as favourable as for an element like chlorine
where the electron density is slightly lower.

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Across the period from left to right-
Electron affinity increases
Reason-
Nuclear charge increases, and atomic size decreases. This causes the
incoming electron to experience a greater pull of the nucleus thus giving a
higher electron affinity.
Down the group -
Electron affinity decreases
Reason-
Nuclear charge increases, and atomic size also increases. Nuclear attraction
on outer electrons decreases. A large atom accepts electrons less readily.
The electron affinity of completely filled atoms (Inert gases) is almost zero.
Reason-
An atom does not accept an electron in its outermost shell if it already has a
stable configuration i.e. a duplet or octet, as in the case of inert gases.

A summary of periodic properties and their variation in groups and

periods is given below:

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Relation between atomic number (Z) and atomic mass (A) for light
elements:
Element Atomic Atomic Proton Neutron n/p ratio
number (Z) mass (A) number (p) number(n)
Na 11 23 11 12 12/11 = 1.1

K 19 39 19 20 20/19 = 1.1

Elements arranged in the periodic table having a n/p ratio round 1 are stable

Modern Periodic Table:

Refer to the following videos to understand the topic better:

Trends in the Periodic Table:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P6DMEgE8CK8

Atomic Size:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DSvaHgeTfU

Metallic and Non -Metallic Character:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=exRc9yhmcww

Ionisation Potential:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wydOJwCrU3k

Electronegativity:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sNPo8Cn5fgA

Electron Affinity:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSrzGcrZP58