Chapter 3 (2)

How to use SQL

to create a database

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 1
Objectives
Applied
1. Given the design for a database, create a SQL script that will
create the database, including all tables, primary keys, foreign key
constraints, and indexes.
2. Use SQL statements to create users and assign privileges to the
users.
3. Load data into a database table from a text file.
4. Dump a database to a SQL script.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 2
Objectives (continued)
Knowledge
1. Describe the use of the DDL statements for creating, altering, and
dropping databases, tables, and indexes.
2. Describe the column definitions for a table in terms of data types
and these attributes: unique, not null, default, primary key, auto-
increment, and references. Also, describe a table-level definition
for a primary key and a foreign key constraint.
3. Describe the use of the DDL statements for creating, renaming,
and dropping users and for assigning and revoking privileges.
4. Describe the process of loading data from a text file into a table,
and the process of dumping a database to a SQL script.
5. Describe the use of a script for creating a database.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 3
How to create a database
CREATE DATABASE my_guitar_shop2;

How to create a database only if it does not exist

CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS my_guitar_shop2;

How to select a database

USE my_guitar_shop2;

How to drop a database

DROP DATABASE my_guitar_shop2;

How to drop a database only if it exists

DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS my_guitar_shop2;

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 4
Common numeric data types
INT[(size)]
TINYINT[(size)]
DECIMAL[(p[,s])]

Common string data types

VARCHAR(size)
CHAR[(size)]
TEXT

Common date and time data types

DATE
TIME
DATETIME

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 5
The syntax of the CREATE TABLE statement
CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tableName
(
columnName1 dataType [columnAttributes][,
columnName2 dataType [columnAttributes]][,
columnName3 dataType [columnAttributes]]...
)

Three common column attributes

UNIQUE
NOT NULL
DEFAULT default_value

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 6
A table without column attributes
CREATE TABLE customers
(
customerID INT,
firstName VARCHAR(60),
lastName VARCHAR(60)
);

A table with column attributes

CREATE TABLE customers
(
customerID INT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
firstName VARCHAR(60) NOT NULL,
lastName VARCHAR(60) NOT NULL
);

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 7
Another table with column attributes
CREATE TABLE orders
(
orderID INT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
customerID INT NOT NULL,
orderNumber VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
orderDate DATE NOT NULL,
orderTotal DECIMAL(9,2) NOT NULL,
paymentTotal DECIMAL(9,2) DEFAULT 0
);

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 8
Two column attributes for working
with a primary key
PRIMARY KEY
AUTO_INCREMENT

A table with a column-level primary key

CREATE TABLE customers (
customerID INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
AUTO_INCREMENT,
emailAddress VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL UNIQUE
);

A table with a table-level primary key

CREATE TABLE customers (
customerID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
emailAddress VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL UNIQUE,

PRIMARY KEY (customerID)

);

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 9
A table with a two-column primary key
CREATE TABLE orderItems (
orderID INT NOT NULL,
productID INT NOT NULL,
itemPrice DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL,
discountAmount DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL,
quantity INT NOT NULL,

PRIMARY KEY (orderID, productID)

);

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 10
Three attributes for working with a foreign key
CONSTRAINT
FOREIGN KEY
REFERENCES

A table with a column-level foreign key constraint

CREATE TABLE orders
(
orderID INT PRIMARY KEY,
customerID INT NOT NULL
REFERENCES customers (customerID),
orderDate DATETIME NOT NULL
)

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 11
A table with a table-level foreign key constraint
CREATE TABLE orders
(
orderID INT PRIMARY KEY,
customerID INT NOT NULL,
orderDate DATETIME NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT ordersFkCustomers
FOREIGN KEY (customerID)
REFERENCES customers (customerID)
)

A constraint that uses the ON DELETE clause

CONSTRAINT ordersFkCustomers
FOREIGN KEY (customerID) REFERENCES customers (customerID)
ON DELETE CASCADE

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 12
An insert statement that fails
because a related row doesn’t exist
INSERT INTO orders
VALUES (1, 999, '2017-08-03')

The response from the system

Error Code: 1452. Cannot add or update a child row: a
foreign key constraint fails ('ex'.'orders', CONSTRAINT
'ordersFkCustomers' FOREIGN KEY ('customerID') REFERENCES
'customers' ('customerID'))

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 13
A statement that renames a table
ALTER TABLE products RENAME TO product;

A statement that adds a new column

at the end of the table
ALTER TABLE customers ADD lastTransactionDate DATE;

A statement that adds a new column

after a specified column
ALTER TABLE customers ADD lastTransactionDate DATE
AFTER emailAddress;

A statement that drops a column

ALTER TABLE customers DROP lastTransactionDate;

A statement that renames a column

ALTER TABLE customers
CHANGE emailAddress email VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL UNIQUE;

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 14
A statement that changes a column definition
ALTER TABLE customers MODIFY firstName VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL;

A statement that changes a column’s data type

ALTER TABLE customers MODIFY firstName CHAR(100) NOT NULL;

A statement that may cause data to be lost

ALTER TABLE customers MODIFY firstName VARCHAR(8);

A statement that sets a column’s default value

ALTER TABLE customers ALTER firstName SET DEFAULT '';

A statement that drops a column’s default value

ALTER TABLE customers ALTER firstName DROP DEFAULT;

Warning
 You should never alter a table or other database object in a
production database without first consulting the DBA.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 15
A statement that drops a table
DROP TABLE customers;

A statement that drops a table if it exists

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS customers;

Warning
 You should never drop a table in a production database without
first consulting the DBA, but you probably won’t have the
privileges for doing that.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 16
The syntax of the CREATE INDEX statement
CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX|KEY indexName
ON tableName (columnName1 [ASC|DESC]
[, columnName2 [ASC|DESC]]...)

A statement that…
Creates an index based on a single column
CREATE INDEX customerID
ON orders (customerID);
Creates a unique index
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX emailAddress
ON customers (emailAddress);
Creates an index based on two columns
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX customerIDorderNumber
ON orders (customerID, orderNumber);
Creates an index that’s sorted in descending order
CREATE INDEX orderTotal
ON orders (orderTotal DESC);

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 17
A CREATE TABLE statement that creates indexes
CREATE TABLE customers (
customerID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
emailAddress VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
firstName VARCHAR(60) NOT NULL,

PRIMARY KEY (customerID),

UNIQUE INDEX emailAddress (emailAddress),
INDEX firstName (firstName)
);

A DROP INDEX statement that drops an index

DROP INDEX firstName ON customers;

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 18
Privileges for working with data
 SELECT
 INSERT
 UPDATE
 DELETE

Privileges for modifying the database structure

 CREATE
 ALTER
 DROP
 INDEX

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 19
Other privileges
 CREATE USER
 ALL [PRIVILEGES]
 GRANT OPTION
 USAGE

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 20
The four privilege levels
Level Example
Global *.*
Database music_db.*
Table music_db.products
Column (listPrice) music_db.products

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 21
How to create a user from a specific host
CREATE USER joel@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'sesame';

How to create a user from any host

CREATE USER dba IDENTIFIED BY 'sesame';

How to rename a user from a specific host

RENAME USER joel@localhost TO joelmurach@localhost;

How to change a user’s password

GRANT USAGE ON *.*
TO joelmurach@localhost
IDENTIFIED BY 'newpassword';

How to drop a user from a specific host

DROP USER joelmurach@localhost;

How to drop a user from any host

DROP USER dba;

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 22
The syntax of the GRANT statement
GRANT privilegeList
ON [dbName.]table
TO userName1 [IDENTIFIED BY 'password1']
[, userName2 [IDENTIFIED BY 'password2'] ...]
[WITH GRANT OPTION]

A statement that uses the current database

(no database name is specified)
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
ON customers TO joel@localhost;

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 23
A statement that creates a user with no privileges
GRANT USAGE
ON *.*
TO joel@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'sesame';

A statement that creates a user

with database privileges
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
ON my_guitar_shop2.*
TO mgs_user@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'pa55word';

A statement that creates a user

with global privileges
GRANT ALL
ON *.*
TO dba IDENTIFIED BY 'supersecret'
WITH GRANT OPTION;

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 24
A statement that grants table privileges to a user
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE
ON my_guitar_shop2.products TO joel@localhost;

A statement that grants database privileges

to a user
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE
ON my_guitar_shop2.* TO joel@localhost;

A statement that grants global privileges to a user

GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE
ON *.* TO joel@localhost;

A statement that grants column privileges

to a user
GRANT SELECT (productCode, productName, listPrice),
UPDATE (description)
ON my_guitar_shop2.products TO joel@localhost

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 25
The syntax of the REVOKE statement
for all privileges
REVOKE ALL[ PRIVILEGES], GRANT OPTION
FROM user [, user]

A statement that revokes all privileges from a user

REVOKE ALL, GRANT OPTION
FROM dba;

A statement that revokes all privileges

from multiple users
REVOKE ALL, GRANT OPTION
FROM dba, joel@localhost;

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 26
The syntax of the REVOKE statement
for specific privileges
REVOKE privilegeList
ON [dbName.]table
FROM user [, user]

A statement that revokes specific privileges

from a user
REVOKE UPDATE, DELETE
ON my_guitar_shop2.customers FROM joel@localhost

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 27
A statement that lists all users
SELECT User, Host from mysql.user;

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 28
The syntax of the SHOW GRANTS statement
SHOW GRANTS [FOR user]

A statement that shows the privileges

for a user from any host
SHOW GRANTS FOR dba;

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 29
A statement that shows the privileges for a user
from a specific host
SHOW GRANTS FOR mgs_user@localhost;

The result set

A statement that shows the privileges

for the current user
SHOW GRANTS;

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 30
The Import tab for a table named products

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 31
A tab-delimited text file that’s stored
in users.txt
1 John Smith jsmith@gmail.com
2 Andrea Steelman andi@murach.com
3 Joel Murach joelmurach@yahoo.com

Using phpMyAdmin to load data from a text file

1. Start phpMyAdmin, select the database, select the table, and click on
the Import tab.
2. Select the file to import.
3. Set the options for the import and click the Go button. If you get an
error, you can modify the import options and try again.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 32
How to use the Windows command prompt
to load data from a text file
cd \xampp\mysql\bin
mysql -u root -p
Enter password: ******
use my_guitar_shop2;
load data local infile "c:/murach/products.txt"
into table products;
exit;

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 33
The Export tab for my_guitar_shop2

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 34
How to use phpMyAdmin to dump a database
1. Start phpMyAdmin, select the database, and click on the Export tab.
2. Set the options for the SQL script file.
3. Click on the Go button and save the file.

How to use the Windows command prompt

to dump a database to a SQL script
cd \xampp\mysql\bin
mysqldump -u root -p my_guitar_shop2 > my_guitar_shop2.sql
Enter password: ******

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 35
The SQL script that creates
the my_guitar_shop2 database
-- create and select the database
DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS my_guitar_shop2;
CREATE DATABASE my_guitar_shop2;
USE my_guitar_shop2;

-- create the tables for the database

CREATE TABLE customers (
customerID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
emailAddress VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
password VARCHAR(60) NOT NULL,
firstName VARCHAR(60) NOT NULL,
lastName VARCHAR(60) NOT NULL,
shipAddressID INT DEFAULT NULL,
billingAddressID INT DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (customerID),
UNIQUE INDEX emailAddress (emailAddress)
);

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 36
The SQL script that creates the database (cont.)
CREATE TABLE addresses (
addressID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
customerID INT NOT NULL,
line1 VARCHAR(60) NOT NULL,
line2 VARCHAR(60) DEFAULT NULL,
city VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
state VARCHAR(2) NOT NULL,
zipCode VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
phone VARCHAR(12) NOT NULL,
disabled TINYINT(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
PRIMARY KEY (addressID),
INDEX customerID (customerID)
);

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 37
The SQL script that creates the database (cont.)
CREATE TABLE orders (
orderID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
customerID INT NOT NULL,
orderDate DATETIME NOT NULL,
shipAmount DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL,
taxAmount DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL,
shipDate DATETIME DEFAULT NULL,
shipAddressID INT NOT NULL,
cardType INT NOT NULL,
cardNumber CHAR(16) NOT NULL,
cardExpires CHAR(7) NOT NULL,
billingAddressID INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (orderID),
INDEX customerID (customerID)
);

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 38
The SQL script that creates the database (cont.)
CREATE TABLE orderItems (
itemID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
orderID INT NOT NULL,
productID INT NOT NULL,
itemPrice DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL,
discountAmount DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL,
quantity INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (itemID),
INDEX orderID (orderID),
INDEX productID (productID)
);

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 39
The SQL script that creates the database (cont.)
CREATE TABLE products (
productID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
categoryID INT NOT NULL,
productCode VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
productName VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
description TEXT NOT NULL,
listPrice DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL,
discountPercent DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0.00,
dateAdded DATETIME NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (productID),
INDEX categoryID (categoryID),
UNIQUE INDEX productCode (productCode)
);

CREATE TABLE categories (

categoryID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
categoryName VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (categoryID)
);

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 40
The SQL script that creates the database (cont.)
CREATE TABLE administrators (
adminID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
emailAddress VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
password VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
firstName VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
lastName VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (adminID)
);

-- Create a user and grant privileges to that user

GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
ON *
TO mgs_user@localhost
IDENTIFIED BY 'pa55word';

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C17, Slide 41