Preface

This project investigates the principle of chemical equilibrium, To describing a state

where the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal. Understanding this principle and the
factors influencing it, such as concentration, temperature, and pressure, is crucial for various
scientific and explore real-world applications.
 Content
Subject Page
Preface
Content
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Scope and Limitations
Chapter 2 Theory
Chapter 3 Applications
Chapter 4 Experiment
4.1 Equipment
4.2 Methodology
4.3 Result
4.4 Analysis
Chapter 5 Conclusion
Reference
Appendix
 Chapter1
Introduction
1.1 Background
In chemical reactions, the concept of equilibrium is central to understanding how
products and reactants interact over time. A system in dynamic equilibrium means that the rate
of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, allowing the concentrations of
reactants and products to remain constant, although reactions are still occurring at the
molecular level.
The equilibrium constant, often represented as K, is a fundamental concept in chemistry
that describes the ratio of the concentrations of products to reactants at equilibrium for a
reversible chemical reaction. The value of K indicates the position of equilibrium and helps
predict the extent of a reaction. The equilibrium constant K indicates the position of equilibrium
in a reaction, with a large K (K >> 1) favoring products, a small K (K << 1) favoring reactants, and
K close to 1 suggesting a balance between reactants and products. K helps predict the direction
of a reaction based on the reaction quotient Q, where if Q is less than K, the reaction moves
forward, and if Q is greater than K, it moves in reverse. K is temperature-dependent, decreasing
for exothermic reactions with increased temperature and increasing for endothermic reactions.
Additionally, K is vital in calculating equilibrium concentrations of reactants and products.
Le Chatelier's Principle states that when a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change
in concentration, pressure, or temperature, the system adjusts to minimize the disturbance and
restore equilibrium. For concentration is adding or removing reactants/products shifts
equilibrium to consume or produce more of them. For pressure is increasing pressure favors the
side with fewer gas molecules; decreasing pressure favors the side with more. For temperature
is Raising temperature favors the endothermic direction; lowering temperature favors the
exothermic direction.
1.2 Objectives
1. Understanding reversible reaction to learn how certain reactions can go involved
forward and reverse directions and how the products and reactants can be in balanced state.
2. Predicting changes using Le Chatelier's principle to know how our experiment changes
in conditions.
3. Application to Real-world to explore how equilibrium concepts apply to industrial
processes environmental system and biological functions.

1.3 Scope and Limitations

1. Our project focuses on studying chemical equilibrium and applying Le Chatelier's
principle to predict changes in equilibrium.
2. Our experiment will be in a constant temperature and constant pressure area.
 Chapter 2
Theory
Theory of chemical equilibrium
Chemical equilibrium is a fundamental concept in chemistry, referring to the state in
which the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time, provided the
system is closed and conditions such as temperature and pressure are maintained. At
equilibrium, the rate of the forward reaction (reactants converting to products) is equal to the
rate of the reverse reaction (products converting back into reactants). This dynamic balance
ensures that there is no net change in the quantities of substances involved, even though the
reactions continue to occur at the molecular level.
Reversible Reactions: In many chemical reactions, the products can react to form the
original reactants, making the reaction reversible. For a reversible reaction:

aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD
Equilibrium Constant (K): At equilibrium, the ratio of the concentrations of products to
reactants raised to their respective stoichiometric coefficients is constant at a given
temperature. This ratio is called the equilibrium constant K, and it can be written as:

Le Chatelier's Principle: This principle states that if a system at equilibrium is disturbed by

changing conditions such as temperature, pressure, or concentration of reactants/products, the
system will adjust itself to counteract the disturbance and restore equilibrium.
• Change in Concentration: Increasing the concentration of reactants will shift the
equilibrium towards the products.
 • Change in Temperature: For exothermic reactions, increasing the temperature shifts the
equilibrium towards the reactants, while for endothermic reactions, it shifts towards the
products.
• Change in Pressure: For reactions involving gases, increasing the pressure favors the side
with fewer moles of gas.
Theory for Reversible Reaction Experiment (Reaction between Copper Sulfate and
Hydrochloric Acid)
In this experiment, we are observing a reversible reaction between copper sulfate
(CuSO₄) solution and hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution. A reversible reaction is one where the
products can revert to the original reactants under certain conditions. The reaction in question
involves the interaction of copper(II) ions (Cu²+) with chloride ions (Cl-), which alters the color of
the solution, indicating a chemical change.
Step-by-Step Theoretical Explanation:
1.Test Tube Preparation: Two test tubes are prepared to allow for a controlled
comparison between different chemical reactions. This ensures that one serves as a baseline
and the other as the site for the reversible reaction.
2.Copper Sulfate Drops (Step 2): Copper sulfate solution is added to both test tubes.
Copper(II) sulfate is a blue-colored solution due to the presence of [Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺ ions. These
hydrated copper ions impart a distinct blue color to the solution.
3.Addition of Water (Step 3): In the first test tube, water is added, which dilutes the
copper sulfate solution. The solution remains blue as the [Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺ complex is still present,
and no significant reaction occurs.
4.Addition of Hydrochloric Acid (Step 4): When hydrochloric acid is added to the
second test tube containing copper sulfate, chloride ions (Cl⁻) from the HCl react with the
[Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺ complex. This results in the formation of the [CuCl₄]²⁻ complex, which has a
greenish-yellow color. The change in color from blue to green indicates that a reaction has
taken place, where chloride ions replace water molecules around the copper ion.
o Reaction:
5.Addition of Water to Reverse the Reaction (Step 5): When water is added to the
second test tube after the addition of hydrochloric acid, it dilutes the chloride ions in the
solution. This shifts the equilibrium back towards the formation of the blue [Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺
complex. The color changes from green back to blue, demonstrating the reversibility of the
reaction.
o According to Le Chatelier’s Principle, increasing the concentration of water (a
reactant in this equilibrium) drives the reaction in the reverse direction, favoring
the blue copper (II) complex over the green chloride complex.
6.Comparison of Test Tubes (Step 6): After the reaction and reversal in the second
test tube, both test tubes should show the blue color characteristic of the [Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺
complex. This demonstrates that the reaction is reversible, as the second test tube, which
underwent a color change, returns to a similar appearance as the first.
 Chapter 3
Applications
Chemical equilibrium is crucial in industrial processes to optimize yield and efficiency,
such as in food processing, the hydrogenation of oils to produce margarine involves a reversible
reaction between hydrogen and unsaturated fats. The reaction is controlled by managing the
equilibrium conditions to achieve the desired level of saturation in fats. In each case, controlling
equilibrium conditions ensures higher efficiency and reduces costs. By manipulating factors such
as pressure, temperature, and reactant concentrations, industries can shift equilibrium toward
desired products while minimizing energy use and waste production.
In industrial processes we use Copper Sulfate for copper plating (copper baths) and
copper refining and Hydrochloric acid in bleaching plants to remove grease stains on the
surface. In the textile industry, it is used to neutralize alkaline residues in cotton during the pre-
bleaching process immediately. For in environment applications we use Copper Sulface as a
pesticide to kill weeds and fungi, such as killing fungi in grapes, melons and various berries.
Another application are Metal Cleaning and Surface Preparation in industries such as
electronics or metalworking, the reaction between copper sulfate and hydrochloric acid can be
used to clean copper surfaces by dissolving oxides and impurities. Wastewater Treatment in
wastewater treatment, CuSO4 and HCl can be used to precipitate out heavy metals or other
impurities. CuSO4 reacts with contaminants to form insoluble compounds, and the acidity from
HCl helps control pH levels, promoting more effective precipitation and removal of harmful
substances.
 Chapter 4
Experiment
4.1 Equipment
1. Beaker
2. Dropper
3. Test tube
4. Test tube rack
4.2 Methodology
Step of Reversible reaction experiments (Reaction between Copper Sulfate solution and
Hydrochloric Acid solution)
1. Prepare 2 test tubes out.
2. Drop Copper Sulfate 5 drops each in every test tubes.
3. Drop water 15 drops in the first test tube.
4. Drop Hydrochloric Acid in the second test tube until its color changed. (blue > green)
5. Drop water in the second test tube until it turns to its original color. (blue)
6. Compare the first test tube and the second test tube.
 Figure1 dropping HCl in 2nd tube.
From figure 1 when we drop HCI (Hydrochloric acid) in right test tube. Hydrochloric acid
do the reaction with CuSO4 (Copper Sulfate), then the solution turns color from blue to green.

Figure 2 compare test tube after drop water into 2 nd tube.

From figure 2 after we drop water into the test tube that we have just drop HCI
(Hydrochloric acid), it turns back to the original color which is blue.
The result of this experiment shows how the reaction between 3 chemicals which are
CuSO4 (Copper Sulfate), HCl (Hydrochloric acid) and water. And we can clearly see by the color
that changed from blue to green after drop HCl and then changed to blue again same as first
after drop water.
 4.4 Analysis
From the experiment, This experiment demonstrates the concept of chemical
equilibrium and reversibility. The reaction between (copper sulfate) and HCI (hydrochloric acid)
involves the exchange of ligands around the copper ion, leading to observable color changes
that can be reversed by altering the concentration of reactants (water or chloride ions). The
comparison of the two test tubes show how the reaction can return to its original state when
the conditions are adjusted.
 Chapter 5
Conclusion
When CuSO4 is dissolved in water, tetraaqua copper(II) ion [Cu(H2O)4]2+ is obtained, giving
the solution a blue color. And when HCl is added to the blue solution, tetrachlorocuprate (II)
[CuCl4]2-on is obtained, which is yellow in color. However, what was observed in the
experiment was a greenish-yellow solution because it is a mixture of the blue color of
[Cu(H2O)4]2+and the yellow color. When water is added to the solution. This reverse reaction
occurs when adding water to the solution changes its concentration, causing the solution to
return to its blue color. We can conclude that this experiment is reversible reaction so, it is
equilibrium reaction.
The reaction between copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4) solution and hydrochloric acid (HCl)
solution When copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4) is dissolved in water, the copper (II) ion (Cu2+) is
surrounded by four molecules of atoms to form tetraaqua copper (II) ion [Cu(H2O)4]2+ to provide
a blue solution , write the equation as follows:

CuSO4(s) + H2O(l) → [Cu(H2O)4]2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)

[Cu(H2O)4]2+ which is a blue solution that changed to product is [CuCl4]2- which is yellow
as a forward reaction. And the changed of the product which is yellow back to the reaction
which is blue is reversible reaction.
 References

• Halden, F. A., & Kingery, W. D. (1955). Surface Tension at Elevated Temperatures. II. Effect
of C, N, O and S on Liquid Iron Surface Tension and Interfacial Energy with Al2O3. In The
Journal of Physical Chemistry (Vol. 59, Issue 6, pp. 557–559). American Chemical Society
(ACS)
• Martino, J. P. (1969). Science and Society in Equilibrium. In Science (Vol. 165, Issue 3895,
pp. 769–772). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
• Batchelor, G. K. 1953 Homogeneous Turbulence. Cambridge University Press.
• Basic and Additional learning Text book, Chemistry volume 3. Bangkok Ladprao Teachers
Council Printing House
• Seksan Siriwattanawibun (n.d.), Basic and Additional learning Text book, Chemistry
volume 3. M.5. , Bangkok: SCIENCE CENTER
APPENDIX
 Preparing the solutions Separate the chemicals into 3 beakers

Take a video of the experiment Drop CuSo4(Copper Sulfate) equally in 2 test tubes

Compare the difference color between these 2 test tubes