Practical Work N°1 Solution Preparation

Practical work N 1 Preparing aqueous solutions in a laboratory ST Department
Pratical Work N°1
Preparing aqueous solutions in a laboratory
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Preparing aqueous solutions in a laboratory
Objectives:
1. To learn how to prepare solutions by different methods.

2. To get familiar with the laboratory equipment.
Introduction:
Preparing a solution of known concentration is likely the most frequent task in every
analytical laboratory. Depending on the intended concentration and how precisely the
solution's concentration has to be determined, several methods for measuring the solute and
solvent must be used.
When the purpose is to know the precise concentration of a solution, pipets and
volumetric flasks are used; otherwise, graded cylinders, beakers, and/or reagent bottles work
just as well.
Definitions:
 Solution: A solution is formed when a substance, called a solute, is dissolved in

another substance, called the solvent. A solution is a uniform distribution of solute in solvent.
For example, vinegar is a solution of acetic acid (the solute) in water (the solvent).
In a chemical laboratory, Standard solutions, stock solutions and diluted solutions are
available.
a) Standard solution is a concentrated solution having a precisely known concentration. In
the preparation of a standard solution, we can use an accurately weighed solute and dissolve it
in a suitable solvent to get a specific volume of the solution.
b) Stock solution is a highly concentrated solution. These solutions are very useful because
we can dilute a portion from the stock solution to get a desired concentration.
 Concentration: The relative amount of solute and solvent in a solution.
 Molarity: A concentration unit (C); defined as the number of moles of solute divided
by liter of solution.
𝒏 𝒎
C= 𝑽 (mol.L-1) with n=𝑴 where M is the molar mass
 Molar Mass: The mass of a mole of any element or compound.
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A.AGGOUN 2023
 Mass concentration ( Cm) is mass of solute present in a given volume of solution.

𝒎
Cm= 𝑽 (g.L-1 )
 Molality: A concentration unit (m); defined as the number of moles of solute divided
by the number of kilograms of solvent.
Solution preparation methods:

There are two ways that an aqueous solution with a known concentration of solid
solute can be prepared. A measured mass of pure solute can be dissolved in water and then the
solution is diluted to a known volume, or a standard solution can be diluted by adding a
known volume of additional water.
Tools:
Funnel –Stirrer –Beaker –Spatula –Watch Glass – Volumetric Flask – Washing bottle –
Sensitive scale.
1. Preparing a Standard Aqueous Solution from a Solid Solute:

Procedure:
The basic procedure for preparing a standard aqueous solution with a solid solute is as
follows:
Calculate the amount of chemical required to make a solution at the required molarity.
m= C×V×M
a. Weight the solid substance in a watch glass.
b. Transfer to a beaker and add a small amount of solvent to the beaker and stir the solution
until the solid substance is dissolved.
c. Transfer the solution to the volumetric flask.
d. Put a funnel into the slim neck of the volumetric flask.
e. Complete the additional of solvent to required volume (add solvent until the liquid level
reaches the calibration mark).
f. Capped the volumetric flask and inverted until the contents are thoroughly mixed.
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Figure 1 Preparation of a Solution of Known Concentration Using a Solid Solute

Practical 1:
Prepare a solution of copper sulfate (250 mL) of molarity C0= 0.1 mol/L.
The following equipment is available:
Solute glassware Equipment
A scale
volumetric flask (250
Hydrated penta copper sulfate watch glass, spatula
mL)
powder (CuSO4, 5 H2O) A wash bottle full of distilled
Funnel, stopper
water
 Calculate the mass of copper sulfate.
Data: Atomic molar masses in g.mol-1
M(Cu) = 63,5 ; M(S) = 32,1 ; M(O) = 16 ; M(H) = 1,0.
 Carry out the dissolution.
Questions:
-Identify the solute and solvent.
Calculate:
- The molar mass of CuSO4.5H2O.
- The mass of solute required to prepare 250 mL of the CuSO 4.5H2O solution.
-The number of moles present in the solution.
- Find the relationship between C0 and Cm (mass concentration of this solution).
2. Preparing solutions by dilution
Dilution is the process of adding more solvent to a solution. Solutions can be prepared
by diluting a solution of a known higher concentration to produce solutions of lower
concentration.
When preparing a dilution, decide the volume and molar concentration of the resulting
solution you require. Use the following equation to determine how much of the concentrated
reagent is needed to prepare the diluted solution,
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The key to understand “dilution” is realizing that adding more solvent to a solution
does not remove or add any particles of solute. The amount of solute is exactly the same
before and after dilution, as illustrated in Figure 2
(A) (B)
Figure 2 When a solution (A) is diluted, the volume of solvent increases (B), but the
number of solute particles remains the same
Calculation of the required volume of the initial concentrated solution to produce the
diluted solution is based on this fact that the number of moles of solute is the same before and
after the dilution
𝒏
From the equation C= 𝑽 , n = C.V is obtained.
Where, n = amount of moles of solute (mol) C = concentration of solution in moles per litre
(mol/L) V = volume of solution in litres (L)
Since number of moles of solute is not changed, volume of concentrated solution can be
calculated as below.
n1 (number of moles before dilution) = n2(number of moles after dilution)
C0.V0 = C0.V0 V0 = C1 .V1 /C0
Where:
V0 = initial volume or the volume of concentrated solution (in liter)
C0 = concentration of the initial solution or concentrated solution
V1 = final volume or the volume of diluted solution (in liter)
C1= concentration of the final or diluted solution
Procedure:
1. Use a pipet to take an exact amount from the stock solution (concentrated) into a clean
volumetric flask.
2. Put a funnel into the slim neck of the volumetric flask.
3. Add the solvent until the liquid level reaches to the mark on the neck.
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Figure 3 Preparation of a Solution of Known Concentration by Diluting a Stock

Solution
Practical 2:
From the previous solution (mother solution), dilutions are made to prepare less concentrated
solutions (daughter solutions): C=10-2 and 10-3 mol.L-1.
The following equipment is needed:
Solution glassware Equipment
2 flasks of 250 or 200mL Pro-pipette

copper sulphate solution:
Graduated pipettes of 20 or 2 A wash bottle full of
C0 = 0,1 mol.L-1
mL distilled water
Questions :
Complete the following table:
C0 V0 C1 V1
0,1 mol.L-1 10-2 mol.L-1 250 ou 200
10-3 mol.L-1 250 ou 200
*During a dilution, the molar concentration a) remains constant b) decreases or c) increases

and the number of moles d) remains constant e) decreases or f) increases.
*Briefly describe the experimental protocol for a dilution.
*Compare the colour of the mother and daughter solutions.
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3. Special Case
Often it is necessary to prepare solutions from chemicals that are less than 100% pure.
To prepare solutions from these impure chemicals, first choose the volume and molarity of the
resulting solution you require.
The mass to be weighed (m) of a product with purity of a% needed to prepare a solution with
volume (Vsol) and molarity (C) can be calculated using the following formula:
𝑪.𝑴.𝑽𝒔𝒐𝒍.𝟏𝟎𝟎
m= 𝒂
The volume required to prepare Vsol from a solution of density ρ, with purity of a%
and molar mass M can be calculated using the following formula:
𝑪.𝑴.𝑽𝒔𝒐𝒍.𝟏𝟎𝟎
Vinit= 𝒂.𝛒
Practical 3:
Prepare 250 mL of a HCL solution ( 0.1 mol/L) of purity a%=32% and density ρ=1.16 g/cm3.
Questions:
-Calculate the initial volume of HCl solution to be taken from the stock solution.
M(HCl)=36.5 g/mol
-Name the steps involved in preparing this solution.
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Practical work N 1 Preparing aqueous solutions in a laboratory ST Department

Pratical Work N°1

Preparing aqueous solutions in a laboratory

Preparing aqueous solutions in a laboratory

1. To learn how to prepare solutions by different methods.

 Solution: A solution is formed when a substance, called a solute, is dissolved in

 Molar Mass: The mass of a mole of any element or compound.

 Mass concentration ( Cm) is mass of solute present in a given volume of solution.

Solution preparation methods:

1. Preparing a Standard Aqueous Solution from a Solid Solute:

Figure 1 Preparation of a Solution of Known Concentration Using a Solid Solute

Figure 3 Preparation of a Solution of Known Concentration by Diluting a Stock

Solution glassware Equipment

2 flasks of 250 or 200mL Pro-pipette

*During a dilution, the molar concentration a) remains constant b) decreases or c) increases

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