Topic:

SATURATED SOLUTION: MEASURING SOLUBILITY

NAME: V.YOGESWARAN
CLASS:XII B1
BATCH:2024-2025
Topic:

SATURATED SOLUTION: MEASURING

SOLUBILITY

SUBMITTED BY: V.YOGESWARAN

CLASS & SEC: XII B1
 CERTIFICATE

This is hereby to certify that the original

and genuine investigation work has been
carried out to investigate about the
subject matter and relate data collection
and investigation has been completed
solely, sincerely and satisfactorily by
V.YOGESWARAN of class: XII B1 of SRI
KRISH INTERNATIONAL regards his
project titled SATURATION SOLUTIONS:
MEASURING SOLUBILITY for SSCE
chemistry practical as prescribed by
CBSE in the year:2024-2025

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

PRINCIPAL
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my special thanks

to my chemistry teacher
Mrs.S.N.Chellammal,PGT CHEMISTRY as
well as our principal mam Mrs.Udaya
Chitra who gave me this opportunity to
do this project on the topic SATURATED
SOLUTION: MEASURING SOLUBILITY
which do
helped me in doing a lot of research and
I came to know about many new
things.Secondly I would also like to
thank my FRIENDS who helped me a lot
during this project
By:V.YOGESWARAN
AIM: A detailed study Analysis of SATURATED

SOLUTIONS
 Index

1. Introduction.
2. Basic concepts
3. Materials and Equipment
4. Experimental Procedure
5. Observation
6. Conclusion
7. Result
8. Precautions
9. Bibliography
Introduction

A good part of the substances we deal with

in daily life, such as milk, gasoline,
shampoo, wood, steel and air are mixtures.
When the mixture is homogenous, that is
to say, when its components are
intermingled evenly, it is called a solution.
There are various types of solutions, and
these can be categorized by state (gas,
liquid, or solid).
The chart below gives some examples of
solutions in different states. Many essential
chemical reactions and natural processes
occur in liquid solutions, particularly those
containing water (aqueous solutions)
because so many things dissolve in water. In
fact, water is sometimes referred to as the
universal solvent. The electrical charges in
water molecules help dissolve different
kinds of substances. Solutions form when

the force of attraction between solute and

solvent is greater than the force of
attraction between the particles in the
solute.Two examples of such important
processes are the uptake of nutrients by
plants, and the chemical weathering of
minerals. Chemical weathering begins to
take place when carbon dioxide in the air
dissolves in rainwater. A solution called
carbonic acid is formed. The process is then
completed as the acidic water seeps into
rocks and dissolves underground limestone
deposits. Sometimes, the dissolving of
soluble minerals in rocks can even lead to
the formation of caves. If one takes a
moment to consider aqueous solutions, one
quickly observes that they exhibit many
interesting properties. For example, the tap

water in your kitchen sink does not freeze

at exactly 0°C. This is because tap water is
not pure water; it contains dissolved
solutes. Some tap water, commonly known
as hard water, contains mineral solutes
such as calcium carbonate, magnesium
sulfate, calcium chloride, and iron sulfate.
Another interesting solution property is
exhibited with salt and ice. Another
example comes from the fact that salt is
spread on ice collected on roads in winters.
When the ice begins to melt, the salt
dissolves in the water and forms salt water.
The reason is that with the adition of salt
the melting point of water increases and as
a result the snow melts away faster. Even
some organisms have evolved to survive
freezing water temperatures with natural

“antifreeze.” Certain arctic fish have blood

containing a high concentration of a specific
protein. This protein behaves like a solute in
a solution and lowers the freezing point of
the blood. Going to the other end of the
spectrum, one can also observe that the
boiling point of a solution is affected by the
addition of a solute. These two properties,
namely freezing-point depression and
boiling-point elevation, are called colligative
properties (properties that depend on the
number of molecules, but not on their
chemical nature).
BASIC CONCEPTS

A saturated solution is a mixture in which

no more solute can be practically dissolved
in a solvent at a given temperature. It is said
practical because theoretically infinite
amount of solute can be added to a solvent,
but after a certain limit the earlier dissolved
solute particles start rearranging and come
out at a constant rate. Hence overall it
appears that no solute is dissolved after a
given amount of solute is dissolved. This is
known as a saturated solution. In an
unsaturated solution, if solute is dissolved
in a solvent the solute particles dissociate
and mix with the solvent without the re-
arrangement of earlier dissolved solute
particles. Solubility depends on various
factors like the Ksp of the salt, bond

strength between the cation and anion,

covalency of the bond, extent of inter and
intramolecular hydrogen bonding, polarity,
dipole moment etc. Out of these the
concepts of H-bonding, covalency, ionic
bond strength and polarity play a major role
if water is taken as a solvent.
Materials And Equipment

To do this experiment following materials

and equipment are required:
•Distilled water
•Metric liquid measuring cup (or graduated
cylinder)
•Three clean glass jars or beakers
•Non-iodized table salt (NaCl)
•Epsom salts (MgSO4)
•Sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11)
•Disposable plastic spoons
•Thermometer
•Three shallow plates or saucers
•Oven •Electronic kitchen balance
Experimental Procedure

Determining Solubility
1. Measure 100 mL of distilled water and
pour into a clean, empty beaker or jar.
2. Use the kitchen balance to weigh out
the suggested amount (see below) of the
solute to be tested. A. 50 g Non-iodized
table salt (NaCl) b. 50 g Epsom salts
(MgSO4) c.
250 g Sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11)

3. Add a small amount of the solute to

the water and stir with a clean disposable
spoon until dissolved.
4. Repeat this process, always adding a
small amount until the solute will no longer
dissolve.
5. Weigh the amount of solute remaining to

determine how much was added to the

solution.
6. Try and add more solute at the same
temperature and observe changes if any.
7. Now heat the solutions and add more
solute to the solutions.
Observations:
Salt. Amount of salt Moles
dissolved dissolved in 100mL
water to make
saturated solution
Nacl 36.8g. 0.7
MgSo4 32.7g. 0.255
Sucrose. 51.3g. 0.15
Adding more solute at the same

temperature to the saturated solutions

yielded no significant changes in NaCl and
Epsom salt. Howerver at all temperatures
the saturation point of sucrose could not be
obtained exactly as due to the large size of
the molecule the solution became thick and
refraction was more prominent. Neglecting
this observation in the room for error, the
experiments agreed with the theory. Adding
more solute to heated solutions increased
the solubility in all the 3 cases. The largest
increase was shown by NaCl, followed by
Epsom salt and sucrose. These facts too
agreed with the theory as at high
temperatures the kinetic energy of
molecules increases and the collisions are
more effective.
Conclusions:

The solubility of NaCl is the highest as it an

ionic salt and easily dissociates in water. Also
since the size of both the cation and anion are
small, the collisions are more and hence
probability of dissociation is high. The solubility
of MgSO4 is also high as it is also an ionic salt,
but due to a larger anion, collisions are not very
effective. The solubility of C12H22O11 is the
least as it a very large molecule due to which
hydrogen bonding with the water molecules is
not very effective. Also due to the large number
of carbon and oxygen atoms,intermolecular H-
bonding is more dominant than intramolecular
H-bonding.
Precautions:

1. While adding the solute to the solvent, the

solution should be stirred slowly so as to avoid
the formation of any globules.
2. Stirring should not be vigorous as the kinetic
energy of the molecules might change due to
which solubility can increase.
3. While stirring, contact with the walls of the
container should be avoided as with every
collision, an impulse is generated which makes
the dissolved solute particles rearrange
themselves. As a result solubility can decrease.
4.The temperature while conducting all the
three experiments should be approximately
same.
5. Epsom salt should be first dried in order to
remove the water of crystallization
(MgSO4.7H2O)
Result:

The saturated solutions of NaCl, MgSO4 and

C12H22O11 were made and observed. The
observations agreed with the related theory
within the range of experimental error.
Bibliography: www.icbse.com