INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................2

2. AIM..............................................................................................................................................2

3. APPARATUS...............................................................................................................................2

4. THEORY......................................................................................................................................3

4.1 Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04............................................................................................................3

4.2 ARDUINO.......................................................................................................................................4

4.3 BUZZER..........................................................................................................................................5

4.4 Vibrating motor...............................................................................................................................6

4.5 JUMPER WIRE...............................................................................................................................6

4.6 LED (Light-emitting diode).............................................................................................................7

5. DIAGRAM...................................................................................................................................8

5.1 CIRCUIT DIGRAM........................................................................................................................8

5.2 PCB LAYOUT................................................................................................................................9

6. PROCEDURE................................................................................................................................10

7. WORKING.....................................................................................................................................11

8. APPLICATIONS............................................................................................................................12

9. INFERENCE..................................................................................................................................13

10. REFERENCE...............................................................................................................................14

10.1 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................................14

10.2 WEBLIOGRAPHY.....................................................................................................................14

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1. INTRODUCTION

A smart blind stick is a technologically advanced tool designed to assist visually

impaired individuals by providing enhanced mobility and safety. Traditional white canes
help detect obstacles at ground level but have limitations in detecting objects at various
heights or distances. A smart blind stick overcomes these limitations by integrating an
Arduino Uno and sensors, such as ultrasonic modules, to detect obstacles in the user's
path. When the sensor identifies an obstruction within a certain range, it sends signals to
a buzzer or vibration motor to alert the user, allowing them to navigate safely and avoid
potential hazards.

This device significantly improves upon conventional methods of mobility assistance,

offering a more comprehensive detection system for obstacles, including those at waist
and head levels. Moreover, the project can be expanded by adding features such as GPS
for location tracking, GSM modules for emergency calls, and tilt sensors to detect falls,
making the device adaptable for various user needs. With a focus on affordability and
ease of construction, the smart blind stick combines modern electronics with practical
functionality to provide a life-changing tool for the visually impaired, promoting greater
independence and confidence in their daily lives.

2. AIM

To detect object in path of a blind person.

3. APPARATUS

Arduino Nano, Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04, Buzzer, Push button, Vibrating motor

Soldering Kit, 9V batteries

2
4. THEORY

4.1 Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04

This economical sensor provides 2cm to 400cm of non-contact

measurement functionality with a ranging accuracy that can reach

up to 3mm. Each HC-SR04 module includes an ultrasonic

transmitter, a receiver and a control circuit.

There are only four pins that you need to worry about on the HC-

SR04: VCC (Power), Trig (Trigger), Echo (Receive), and GND

(Ground).

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4.2 ARDUINO

An Arduino is actually a micro controller-based kit which is basically used in

communications and in controlling or operating many devices. It is used to control

other components in the circuit. Arduino uno microcontroller can sense the

environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors and can affect its

surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other actuators. The microcontroller is

programmed using the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring) and the

Arduino development environment (based on Processing). Operating voltage is 5V.

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4.3 BUZZER

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device which is used to warn us about the

object Infront of the blind person. The buzzer is an electrical device that generates

audible sound due to potential differences between source and object in the circuit.

The buzzing or beeping sound is created by vibrations developed in the diaphragm of

the device when the circuit is complete. When there is a break in the circuit, then the

buzzing sound stops.

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4.4 Vibrating motor

Vibration motor is a DC motor in a compact size that is used to inform the users by

vibrating on receiving signals. It has no sound. Mainly they are used in mobile

phones, joysticks, pager and so on.

4.5 JUMPER WIRE

A jumping wire is an electrical wire, or group of them in the cable, with a connector

or pin at each end, which is normally used to connect the components of a breadboard

or other prototype or test circuit, internally with other equipment or components,

without soldering. Is used for all the connections of Arduino with other components.

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4.6 LED (Light-emitting diode)

A light-emitting diode is a semiconductor device that emits light when current flows

through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing

energy in the form of photons. The color of the light is determined by the energy

required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor.

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 5. DIAGRAM

5.1 CIRCUIT DIGRAM

8
5.2 PCB LAYOUT

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6. PROCEDURE

Step 1: The Circuitry

1. HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor:

1.1. VCC Pin to Arduino 5V

1.2. GND Pin to Arduino GND

1.3. Echo pin to Arduino Pin 10

1.4. Trig pin to Arduino Pin 11

2. Vibrating motor:

2.1. One cable should go to GND

2.2. The remaining cable should go to Pin 3

Step 2: The Code

Using Arduino IDE upload the code into the Arduino Uno using USB 2.0 type A/B.

Step 3: Putting It All Together

Once the circuitry is completed, and uploaded the code onto the Arduino, then you're

ready to attach everything to the ski pole. The final step is to simply connect a power

source to your Arduino.

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7. WORKING

So, when we will turn on the circuit power supply the ultrasonic sensor starts. As soon

as the object comes in the range of vicinity (set as 15cm) the ultrasonic sensor sends

frequency from sender part which after striking the obstacle reflects back and is

received by the receiving part. After receiving the frequency from desired range the

ultrasonic sensor under the control of code embedded in ARDUINO UNO, the

ultrasonic sensor sends the signal to vibrating motor and the buzzer.

Hence after getting the sensations due to vibrating motor and buzzer the person

holding it gets to know the presence of an object in vicinity.

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8. APPLICATIONS

1. Obstacle detection: Smart sticks can use ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles in

front of the user, providing audible warnings or vibrations to guide users safely

through their environment.

2. Navigation: These devices can be equipped with GPS modules to provide location

information to users, helping them reach their destination. They can also use

Bluetooth modules to communicate with smartphones for additional navigation

assistance.

3. Vibration alerts: Smart sticks can integrate vibration motors to alert users to

potential obstacles or changes in their surroundings. This feature can be particularly

useful for detecting edges of stairs, doorways, or other hazardous areas.

4. Buzzer alerts: In addition to vibration alerts, smart sticks can also use buzzers to

produce audible warnings when obstacles are detected. This allows users to be

aware of potential hazards and adjust their course accordingly.

5. Smart walking aid: By connecting to smartphones, smart sticks can access real-

time maps and navigation information, providing users with turn-by-turn directions

and obstacle warnings.

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9. INFERENCE

The smart stick is designed to provide enhanced assistance to visually impaired

individuals. These smart sticks utilize ultrasonic sensors and Arduino microcontrollers

to detect obstacles and they can provide feedback to the user through vibration and

sound. The use of this technology aims to improve the safety, efficiency, and

independence of visually impaired individuals in their daily mobility and navigation.

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10. REFERENCE

10.1 BIBLIOGRAPHY

W. Joshi (2017) ‘NCERT Physics Textbook for Class XII (Part 2)’, NCERT,

Pp: 467 to 496

Neerparaj Rai (2016) ‘Arduino Projects for Engineers’, Pp: 9

Niel Cameron (2019) ‘Arduino Applied’, Pp: 1to 4, 50 to 55

10.2 WEBLIOGRAPHY

https://youtu.be/_RpSaj9j-GY downloaded on 10/11/2023

https://www.cuidevices.com/blog/push-button-switches- 101#:~:text=A%20push

%20button%20switch%20is,depending%20on%20the%20d esign%20requirements.

downloaded on 11/11/2023

https://projecthub.arduino.cc/hadi1234/arduino-blind-stick-b3157a downloaded on

11/11/2023

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