MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

SIDDHANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

A/P Sudumbare Tal- Maval Dist- Pune

Microproject
Academic year:2024-25

Program Name and Code: EJ Academic Year: 2024-25

Course Name and Code: ESY(22532) Semester : Fifth

A MICRO PROJECT ON
Build Traffic Light Controller For Traffic Signal As per Specified Delay
Sr no. Roll No. Name Enrolment No Seat No
1 EJ 303 Chaitanya Kubde 2216240097
2 EJ 304 Om Sabale 2216240104
3 EJ 307 Harsh Pawar 2216240108

Under the Guidance Of

Ms. S. B. More
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate

This is to certify that Master Chaitanya Mohan Kubde of Fifth

Semester of Diploma in Electronics and Telecommunication of
Institute, Siddhant college of Engineering has completed the Practical
Activities (PA) satisfactorily in Course – Embedded System (22532)
for the academic year 2024 – 2025 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Sudumbare Enrolment No:

2216240097
Date: Exam. Seat No:

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate

This is to certify that Master Om Santosh Sabale of Fifth Semester of

Diploma in Electronics and Telecommunication of Institute, Siddhant
college of Engineering has completed the Practical Activities (PA)
satisfactorily in Course – Embedded System (22532) for the academic
year 2024 – 2025 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Sudumbare Enrolment No:

2216240104
Date: Exam Seat No:

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate

This is to certify that Master Harsh Shridhar Pawar of Fifth Semester

of Diploma in Electronics and Telecommunication of Institute,
Siddhant college of Engineering has completed the Practical
Activities (PA) satisfactorily in Course – Embedded System (22532)
for the academic year 2024 – 2025 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Sudumbare Enrolment No: 2216240108

Date: Exam. Seat No:

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a matter of great pleasure by getting the opportunity of

highlighting. A fraction of knowledge, I acquired during our technical
education through this project.
This would not have been possible without the guidance and Help of
many people. This is the only page where we have Opportunity of
expressing our emotions and gratitude from the Core of our heart to
them. This project would not have been Successful without
enlightened ideas, timely suggestions and Interest of our most
respected guide “Ms.S.B. More”, without her best guidance this
would have been an impossible Task to complete.
I would like to thank “Ms.S.B. More” Head of our Department for
providing necessary facility using the period of Working on this
project work.
I would also like to thank our principal who Encouraged us and
created healthy environment for all of us to Learn in best possible
way. Finally, I would pay my respect and love to my parents and all
family members as well as friends for their love and encouragement
throughout this microproject.
 Material Used

1. 555 IC Delay Timer

2. Led (Multiple Colours)
3. Resistors
4. Capacitors
5. Connecting wires
6. Battery
7. Breadboard
 Working principle

Traffic lights operate based on timing sequences and, in many cases,

sensor data. Here’s an overview of their core principles:
1.Fixed-Time Control System
- This is the simplest form of traffic light control, where lights change
based on pre-set, cyclic timing intervals.
- It doesn’t respond to traffic conditions; each light has a fixed time
for red, green, and yellow, programmed according to typical traffic
patterns for a location.
- Used in areas with predictable traffic flows and lower volumes.

2.Actuated Control System

- This system adjusts the traffic signal timing based on real-time
traffic conditions.
- Sensors (like inductive loops, infrared, or cameras) detect the
presence or absence of vehicles at intersections.
- The system can adjust the green light duration for each direction
depending on traffic volume, allowing for smoother flow during peak
and off-peak times.

3.Adaptive Signal Control System

- Advanced systems that use real-time data and predictive algorithms
to adjust signals dynamically.
- They gather information from cameras, sensors, or centralized
systems about current traffic conditions and predict changes to
optimize traffic flow.
- Common in areas with complex traffic patterns or highly variable
traffic volumes, such as downtowns or urban areas.

4.Pedestrian Signals
- Traffic lights with pedestrian buttons allow people to request a
pedestrian phase in the signal cycle.
- When pressed, the system integrates a pedestrian phase, adjusting
vehicle lights accordingly to give pedestrians safe crossing time.

5.Emergency Vehicle and Transit Priority

- Some systems have priority control to allow emergency vehicles or
public transit to change lights.
- When an emergency vehicle approaches, it sends a signal to the
traffic light controller to switch to green, helping it pass through the
intersection quickly.

Each system uses a controller (typically a microprocessor) to manage

the lights, and the choice of system depends on location, traffic
volume, and budget.
Creating a miniature traffic light on a breadboard is a common and
fun electronics project that can help understand the basics of circuit
design and programming.

Components Needed:
1.Breadboard: For building the circuit without soldering.
2.Microcontroller (optional): Arduino, Raspberry Pi, or any
microcontroller to control the light timing.
3.LEDs: Red, Yellow, and Green LEDs to represent the traffic lights.
4.Resistors: To limit current for each LED (typically 220Ω to 330Ω
for each LED, depending on your circuit's power).
5.Jumper Wires: For connecting components on the breadboard.
6.Power Source: Batteries or power from a microcontroller or USB.

Circuit Setup
1.Place LEDs: Arrange the red, yellow, and green LEDs in a vertical
row on the breadboard.
2.Connect Resistors: Attach a resistor to the anode (long leg) of each
LED. This prevents them from burning out due to excess current.
3.Connect to Microcontroller Pins: Connect each LED's anode
(through the resistor) to separate digital output pins on the
microcontroller (e.g., pins 9, 10, and 11 on an Arduino).
4.Common Ground: Connect all LED cathodes (short legs) to a
common ground on the breadboard. Also, ensure this ground is
connected to the ground on the microcontroller or power source.
Programming the Microcontroller (if used)
If you’re using an Arduino or similar microcontroller, you can write a
simple program to control the LEDs in a traffic light sequence.

Here's a basic Arduino code :

// Define LED pins

int redLED = 9;
int yellowLED = 10;
int greenLED = 11;

void setup() {
pinMode(redLED, OUTPUT);
pinMode(yellowLED, OUTPUT);
pinMode(greenLED, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
// Turn on red LED
digitalWrite(redLED, HIGH);
delay(5000); // Red light on for 5 seconds

// Turn off red, turn on green

digitalWrite(redLED, LOW);
digitalWrite(greenLED, HIGH);
delay(5000); // Green light on for 5 seconds

// Turn off green, turn on yellow

digitalWrite(greenLED, LOW);
digitalWrite(yellowLED, HIGH);
delay(2000); // Yellow light on for 2 seconds

// Turn off yellow, repeat cycle

digitalWrite(yellowLED, LOW);
}

Working Principle
The code sets up a repeating cycle of red, green, and yellow signals,
mimicking a real traffic light sequence. Each LED is turned on and
off with delays in between, simulating the operation of traffic signals.
The delay durations represent the typical times for each light.

This basic setup demonstrates the principle of how traffic lights

control the flow of traffic by switching lights at set intervals, with real
systems using more advanced methods (sensors, timing, and adaptive
control) for smooth traffic management.
Conclusion of the Miniature Traffic Light on
Breadboard Project

Creating a miniature traffic light circuit on a breadboard is an

engaging and insightful project that combines electronics,
programming, and real-world engineering concepts. Through this
setup, we replicate the core functionality of a traffic signal, cycling
through red, yellow, and green lights in a fixed sequence. This
simplified model provides a foundational understanding of how actual
traffic lights operate to control and manage traffic flow at
intersections, enhancing road safety and reducing congestion.

By programming the timing intervals for each LED, we simulate the

role of traffic signals in regulating when vehicles can move or stop.
The sequence and timing of each LED represent the function of real-
life traffic lights: red indicates stop, green signals go, and yellow
serves as a transitional warning. This process gives practical insights
into how traffic control systems work at a basic level, following fixed
or dynamic timings to ensure orderly vehicle movement.

Learning Outcomes and Practical Applications

1.Electronics Fundamentals: The project teaches basic electronics

principles, such as circuit construction, understanding the role of
resistors to control current flow, and the function of LEDs as visual
indicators. Connecting LEDs in the correct sequence with resistors
ensures that the circuit operates safely, preventing the LEDs from
burning out.
2.Programming and Logic: Using a microcontroller like an Arduino
adds an element of logic and control to the circuit. Through
programming, we learn to set digital outputs, establish timed
sequences, and understand the concept of a loop to repeat the cycle.
This introduces fundamental programming skills in controlling
physical components through code, a key principle in embedded
systems and automation.

3.Simulation of Real-World Systems: The miniature traffic light

illustrates the basic principles behind more complex traffic control
systems found in cities. Real traffic lights are often equipped with
sensors and timers that dynamically adjust the light intervals based on
the volume of traffic or time of day. This basic model is a starting
point for understanding adaptive traffic systems, which use real-time
data to optimize traffic flow and reduce delays, improving overall
efficiency and safety.

4.Potential for Expansion and Improvement: The project can be

expanded by adding sensors (e.g., infrared or ultrasonic) that detect
the presence of vehicles, allowing the light sequence to change based
on real-world conditions. This enhancement would mimic modern
traffic lights, which use vehicle detection to optimize signal timings,
especially at low-traffic intersections. Additionally, adding pedestrian
buttons or emergency vehicle priority systems would make the project
even closer to real-world applications.

5.Practical Application and Understanding: By building a miniature

traffic light, learners gain a practical understanding of the importance
of regulated traffic flow. Traffic lights play a crucial role in reducing
accidents, organizing traffic at busy intersections, and allowing safe
pedestrian crossings. This project demonstrates how even simple
timed sequences, when applied on a larger scale, contribute to road
safety and urban planning.

Broader Implications

This hands-on experience with traffic light logic and circuitry opens
doors to understanding broader applications in engineering and smart
city design. The principles of timed signaling and adaptive control are
foundational to many automated systems, such as railway signaling,
pedestrian crosswalk signals, and even industrial conveyor systems.
Developing an understanding of these systems at a small scale is a
valuable step towards careers in electronics, computer science, urban
planning, and traffic engineering.

Overall, the miniature traffic light project serves as an educational

tool that bridges theory and practice, offering valuable insights into
electronics, programming, and the impact of technology on daily life
and urban infrastructure. This experience provides a small but
meaningful glimpse into the potential of automated systems to
improve safety, efficiency, and quality of life in society.
Submitted to:
Ms.S.B. More