Kunihito Ioka and Peter Mészáros - Hypernova and Gamma-Ray Burst Remnants As TeV Unidentified Sources

Kunihito Ioka & Peter Mszros
arXiv:0901.0744 [astro-ph.HE]
Masaki Mori
Hypernova and Gamma-ray Burst
Remnants as TeV Unidentified
Sources
ICRR CANGAROO group internal seminar, February 5, 2009
TeV unIDs
1. So far N
unID
~10-30 TeV unIDs have been observed.
2. They generally lie close to the Galactic plane, suggesting
a Galactic origin.
3. They are extended, AO~0.05-0.3.
4. The flux is
~10
-12
-10
-11
erg s
-1
cm
-2
at
~0.2TeV.
5. They have a power-law spectrum with index of 2.1-2.5.
6. Some TeV unIDs have strong upper limits in X-rays with
a TeV to X-ray flux ratio of F
TeV
/F
X
>~50 from Suzaku
(Matsumoto et al. 2007; Bamba et al. 2007) and in radio
with F
TeV
/F
radio
~10
3
(Atoyan et al. 2006; Tian et al. 2008).
2
Energetics of TeV unIDs
Cosmic-ray accelerators
as possible origin: ex.
Supernova remnants
(SNRs)
Required galactic energy
budget
4td
2

N
unID
~10
34-35
(d/10kpc)
2
erg s
-1
Supernovae
10
50
erg / 100yr
~ 10
41
erg s
-1
TeV unIDs are a rarer
type of source!
3
http://tevcat.uchicago.edu/
unID
Hypernovae and low-luminosity GRBs
Long GRBs rare SNe with relativistic jets,
expected to leave GRB remnants
Hypernovae (~100 E
SN
), sometimes associated
with GRBs, occur more frequently than GRBs.
Ex. SN1998bw/GRB980425,
SN2003dh/GRB030329, SN2003lw/GRB031203
Rate is even higher if we are missing GRB-
unassociated HN (ex. SN1996ef)
Low-luminosity GRBs with slower or semi-
relativistic jets may be a large fraction of SNe.
Ex. GRB980425/SN1998bw, GRB060218/SN2006aj
4
Hypernova: the origin of
the most dangerous
gamma-ray bursts?
Models
5
1. t
0
decay model
pp interaction by accelerated CRs
2. | decay model
| decay of the neutron component of the CR outflow
accelerated by the jets followed by inverse Compton scattering
3. Radio-isotope (RI) decay model
Lorentz-boosted MeV decay gamma-rays of accelerated RI
New!
Hypernova shocks t
0
decay model
t
0
from pp interaction between ISM and CRs
accelerated by SN/HN shocks
Leptonic models may predict too much synchrotron
emission.
Flux scaled from SN case
~10
-12
,
-1
E
51
nd
10kpc
-2
erg s
-1
cm
-2
,
-1
= (, /0.1): fraction of CR energy per log interval, n: ISM
density (cm
-3
), E
51
=E
CR
/10
51
erg, d
10kpc
=d/10kpc
Time independent sources could be old:
t
age
~10
5
yr
Electrons lost their energy until now.
6
Hypernova
remnant candidate
W49B
t
0
decay model
7
Observed number of HN remnants
8
Flux sensitivity to an extended source (radius r)
F
extended
= F
point
(r/du
cut
)
F
point
(r/du
cut
)< F
E n d
-2
Max. distance to a source: d
max
E n r
-1
Observable volume in Galactic disk: V d
max
2
E
2
n
2
r
-2

E
8/5
n
12/5
, where r E
1/5
n
-1/5
t
age
2/5
Observed number of HN remnants (note E
HNR
~10E
SNR
)
Angular size of old (10
5
yr) HN remnants:
r/d~30pc/d~0.2(d/10kpc)
-1
Cf. SNR r/d~2(d/1kpc)
-1
(more extended SNRs?)
Density around HN could be larger for star forming regions
(but they may be runaway massive stars with no enhancement).
4 . 0 ~
1 yr 10
10 yr 10
~ ~
5 / 8 1 - 2
5 / 8 -1 4
HNR HNR
HNR HNR
obs
SNR
obs
HNR
V R
V R
N
N
GRB jets | decay model
A fraction of SNe/hypernovae is associated with long GRB and
their jets.
(Time-delayed) | decay of the neutron component of the CR
outflow accelerated by the jets followed by inverse Compton
scattering. [W49B case: Ioka et al. 2004, ApJ / MM 23-AUG-2004]
Jet-like emission would appear outside of the SNR, since |
decay can occur outside the remnant.
Old (~10
5
yr) jet remnants could be TeV unID sources
(electrons go down since t
cool
~10
5
yr).
Expected total number is 0.1-1 for a Galactic GRB rate of ~10
-
5
-10
-6
yr
-1
.
Optimistic rate consistent with the late-time radio
observations is ~10
-4
yr
-1
(~10% of the SN Ibc rate), yielding a
total number of ~10, because a larger fraction of SNe may
have lower-luminosity (LL) jets that were not identified.
9
| decay model
10
GRB jets radio-isotope (RI) decay model
Features
Composition of jet is unknown -
56
Ni,
56
Co?
HN/SN shockexplosive nucleosynthesis
56
Ni production
accretion and ejection by central engine
Photodisintegration
Suppressed in LL jets (temperature < ~MeV)
Reproduced in a cooling wind if disintegrated [MacFadyen 2003]
GRB-associated HN may be
56
Ni-rich [Maeda&Nomoto 2002]
RI Decay
56
Co*
56
Co + (~2MeV)
56
Co + e
-

56
Fe* + v
e
[t
Co
ln2=77.2 d]
56
Fe*
56
Fe + (~2MeV)
If nuclei are fully ionized,
56
Co
56
Fe* + e
+
+ v
e
[t
iCo
~ 5t
Co
] [Cf. t
iNi
ln2=310
4
yr]
56
Fe*
56
Fe + (c
RI
~2MeV)
In expanding jet:
56
Ni
56
Co
56
Fe can start
11
RI decay model cont.
12
56
Co flux by shock (Lorentz factor I) acceleration
Shock radius < Co decay length: r<ct
Co
ln2 |I
Shock radius > Ni decay length: r>ct
Ni
ln2 |I
Jet energy E
j
=(4t/3)r
3
nm
p
c
2
|
2
I
2
2E
j,51
1/5
n
-1/5
< |I< 8E
j,51
1/5
n
-1/5
Observed mean lifetime: t
= t
iCo
~ 10
5
yr
5
t
iCo
= 5t
Co
: lifetime of ionized
56
Co
Observed boosted gamma-ray energy: c
=c
RI
~ 0.2TeV
5
The ratio of gamma-ray energy to the
56
Co CR energy: f = c
/56m
p
c
2
~ 4x10
-5
Gamma-ray flux: c
F
c
=f,E/(4td
2
t
) ~ 10
-12
erg s
-1
cm
-2
,
-1
E
51
/(
5
d
3kpc
2
)
Rate
The total source number is 0.1-1 for a Galactic GRB rate of 10
-5
-10
-6
yr
-1
, while the most optimistic number is ~10 for a rate consistent
with the late-time radio observations 10
-4
yr
-1
(~10% of SN Ibc rate)
We can detect a fraction (3kpc/10kpc)
2
~0.1 of these sources.
RI decay model cont.
13
Maximum energy
The shocked
56
Co is accelerated to a power-law spectrum
dN
Co

Co
-p
d
Co
for
Co
<
Co,max
. The maximum energy can be
Co,max
~310
17
eV (e.g., Murase et al. 2008), which provides
,max
~
f(310
17
eV) ~ 10 TeV decay gamma-ray.
The Larmor radius of
56
Co CRs is 4(
Co
/10
17
eV)B
-6
-1
pc
isotropic emission of decay gamma-rays
Energy spectrum
c
F
c
= c
-p+1
exp(-c
p
/ c
)
c
p
= c
IR
(t/t
iCo
) ~ 0.2TeV(t/10
5
yr)
Softer than parent CRs, because low-energy CRs decay:
(d/dt)exp (-t/t
iCo
) c
-1
exp(-c
p
/ c
)
HESS unID: E
-2.1~2.5
p=1.1-1.5 non-linear effect? (It could
be related to E ~ E
jet
)
Radio-isotope decay model
14
RI decay model - IC/Synchrotron
15
IC/Synch from decay positrons
dN
e
= c
e
-p
dc
e
for Im
e
c
2
<c
e
<c
p
dN
e
= c
e
-p-1
dc
e
for c
p
<c
e
<c
max
Synchrotron v
Iyn
=qB c
e
2
/2 m
e
3
c
5
~ 10
-4
B
-6
(c
e
/0.1TeV)
2
IC (with CMB) v
IC
~ 9 c
CMB
(c
e
/ m
e
c
2
)
2
~ 10
8
(c
e
/0.1TeV)
2
Cooling time t
c
=3m
e
2
c
3
/4o
T
c
e
U ~ 10
7
(c
e
/0.1TeV)U
-12
-1
yr
> t
for c
e
<c
max
~10TeV (U: energy density of B and CMB)
Luminosity suppressed by t
/t
c
~ 10
-2
(t
/10
5
yr)c
e
/0.1TeV)U
-12
~eV photons by decay positrons come from an extended
region where optical background dominates.
Discussion
16
Model discrimination: gamma-ray morphology
t
0
decay : shell structure
GeV emission if p=2.1-2.4 continues down to GeV
| decay : elongated structure
Low GeV emission
RI decay : center-filled structure
Low GeV emission, but young remnants could be bright if c
p
~20GeV (t/10
4
yr)
Neutrinos
t
decay vs in t
0
decay model, no vs in | decay model,
56
Co
56
Fe* +
e
+
+ v
e
in RI decay model, but fluxes are low.
CRs above knee could be produced mainly by extragalactic and/or
Galactic GRBs/HNe. Increasingly heavy composition may indicate
acceleration by jets as in RI decay model.
GRB remnants may be also responsible for CR positron/electron
excess reported by PAMELA/ATIC/PPB-BETS [Ioka 2008].

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