Experiment 2 C Se 209

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Experiment No: 2 Experiment Name: Verification of

Thevenin's and Norton's Theorems


Introduction Thevenin's and Norton's theorems are
fundamental concepts in circuit analysis, simplifying complex
circuits into their equivalent simpler forms. This experiment
aims to verify these theorems by experimentally determining
the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits for a given linear
circuit and comparing the results with theoretical calculations.
Theory
 Thevenin's Theorem:
o Any linear circuit with two terminals can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a
voltage source (Vth) in series with a resistor (Rth).
o Vth: The open-circuit voltage across the two
terminals.
o Rth: The equivalent resistance seen from the
terminals with all independent sources turned off.
 Norton's Theorem:
o Any linear circuit with two terminals can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a
current source (In) in parallel with a resistor (Rn).
o In: The short-circuit current flowing through the
terminals.
o Rn: The equivalent resistance seen from the
terminals with all independent sources turned off
(same as Rth).
Equipment Required:
 DC Power Supply
 Digital Multimeter
 Resistors
 Breadboard
 Connecting Wires
Procedure:
1. Circuit Setup:
o Construct the given linear circuit on the breadboard.
o Identify the two terminals across which the
equivalent circuit is to be determined.
2. Thevenin's Equivalent Circuit:
o Determine Vth:
 Measure the open-circuit voltage (Vth) across
the two terminals using the multimeter.
o Determine Rth:
 Turn off all independent sources (replace
voltage sources with short circuits and current
sources with open circuits).
 Measure the equivalent resistance (Rth)
between the two terminals using the
multimeter.
3. Norton's Equivalent Circuit:
o Determine In:
 Short-circuit the two terminals and measure the
short-circuit current (In) flowing through the
short circuit using the multimeter.
o Determine Rn:
 Rn is the same as Rth, determined in step 2b.
4. Verification:
o Construct the Thevenin and Norton equivalent
circuits on the breadboard using the calculated
values of Vth, Rth, In, and Rn.
o Connect different load resistors across the terminals
of both the original circuit and the equivalent
circuits.
o Measure the voltage and current across the load
resistor for each circuit configuration.
o Compare the measured values for the original
circuit and the equivalent circuits. The values
should be approximately the same, verifying the
validity of Thevenin's and Norton's theorems.
Observations and Calculations:
 Record the measured values of Vth, Rth, In, and Rn.
 Calculate the theoretical values of Vth, Rth, In, and Rn
using circuit analysis techniques.
 Compare the measured and calculated values and
calculate the percentage error.
 Tabulate the measured and calculated values for different
load resistors.
Circuit Diagram:
Result :
Conclusion:
 Discuss the accuracy of the experimental results and the
validity of Thevenin's and Norton's theorems.
 Analyze the sources of error in the experiment and
suggest improvements.
 Explain the practical applications of Thevenin's and
Norton's theorems in circuit analysis and design.

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