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Experiment No: 2 Experiment Name: Verification of
Thevenin's and Norton's Theorems
Introduction Thevenin's and Norton's theorems are fundamental concepts in circuit analysis, simplifying complex circuits into their equivalent simpler forms. This experiment aims to verify these theorems by experimentally determining the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits for a given linear circuit and comparing the results with theoretical calculations. Theory Thevenin's Theorem: o Any linear circuit with two terminals can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source (Vth) in series with a resistor (Rth). o Vth: The open-circuit voltage across the two terminals. o Rth: The equivalent resistance seen from the terminals with all independent sources turned off. Norton's Theorem: o Any linear circuit with two terminals can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source (In) in parallel with a resistor (Rn). o In: The short-circuit current flowing through the terminals. o Rn: The equivalent resistance seen from the terminals with all independent sources turned off (same as Rth). Equipment Required: DC Power Supply Digital Multimeter Resistors Breadboard Connecting Wires Procedure: 1. Circuit Setup: o Construct the given linear circuit on the breadboard. o Identify the two terminals across which the equivalent circuit is to be determined. 2. Thevenin's Equivalent Circuit: o Determine Vth: Measure the open-circuit voltage (Vth) across the two terminals using the multimeter. o Determine Rth: Turn off all independent sources (replace voltage sources with short circuits and current sources with open circuits). Measure the equivalent resistance (Rth) between the two terminals using the multimeter. 3. Norton's Equivalent Circuit: o Determine In: Short-circuit the two terminals and measure the short-circuit current (In) flowing through the short circuit using the multimeter. o Determine Rn: Rn is the same as Rth, determined in step 2b. 4. Verification: o Construct the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits on the breadboard using the calculated values of Vth, Rth, In, and Rn. o Connect different load resistors across the terminals of both the original circuit and the equivalent circuits. o Measure the voltage and current across the load resistor for each circuit configuration. o Compare the measured values for the original circuit and the equivalent circuits. The values should be approximately the same, verifying the validity of Thevenin's and Norton's theorems. Observations and Calculations: Record the measured values of Vth, Rth, In, and Rn. Calculate the theoretical values of Vth, Rth, In, and Rn using circuit analysis techniques. Compare the measured and calculated values and calculate the percentage error. Tabulate the measured and calculated values for different load resistors. Circuit Diagram: Result : Conclusion: Discuss the accuracy of the experimental results and the validity of Thevenin's and Norton's theorems. Analyze the sources of error in the experiment and suggest improvements. Explain the practical applications of Thevenin's and Norton's theorems in circuit analysis and design.