Evaluation of Textile Materials

Prof. Apurba Das

Department of Textile Technology
Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi

Lecture-37
Evaluation of Bursting & Tear Strength of Fabrics

Hello everyone, today we will start a topic which is very important for get this do we use ok or
some special applications.
(Refer Slide Time: 00:41)

This characteristics are very important and these are bursting characteristic of fabric and tear
characteristics, tear strength of fabrics. So, this 2 characteristics they are important not only for
apparel type textile but for industrial textiles or technical textiles particularly bursting is
extremely important for apparel fabrics bursting is not that important. But when we geo-textile,
filter fabric, parachute cloth bursting strength is very important.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:31)
So, we will start with bursting strength of textile material, so when we talk about the tensile
testing as we have seen earlier. Tensile testing deals with unidirectional characteristics thus it is
suitable for fabrics like woven fabric where definite warp and weft direction is actually there ok.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:10)

So, now in tensile as we have seen the maybe strip testing or graph testing we take strength in
one of the directions either it is warp direction or in weft direction. So, then we can express that
tenacity is warp tenacity or weft tenacity. And up to this it is ok now when we talk about the
tenacity of non-woven fabric coir the fibres are aligned at random direction, so actually we do
not know then which direction fibres are aligned.
So, when we try to test non-woven fabric of a where fibre say most of the fibres are aligned in at
certain angle even as a user when we try to measure the strength suppose in length wise direction
we are trying to measure. So, we will actually lined up with strength which is much lower than
the actual strength in this direction. So, it is actually it may give some wrong result, so this
wrong result sometime leads to wrong decision making.

Similarly in case knitted fabric there is no definite direction where the yarns are aligned, so in
that way it is very difficult to express the strength in terms of tenacity in a particular direction for
this non-woven fabric and the knitted fabric. Apart from non-woven and knitted fabric for some
special applications like as I have mentioned the parachute cloth or geo-textiles or filter fabric
where woven fabrics are used we require to know the strength not only in 1 direction.

But in multi direction, multiple direction strength is required, so in all these cases the tenacity in
particular direction is not going to help us. So, we must know some characteristics which will
give us idea about the strength in multi-direction when we stress in multi-direction. So, in that
case bursting strength helps to get some idea, so in case of knitted or non-woven fabrics where
no definite alignment of yarns fibres are there.

So, multidirectional force is required and some fabrics as I have mentioned like parachute fabric,
filter cloth, sacks, nets when this fabrics are in use the fabrics are stressed in all the direction. So,
we need to test the bursting strength.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:03)
So, this type of fabrics like parachute, filter fabric, geo textiles is more likely to fail by bursting
in service when we use this fabric they likely to fail in bursting than it is break by the straight
tensile fracture. So, in this case, so if we take the tensile test result than we may land up with the
wrong impression about the fabric. Fabric fails across the direction where lowest breaking
extension is there that is the very important.

Now suppose we have a fabric which is having a metallic ware, so this suppose warp is say it is a
cotton with weak cotton ok. It is not strength is not very high it is strength is very week and in
the weft direction what we have inserted we have inserted metallic ware says steel ware this is
the metal very high strength metallic ware. So, what will happen, so if we draw the stress
strength curve or load elongation curve elongation load elongation curve of say weak cotton.

This is the cotton with certain extensibility but the breaking load is low whereas the metal say
stainless steel or high carbon steel or say carbon fibre it is strength. So, this is suppose a carbon
fibre it is a very high strength this is the carbon fibre. Now weft, so what will happen when will
we test the fabric for bursting strength the direction where the extensibility is less, so this weft
direction here the total load will be shared by majority of the load will be shared by the weft.

And first and the cotton will share least weight because cottons load breaking load it will not
actually it will not share at that time and majority on all the load will be on the weft. So, the total
use of the utilization of the loads tensile characteristics will not be there if the extensibility
extension characteristics of both warp and weft are different. So, on the other hand if we use
some week the relatively weaker yarn.

But their breaking extension are same like we can draw again, so in warp what we have seen this
is relatively weaker moderate yarn but in warp this is in warp. And another yarn in weft we are
using the weft if we test the tensile characteristics of weft is almost same. So, what will happen
during vesting when warp and weft they are getting extended both warp and weft will actually
share the load.

So, ultimately we will get the higher bursting strength similarly if we have fabric from same
yarn, suppose we are producing fabric from the some same yarn.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:41)

But the crimp say warp crimp is much lower sorry much lower than weft crimp, so warp crimp is
lower. So, warps are straight, suppose this is it is a warp there is no such crimp but in weft if we
see weft yarns are say crimpy here. And this fabric if we actually test if we test for bursting the
problem will be that the fabric the direction with lesser crimp will share load maximum load will
be shared by that direction warp direction.
But weft during initial stretching it will get straighten and it will not share the load initially, so
first the warp threads will break then immediately the load will be transfer to the weft and then it
will break it will burst. So, bursting means even a single direction yarn breaks that mean the
fabric totally fails, so we need the bursting actually simultaneously if warp breaks that means
fabric is actually finished.

So we main reason is that here the warp and weft extensibility should be same breaking
extension we have to maintain same. That is why for bursting strength for any fabric which we
use for bursting strength or where bursting characteristics is important. In that case that we have
to have fabric almost what is called it is balanced form where warp direction characteristics and
weft direction characteristics are exactly almost same.

If there is some difference then will not be actually we will not be able to utilize the strength of
both warp and weft direction. So, that is how we have to use a fabric which is actually uniform in
all the direction, so fabric fails across the direction where which has lowest breaking extension
ok. So, that is we have actually I have just explained because in all the directions the fabric
undergo the same extension as it is bursting.

So, it will actually it is a extension will be same in all the direction, this is not necessarily the
direction with the lowest strength ok. It is a lowest that I have just explained it is not necessary
the direction which will break which will actually damage get damaged first it is not necessary
the lowest strength it is the direction with lowest elongation breaking elongation.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:14)
Now this curve at so both warp and weft they are exactly same, same that the crimp type of yarn
has been arranged in such a fashion that they are extensively, load elongation curve is exactly
same. So, because this is good because the pressure will be carried equally by the both warp and
weft and they will actually same they will get added.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:43)

Now this one here the weft which is higher strength warp which is say weaker with the length
this is poor. This type of fabric as per as bursting strength is concern this is poor performance it
will give because the warp will be will break the which is weak warp will break first then total
load will be transfer to the weft ok. So, that will be sequentially they will share load which will
not result the higher bursting strength.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:28)

And similarly this one also poor that we have discussed because only the strong weft will break
first. So, strong yarn we are breaking first and the total load will be then transfer to the weaker
warp.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:43)

So, the testing methods are there are basically 2 different types of testing methods are there one
is diaphragm type test is where a circular fabric sample is clamped over a rubber diaphragm by
means of annular clamp ring. And increasing fluid pressure, so some fluid is a maybe a glycerin
or some type of fluids are there. So, fluid pressure is applied to the inside basically inside the
diaphragm until the specimen is burst.
So, and the pressure in the fluid increases as such as that the rate the bursting time is within 20
+/-3 second. So, we can increase the fluid pressure in such a fashion and knowing the
extensibility of the fabric and bursting strength of the fabric. So, we can increase the fluid
pressure at a certain rate ok, so that bursting takes place within +/-3 second, 20 +/-3 second.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:03)

So, here the technique is very simple, now here some fluid we have to actually some fluid and
here we are putting the fabric sample. Here this rubber diaphragm is there and when the fluid is
actually pressed we are pumping the fluid here. So, it is pressed, so the diaphragm will get
deflected and over the diaphragm the fabric sample is there. So, as the diaphragm get extended
the fabric will extend and after that the fabric will break burst.

So, that and bursting means once the one of the directions either warp and weft direction breaks
then it stop, that is the maximum pressure we actually measure. So, height of the diaphragm is
noted ok, so the height of the diaphragm is noted and the pressure without the specimen for that
height is recorded as P2. Now here the problem is that see the pressure which we are applying
here pressure here is the pressure required to past the fabric.

And second is the extend the diaphragm at that level, so for diaphragm bursting, so during
bursting 2 for to extend the diaphragm we require certain pressure. So, this height just before
height bursting will note down the height ok h, so initially with fabric if we know the pressure
required suppose P is the P1 is the pressure required and during that time we have to note down
the height of the diaphragm.

And then without fabric, so if we extend the diaphragm at to that height, suppose that require P2
pressure. So, effectively for bursting the fabric alone we require delta P which is P1-P2. That is
the actual pressure required to burst the fabric ok, that much correction we have to do. So, P1-P2
is the actual bursting strength of the specimen ok initially it was P1 then it has become P2 is
required, so here what we have to do.

We have to test 1 blank test without fabric we have to test the blank test but blank test is
normally done after the bursting of the fabric. Because we do not the extensibility of the fabric,
so for that we have to note down the height and accordingly we have to carry out the blank test.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:23)

This is the bursting strength tester here this is the liquid here liquid is kept here and pressure is
the applied using the piston here and pressure of the liquid is measured here by the pressure
gauge. This is the pressure gauge and this red color it is a diaphragm and here it is a blue is the
test sample here and we have to clamp ok. So, now let us see the animation here.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:08)
Now fabric is placed clamped ok, now it is a clamping we have tighten that it, so the fabric is
clamped tight the there is no leakage ok. And then the pump will start pumping that it piston will
be pressed inside. So, that fluid pressure liquid pressure here increases ok.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:49)

Piston is, so piston start the liquid pressure start increasing, the liquid pressure is increasing by
and it is measured by the pressure gauge. So, it is a pressure is increasing and this diaphragm
along with the fabric is getting extended.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:19)
Now this rubber diaphragm is extending pressure is increasing liquid pressure and ion it is
bursted. Once it is bursted you have to stop the pressure increase and then we can note down the
pressure required to burst. And this is actually here it is a with fabric now we can calculate we
can measure this height. This height is noted down and after that what we have to do, we have to
test this is whatever pressure we are getting.

Here say 100 it is a P1 ok and this reach to 100 and fabric is broken bursted and it is P1 and after
we will remove the fabric and we will again start the blank test and till this height is reached and
then the pressure required will be definitely less than 100. Suppose it is a 50 then that 100-50 the
50will be the effective bursting strength of the fabric.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:30)
Main disadvantage of this type of this technique is that fabrics with very high extensibility like
knitted fabric it creates problem. We cannot test knitted fabric here because the stretch ability of
knitted fabric maybe much higher than the stretch ability of the rubber diaphragm. That means
the rubber diaphragm will burst before the fabric burst, so that, so this type of method is not
suitable for high fabric with high extensibility ok.

Like knitted fabric cannot be tested in this type of machine diaphragm type bursting strength
tester. Only woven fabric and that to lower stretch ability is actually preferable and here as I have
mentioned you need blank test ok which needs accuracy means accuracy in measuring height
which is not that simple. So, there must be some extra arrangement to measure the height
accurately, accurate height if we do not measure.

Then the P2 value will be wrong that will lead to the wrong interpretation of the result ok and
this P2 value basically depend on the extensibility of the fabric. So, extensible if it is high
extensibility high then it has to stretch more the rubber has to be stretched more. So, distance
calibration chart is required, so that you have to calibrate the distance.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:19)
Other disadvantage is that this it has been observed that liquid spilling take place ok may occur.
And that is by if we do not actually seal the instrument properly the liquid from inside may leak
ok. Another thing is that crimp percentage in warp and weft plays important role that I have
already mentioned, for similar yarn the direction with lower crimp percentage will break. So, that
means that crimp percentage is actually important here it is overall in bursting it is important.

And when the stretch ability is high, so in that case we cannot use as I have mentioned the
bursting strength tester that diaphragm type bursting strength tester we cannot use. So, we have
to use another method which is called ball bursting strength.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:21)
It is much simpler and for fabric like knitted fabric we can use and here normal tensile strength
tester with some modification we can use it is simple here. Suppose there is a we have to have 1
annular ring ok annular ring is there and which is fixed on a it is platform of any say strength
tester ok. And then what we are putting the fabric sample we have placing fabric sample here,
this is our fabric sample.

We have clamped the fabric sample here ok and in the top this is the and from movable part this
is the movable part of movable jaw of the tensile tester ok. And where this is the strength gauge
is there ok and here 1 plunger with the ball at that circular ball at that tip. Now once this is
moving down this ball will penetrate and will actually penetrate through this fabric and this
fabric will be extended and till it is bursting.

This type of extension of the fabric will be there and ball is actually is pressing the this fabric
and then it will show the advantage of this principle is that there is no limit of extensibility. We
can said and we can actually press the ball against this fabric and the fabric will break and here it
the load is recorded here. And this transudation is a compressive type load cell.

So, this will actually be loaded in this direction, so there will be a compressive type load cell and
here in earlier in diaphragm type bursting strength tester we measure in terms of pressure ok
newton/square meter or say pascal m some any other unit. Here it measures in terms of pascal
but here we measure in terms of strength newton, so that these are the difference but the
advantage of this machine is that here we can actually test for any fabric with any extensibility.

And another thing is that for many practical use this type of this situation takes place. Basically
here the pressure through some extensible item is it is not applied in actual application like this is
true this type of method is applicable where we are talking about the parachute type fabric ok.
But if we talk about say geo-textile or any other type of fabric this may also be used.

So, both the systems are an useful but this the diaphragm type is say used for the woven fabric
typically with less extensibility for fabrics with high extensibility, we can use this ball bursting
strength. So, diaphragm bursting strength is not suitable for high stretchable fabric, errors due to
diaphragm extension that is the negative point of that. And the test can be perform using and
attachment.

So, this ball bursting strength testing we can just attach 1 extra attachment, the standard tensile
testing instrument. That as I have mentioned so, 25 millimeter diameter ball is pushed through a
stressed fabric and force required is recorded.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:46)

This is the arrangement that I have mentioned and here this is the ball is there at a certain
diameter and stressed through the fabric, these are the fabric.
(Refer Slide Time: 33:00)
In diaphragm bursting strength tester pressure is measured but here the force is measured no
limit to the amount of stretch is there. And the load cell operates in compression mode not in
extension mode.
(Refer Slide Time: 33:21)

So, after the bursting now we will start discussing on tear testing which is also an extremely
important characteristics not only for apparel type tester fabric but for industrial fabric it is very
important ok.
(Refer Slide Time: 33:41)

A fabric what is tear, now let us first try to understand a fabric tears when it is snagged by sharp
object, so there must be some initiation otherwise tearing will not be there. This sharp object
maybe some hook, some knife edge something some nails, so there must be some it and the
immediate small puncture. So, some any pointed point puncture is converted in to long rip, so
that is tear, so there must be some initiation and then there will be progression.

So, that initiation is by some sharp object ok any blunt object normally it is not they do not
actually are generate any tear. And then the convert to long rip it is by a small extra effort. So,
that if you start the tearing then the tearing will continue ok. It is the most common type of fabric
failure that is the important and important for industrial fabric expose to rough handling like
tents, sacks. So, there actually subjected to rough handling there will be some pointed object,
sharp object and then this tearing will start.

In some applications we may require we require the low tearing strength like adhesive tape,
bandages. So, this type of fabric we require low tearing strength and in most of the applications
we require high tearing strength. So, we must understand the actually basics of the tear strength
how to control the tear strength of a particular fabric. So we can control by controlling the type
of yarn, type of weft, so let us discuss all this aspects here.
(Refer Slide Time: 35:52)

So, what are the factors affecting the tear strength how can we control the tear strength of a
fabric. So, if we know if we see the fabric tearing either it tears singly single yarn one by one ok,
so this is important here.
(Refer Slide Time: 36:23)

So, if we are talking about say women fabric and at this point say tearing start, now this yarns are
broken. Now there are sharp object which cut this fabric this is weft and these are the warp yarn,
now here if this direction, this is the direction this is the warp. This is the direction of tear then it
is it is actually the tearing will is taking place in weft yarn, this is the weft yarn. Warp yarn is not
getting affected, so this tear is called weft yarn.

And the other direction and if the tearing takes place this direction this will be warp yarn, in this
way we can differentiate. Now once the fabric starts tearing, so this is say A side and this is B
side, this 2 sides will get actually separated like this so, if tear is there.
(Refer Slide Time: 37:44)
Now this 2 sides will get actually separated ok right and then tearing will occur and during this
force on the last yarn. This is the yarn say means it is a first yarn here first yarn there will be a
force lateral force which will try to push the yarn and form a grouping. If it cannot slide the yarn
this yarn cannot slide then all the loads of tearing load will be on at this point of the yarn and
then the yarn the single yarn will break immediately.

And then the load will be transfer to the next yarn ok immediately this load will get transfer to
the next yarn and that yarn will break. So, sequentially the yarns will break and the tearing
strength will be very low because individual threads are breaking one by one. As why because
the arrangement is that the yarns are not sliding each other. So, this yarns are not sliding, so that
is why this is this yarn they are breaking one by one.

And suppose we have made some arrangement we have changed the type of yarn, so that and
type of structure this yarns are able to slide during the tearing force application. So, if this yarns
are suppose sliding this yarn red yarn will actually come close to the blue yarn, so they will
actually the red will not break. But red has slided to close to B, so close to this blue yarn, so they
have formed a double yarn and this double yarn will again side to third yarn.

And in that way they will for a group of threads before they break and this is due to the sliding of
the threads and this is grouping of the thread and ultimately we will see the tear strength is
becoming higher and higher. So, basic thing is that control tear strength we have to take care that
whether there is sliding is taking place or not and if sliding takes place in the yarn then the tear
strength will be high.

So, one can have simple experiment suppose we are taking 1 fabric cotton fabric, so normal
cotton fabric we are taking with relatively open structure. This is the fabric with relatively open
structure fabric and here we are having say tear this is the tear direction. And from where we are
we want to measure tear. Now this cotton fabric this is fabric A same cotton fabric what we have
done only we have dipped into a starch solution simply we are dipping this fabric with the starch
solution.

So, any size material we are giving and fabric become little relatively say stiffer does not matter
this is for our experimentation what we are doing. And this fabric is B fabric with starch ok this
fabric. Here again we are trying to we are we have put a cut mark for tearing, now what will
happen here, so this they are same fabric A same yarn. Now if we test for tensile testing we will
observe the there is no change effectively there is no change.

Because only simply we have dipped in light starch not heavy starch light starch, now if we test
the fabric this is the raw cotton raw grey cotton, this is with starch. Now if we test the tear
strength of this fabrics which one we will give the higher tear strength definitely the fabric will
have fabric A will have higher tear strength and there will be significant drop in tear strength of
fabric B why?

Because by starch treatment what we have done we have blocked this intersection with the tarch
material ok. So, by doing these things what we have done we have actually stopped the free
sliding of the threads, the threads are not actually sliding here. That means there will be
sequential breakage of thread, so this thread will break first then this thread then this thread like
that.

So, it will never reach a higher point but on the other hand the fabric A where nothing is there
normal cotton yarn is there the due to the wax content and any other things this threads will keep
on sliding. And then it will give a higher tear strength, now let us do let us perform another
experiment same warp and weft yarns are there. So, let us take same warp and weft yarn and this
is the warp yarn same say cotton yarn.

Same warp and weft yarns are used this is fabric say A and here and the fabric B where what we
have done we have increase the inch/inch and peaks/inch. This is the lower and this is higher this
fabric is compact fabric. So, nothing only this fabric is compact but this fabric is open structure
same warp and weft yarn. Now what will happen if we test the tensile testing tensile strength
definitely this B will give very high tensile strength.

Tensile breaking strength will be high in case of B and mass/unit because this fabric will be
heavy. So, apparently this fabric is good because higher tensile strength and it will have higher
bursting strength, so higher everything. But if we test for tear strength what tear strength we will
see that this for tear strength this fabric will fail and the open structure fabric will have higher
tear strength than this close fabric although they are made of same yarn, same warp and weft
yarn.

And again the reason is that here the sliding express because of the open structure the threads
will get it will get it will slide and they will have the chance of accumulation. So, in compact
fabrics the threads break sequentially one by one. Here they break before breaking they actually
accumulate and ultimately the tear strength is add, so that is a common phenomena fabric with
open structure will have higher tear strength.

Similarly suppose yarn we have made same yarn same strength yarn of the same strength the A,
B and now C fabric strength characteristics are same, stress strength behavior are exactly same
ok. And epi, ppi are same but here this yarn which we have made here this is with the very high
friction here what we have do. So, higher friction are this fabrics relatively yarn to yarn friction
is low that means as it is high friction, so that it will actually prevent free sliding of threads.

So, in that case the yarn here with the lower friction will slide and then it will give here the tear
strength will be high. This is actually we can test we take 1 normal yarn normal cotton yarn ok
grey cotton yarn and the same construction if we say test with the scover or blist considering that
bleaching or scovering is not decorating the yarn strength. So, in case of scovered or blist cloth
the tear strength will be less than the normal cloth.

This is not because of the dropping strength if we test the tensile strength this maybe same if you
consider they are same still the scovered or blist cloth will have less tear strength. Because of
increase in friction ok, so the thread beaks singly or in very small groups. So, grouping is
important, so if we think of the 2 fabrics 1 fabric is made of same yarn same ends/inch
peaks/inch 1 fabric I made of plain woven fabric, plain view.

Another is say, so satin fabric will give higher tear strength because satin number of interments
are less. So, threads can actually slide past each other easily and grouping will take place, so
grouping is important, so we can play with the structure we can play with the thread density. We
can play with the type of yarn to increase or decrease the tear strength, so single thread strength
is of great importance.

So, strength single thread strength is definitely important this is actually showing off in the tear
strength and in loose fabric structure grouping of thread occurs resulting higher tear strength. So,
loose fabric structure as I have already explained.
(Refer Slide Time: 50:08)
So, what are the factors are other factors also fabric with smooth yarn show with the yarn with
lower friction like grey yarn will have higher tear strength. Because any factor which allows the
yarns to slide and form group will increase the tear strength. So, high set fabric reduce the thread
movement, so tear strength drops considerably, so if we increase the ends/inch peaks/inch that
will drop, now there are different tear strength measurement ok.
(Refer Slide Time: 50:47)

Now one of them it is called single rip tear test, so or it is called tongue tear strength, so this is a
single rip tear strength. So, this is very simple test method where we test the tear strength.
(Refer Slide Time: 51:02)
So, there is a strip fabric strip is there ok and here in the fabrics we put a cut mark and this cut
mark we are actually after putting the cut mark what we do.
(Refer Slide Time: 51:19)

One side we put in 1 jaw of a tensile tester another side another part we are putting in the bottom
jaw of a tensile tester. And we test in any normal tensile tester which works in CRE principle and
then we keep doing the tensile test. So, this is the way we perform the tensile strength, so we get
the load elongation plot, so maximum strength peak we can take as a redeem it goes through only
one cut mark ok.

Here at the tail A is clamped with a lower jaw and B with the upper jaw, speed of the machine it
is a non 50 millimeter/minute ok or 300 millimeter/minute. So, we can have different speeds as
per the requirement.
(Refer Slide Time: 52:11)
The separation of jaw causes the tear ok to proceed through the uncut part, so initially we put cut
then through uncut part it progress average of 5 highest peaks are taken as tear strength.
Depending on the direction of teared as I have mentioned the tear strength of warp or weft
direction are reported ok.
(Refer Slide Time: 52:39)

Next it is another method which is actually similar to the single rip tear strength it is a called
double rip tear strength, here instead of single cut we put 2 cut.
(Refer Slide Time: 52:59)
This is the double rip where we are mark 2 cut marks and this middle portion.
(Refer Slide Time: 53:08)

We are putting in 1 jaw.

(Refer Slide Time: 53:08)
And bottom 2 portion we are making 2 jaw, ion this way we test ok then the tearing goes on. In
this way this is the tearing. So, the similar way we can test here, the central 1 is gripped in 1 jaw
and outer 2 in other jaw ok, 2 tears are simultaneously made, so it is known as double rip tear
strength testing.
(Refer Slide Time: 53:43)

So, the main problem with this type of tear strength the single or double rip tear strength what
happens.
(Refer Slide Time: 53:54)
Suppose this is warp direction, so we on to say test weft direction this is say weft these are weft
yarn and what we are doing this is these are the warp yarns.
(Refer Slide Time: 54:29)

And in this this is this red is warp, now in this test what we are doing we are testing the warp
strength, warp tear strength ok as warp yarns are broken. Now here if the strength of weft say
warp strength warp yarn strength is much higher than weft yarn strength. So, warp yarns are very
strong, wefts are weaker much weaker. So, if the difference is very high in that case what will
happen if we try to test.
So, we are trying to break the warp which is stronger in that case what will instead of moving the
direction of tear in this fashion they may change the direction and this type of take place, this
type of tear will start taking place. because the load will also be on the weft direction as warp is
stronger, so then it will it may so happen the weft means start breaking. So, this will give a
wrong result, so to avoid this thing there is another technique which is called wing rip tear test
ok.

So, what happened it does not transfer the direction of tear, in other methods due to wide
difference in tear strength the warp and weft direction of tear changes from high to low ok. That
is as I have mentioned and during the test point of tear remain substantially in line with the
centre of the grip. So, in wing rip test this problem of shifting changing the direction is not there.
Here the point of break is always at the centre ok at the centre of the grip.
(Refer Slide Time: 57:11)

Now the system here is that the fabric this is the strip I have cut it you may not cut also just to
show and we are having certain angle it is typically I think 55 degree angle ok. Certain angle we
can cut here and then this is the direction where we can grip the top jaw is gripping in this
fashion this will this direction this will be horizontal ok, this will keep horizontal this is grip.

And similarly this will be horizontal in this way we just grip ok and then we start tearing and the
point of tear will be exactly at the centre of grip always. So, this is the say grip and at the centre
of grip always this point of tear will be there it will never shift due to this arrangement ok. So,
this is wing rip test just to eliminate the earlier problem.
(Refer Slide Time: 58:27)

So, this is a 55 degree we grip this fabric.

(Refer Slide Time: 58:32)

And this is the tester ok, here the point of tear is always at the centre of the grip so it will never it
will not shift to other direction. So, this for this type of fabric even for non-woven fabric where
there maybe some shifting due to wide difference in strength in different direction. So, for non-
woven type fabric we must use this type of test because otherwise the tear direction may change
ok, so wing rip test for technical textile we use it is not suitable for loose structure.
That is the disadvantage here because the arrangement which I have shown here due to this
arrangement here the yarn sliding take place. The other test yarn sliding is not that prominent but
if the loose fabric structure is there the yarn will slide fast and instead of tearing thus it fails with
the slippage of yarn that is the main disadvantage of this type of testing.
(Refer Slide Time: 59:45)

And test based on shear type tester and highest peak or mean of say 5 peaks are taken as tear
strength ok.
(Refer Slide Time: 59:56)
And the last instrument it is a Elmendorf tear test, here we do not measure the tear strength here
we measure the tear energy ok.
(Refer Slide Time: 1:00:19)

So, let us see the animation, initially it is we have bringing it to this pendulum the initial notion
ok and here actually it is gauged the scale is there ok scale is there it is starts with the lowest
value here. Lowest value it is 10, 20, 30 depending on the requirement, first what we do we have
to test the instrument whether it is a working perfectly. The setting is perfectly, so initial a blank
test is done, blank test. Now what we will show this is bringing, so it is a this is there and then
we have bringing the pointer in the initial point and this is the stop.
(Refer Slide Time: 1:01:21)
This is the stop arrangement, now we are releasing the this pendulum for blank test now it is
released by pressing this stopper and pendulum is swinging and as there is no stress striction this
should swing to it is extreme point. Because whatever the potential energy stored these are being
released and this is showing the 0 point, this is actually reaching at the 0 point, so this pointer is
showing 0 point.
(Refer Slide Time: 1:01:59)

That means the instrument is working perfect, this is set perfectly now what we will do.
(Refer Slide Time: 1:02:05)

We will have to put the fabric sample ok now again we are bringing the pendulum to it is initial
position ok and then bringing the pointer again it to initial position here.
(Refer Slide Time: 1:02:22)

And then we are placing the fabric sample.

(Refer Slide Time: 1:02:27)

So, we have to place the fabric sample, now fabric sample is actually the as per the specification
fabric sample is cut and it is gripped in the by this say.
(Refer Slide Time: 1:02:37)
We are putting a cut mark standard cut mark by a knife which is actually at a part of the
instrument, this cut mark is put here. So, that the it initiates the tearing, now once we release the
this total pendulum, pendulum will swing and due to the potential energy stored here this will
start tearing the fabric. Till it is fully tear and then if the tearing and then the pendulum will take
some energy to tear the fabric.

So, it will not swing back to the initial position, so it will swing little bit less than that, that due it
is directly it is a gauged here it starts with say 0, 10, 20, 30 depending on the tear strength, tear
energy required it the pendulum will show direct reading.
(Refer Slide Time: 1:03:40)
So, this gives the now it is started.
(Refer Slide Time: 1:03:42)

Now tearing will taking place although in this animation it is not showing the separation it will
separate it will totally separate out and then it is swinging. But it takes some energy it is not
going to up to that this point.
(Refer Slide Time: 1:03:58)

Here as per this it showing say 10, 20, 30 say 40, 40 is the actually the energy required with the
vested energy required to tear the fabric. So, that is this 4instrument gives direct reading of the
tear strength ok tear energy this actually element of tear strength tester it gives the energy to tear
the fabric.
(Refer Slide Time: 1:04:27)

So, pendulum type ballistic tester which measures the energy loss during tearing, energy
loss=tear force*distance, loss of potential energy that is work done and finish this session thank
you.