UO-1 by S Dinda L-12

BITS Pilani presentation
Srikanta Dinda
BITS Pilani Dept. of Chemical Engineering
Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
Unit Operation-1
(Code: PE ZC319)
Lecture No. 12
• Stage efficiency: deviation from ideal stage. For an ideal stage,
efficiency is 100%
No. of theoritical stage
Stage efficiency
No. of actual stage
• Point efficiency, Murphee efficiency, overall efficiency
• As the condin at various locations of a tower/on a tray is not the

same, efficiency may vary with location.
(y n +1,local − y n,local )
Point efficiency =
(y n +1,local − y*n ,local )
• Assuming gases leaving the dispersion are well (y n +1 − y)
mixed & liq conc changes as it flows over a tray, EM =
efficiency of an entire tray, (Murphree (y n +1 − y*n )
efficiency), is then defined as
10/26/2024
Determination of Ideal Stage
Determination of Ideal Stage for Countercurrent MT
• Let us consider a column with ‘N’

No. of tray.
• Top tray is numbered as ‘1’ &

bottom tray is numbered as ‘N’
• Yn & Xn are conc in G & L phase

respectively, leaving the nth tray.
• YN+1 is column inlet conc in G

phase at tray N & X0 column
inlet conc in L phase at tray-1
MB for envelope-1: (Yn+1 –Y1) = (Ls/ Gs) (Xn-X0)
4
MB for entire column: (YN+1 –Y1) = (Ls/ Gs) (XN – X0)
• So operating line is a straight line joining points

(YN+1,XN); (Y1,X0); (Yn+1,Xn), (Yn,Xn-1)
• If the trays are ideal, then Yn should be equil with Xn &

should lie on the equilibrium curve & Yn = Xn
5
• No. of ideal tray can be determined algebraically if the
operating-line & equilibrium-line are straight
For countercurrent mode :

 YN+1 − mX 0   1 1
log   1 −  + 
  Y1 − mX 0   A  A 
For absorption N = Kremser equ.
log A
Ls slope of opera..line
'A' is absorption factor = =
G s m slope of equi...line
Absorption factor
• If A<1 : limited absorption of solute irrespective of multitrays
If A > 1; any degree of separation is possible if sufficient trays are provided.
• Most economical range of A = 1.25 to 2.0
6
A sieve-tray tower is being designed for a counter current gas absorption process. The mole
ratio of A in the entering gas is 0.02. The gas should leave the tower containing not more
than 0.001 mole ratio of A. The liquid to be used as absorbent initially contains 0.0002 mole
ratio of A. The system obeys Henry’s law with m = yi/xi = 1.2. The liquid-to-gas mole ratio
is Ls/Gs = 2.4
(a) Find the number of ideal trays required for the specified operation.
Solution: A=2
As per the problem
 Y − mX0   1 1
YN+1 = 0.02 log  N+1  1 − + 
 1Y − mX 0  A  A
Y1 = 0.001 Nid =
log A
Xo = 0.0002
=> Nid = 3.8
Av. L/V = 2.4
m =1.2
7
10/4/2012 Mass Transfer Operations
Selection of Solvent
✓ Gas solubility
• high solubility of gas in solvent at given T and P.
• chemically similar solvents are used for absorption of solute,
e.g., benzene from coke oven gas by hydrocarbon oil, not water.
✓ Volatility
• Less vapor pressure liquids are used.
• High boiling point liquid.
✓ Corrosiveness
✓ Cost
✓ Viscosity
• Low viscous for high absorption rates, low-pressure drop, good
heat transfer characteristics,
✓ Non-toxic, non-flammable, chemically stable, and
low freezing point.
8
Gas-Absorption
9
Distillation
10/26/2024
Distillation
• Distillation is a method of separating the components
of a solution based on the distribution of the
substances betn a liq & a vap phase.
• Distribution of component in two phase is govern by

vap-liq equilibrium relationship
• Distillation is one of the oldest unit operations
• The process utilizes the difference of the vap

pressures to produce the separation
• Distillation is most frequently carried out in tray

columns, although packed columns are also used
10/26/2024
Distillation
• Batch distillation
• Continuous distillation
• Flash distillation
• Steam distillation
• Vacuum distillation
• Azeotropic distillation
10/26/2024
Distillation
Overhead
condenser
Cooling
water
Top product
Distillation column
Feed
Reboiler
Steam
Bottom product
Sketch of Distillation Column System
10/26/2024
Distillation
 Boiling Point is the temp at which internal vap pres of
a liq is equal to the pres exerted by its surroundings
 If liq is open to the atm, BP is the temp at which the
internal vap pres of the liq becomes equal to
atmospheric pressure (~760 mm Hg).
 Internal vap pres of a pure liq rises steadily as temp is
increased until the BP is reached.
 Temp remains constant throughout the boiling process
of a pure liq. At BP, the liq & vap are in equim
10/26/2024

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BITS Pilani presentation

• As the condin at various locations of a tower/on a tray is not the

• Let us consider a column with ‘N’

• Top tray is numbered as ‘1’ &

• Yn & Xn are conc in G & L phase

• YN+1 is column inlet conc in G

• So operating line is a straight line joining points

• If the trays are ideal, then Yn should be equil with Xn &

For countercurrent mode :

• Distribution of component in two phase is govern by

• Distillation is one of the oldest unit operations

• The process utilizes the difference of the vap

• Distillation is most frequently carried out in tray

Sketch of Distillation Column System

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