International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,

Vol. 4, No.1, 2012

Solution of Transonic Gas Equation by Using
Symmetry Groups


Dr.Sami. H.Altoum
(Ph.D Mathematics)
Umm Al-qura University KSA-University College of Al- Qunfudah
samialtoum@hotmail.com

Ahmed Zakaria Abubakar
(Msc. In Physics)
Umm Al-qura University KSA-University College of Al- Qunfudah
abuzoik@hotmail.com


Abstract

This paper discussed the symmetry condition of differential equations to solve Partial
Differential equations of transonic gas. The privilege of symmetry method are that they are a
unifying methods for solving differential equations .We treat a symmetry group of a differential
equations as a group of transformations.

Keywords: Symmetry group, infinitesimal generator, Prolongation, determining equations,
transonic gas.

1. Introduction:
Elementary examples of Lie groups include translation, rotation and scaling. Lie groups and
infinitesimal generators can be naturally extended ( prolonged ) to act on the space of independent
variables. A symmetry of geometrical object is a transformation which its action leaves the object
unchanged [5]. In other words we say that G is a symmetry group for a differential equation if
every element G g e takes solution to another solution. The privilege of symmetry method are that
they are unifying method for solving differential equations .The classical methods are so many and
ad hoc ,but symmetry method is systematic .The symmetry condition can be utilized in many ways.
If the symmetry group is obtained it can be used to solve D.E, in particular
(A) change of variable
( B) integrating factor.
In fact (A) is equivalent to (B) through the concept of symmetry. For (A) we need to discover the
canonical coordinates using only the infinitesimal generator ,for (B) the integrator factor will be
written in terms of generator of symmetry groups.




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2. Infinitesimal Transformation:
Given 1- parameter group G of transformation

( ) a x f x
i
i
, =

. n i ,..., 1 = (1)

Let us expand ( ) a x f
i
, into the Taylor series in the parameter ( ) a in neighborhood of 0 = a ,
then invoking the initial condition ( ) ( ) n i x x f
i i
,..., 1 , 0 , = = , we arrive to infinitesimal
transformation of G [11].

( ) x a x x
i i
i
, + =

, n i ,..., 1 = (2)
where

( ) ( ) | |
0
,
=
c
c
=
a
i i
a x f
a
x , ( 3)

Geometrically ,the infinitesimal transformation (2&3) defines the tangent vector
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x x x
n i
, , , ,...,
1
= at the point x therefore the tangent vector field of the group G
denoted by
i
, and written as a first order linear differential operator.

( ) ( )
n
n
x
x
x
x X
c
c
+ +
c
c
= , , ...
1
1


( )
i
i
x
x X
c
c
= , (4)

3. The infinitesimal Test:
Consider a system of equations in
n
9


( ) 0 = x F
o
. s ,..., 1 = o (5)

Where
n
x 9 e and n s < .We impose the condition that the Jacobian matrix
x
F
c
c
is of Rank
( )
( )
s
x
x F
=
c
c
,at all point, x satisfying (5) the locus of solution x of the system of equation (5) is
an ( ) s n dimensional manifold
n
M 9 c .
The system of (5) is said to be invariant with respect to group G of transformation ( ) a x f x
i
i
, =

,or
that equation (5) admits G as a symmetry group if ( ) 0 = x F
o
, s ,..., 1 = o when ever x solve
equation (5).Geometrically it means that transformations of the group G carry any point of the
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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,
Vol. 4, No.1, 2012



variety M along this variety. In other words, s ,..., 1 = o ,the path curve of the groupG passing
through any point M x e lies on M .Consequently , M is termed an invariant manifold for G .

Theorem[1]:
The system of (5) invariant under group G with infinitesimal generator X if and only if,

( ) 0 =
M
x XF
o
, s ,..., 1 = o

where the symbol
M
means evaluated on the manifold M [10].

4. Prolongation:
We need to replace the somewhat nebulous notion of a system of differential equations by
concrete geometric object determined by vanishing of certain functions. To do this we need to
prolong the basic space ,representing the independent and dependent variables under consideration,
to a space which also represents the various partial derivatives occurring in the system. This
construction is a greatly simplified version of the theory of " Jet Bundle " occurring in differential
geometry theory of partial Differential equations. We work exclusively in Euclidean space. Given
smooth real-valued function ( ) ( )
p
x x f x f ,...,
1
= of p independent variables , there are given
by [2]:

] [
1 + +
=
k p
k k
P ,


order partial derivatives of f . We drive th k employ the multi- index notation

( )
( )
k
j j j
k
j
x x x
x f
x f
c c c
c
= c
...
2 1
.

Consider the case 1 , 2 = = q P then
2
9 ~ X has coordinates ( ) ( ) y x x x , ,
2 1
= and 9 ~ U
has the single coordinate u .The space
1
U is isomorphic to
2
9 with coordinates ( )
y x
u u , , since
these represent all the first order partial derivatives of u with respect to x and y .Similarly
3
2
9 ~ U has the coordinates ( )
yy xy xx
u u u , , , representing the second order partial derivatives of
u ,and in general
1 +
9 ~
k
k
U ,since there are 1 + k distinct 1 k order partial derivatives of u .
5. Determination of Infinitesimal Symmetries:
The concept of symmetry group of a differential equations can be specified either in terms of
solutions ,both definitions are useful, but we use second definition to solve some examples. First
definition ,dealing employ the theory of extended transformations. Second definition treats a
symmetry group of a differential equations as a group of transformations ,this differential algebraic
definition does not assume knowledge of solutions .It is central to the infinitesimal method used to
test for symmetry via determination of infinitesimal symmetries.



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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,
Vol. 4, No.1, 2012



6. Determining Equations:
Second definition of the previous section and theorem [1] provide the following in
infinitesimal criterion for symmetry group of differential equations, the system of D.E is,

( ) 0 ,.. , ,
1
=
k
u u u x F
o
, s ,.., 1 = o (6)
is invariant under the group with an infinitesimal generator X if an only if

0
) 6 (
= XF , s ,.., 1 = o (7)

where X is extended to all derivatives involved in (6) and the symbol
) 6 (
means evaluated on the
frame (6) by the definition of symmetry. We give two methods to solve transonic gas equation, the
First method using ordinary solution of P. D. E, and the second method using concept of symmetry
groups.

Example1:
The exact solution of non-linear partial differential equations, for transonic gas dynamics, which
given by the equation [12].

( 8 ) , 0
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
y
u
x
u
x
u
a


this is an equation of steady transonic gas flow for solution will be:
1- Suppose ) , ( t x u u is the solution of the equation in equation. Then the function.

6 5 4 2 3 1
2
2
3
1 1
) , ( c y c c y c c x c u c c u + + + + =

,

Where C
1
,C
6
are Arbitrary constant, is also a solution .

2- Solutions:

4 3 2 1
) , ( c y c x c xy c t x u + + + =

4 3
3
1
2
1
) ( 3
) (
) , ( c y c
c x a
c x
t x u + +
+
+
=

2
3
4 1
1
3 2
1
) (
3
4
) , (
2
c x c
c
c c ac t x u
y
y
+ + + =
2
3
2 3
1
8 13
3
1
2
) ( 3
) (
) ( ) ( 3 ) ( ) (
3
2
) (
39
) , (
A y a
B x
B x A y c B x A y a A y
c a
t x u
+
+
+ + + + + + + =
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Vol. 4, No.1, 2012



2
3
3 2 1
2
2
2 3
) (
3
4
) , ( c By Ax c c x
aA
B
y aA t x u + + + + =

4 3
4
2
3
1
2
3
2 1
) (
12
) 2 )( (
3
1
) , ( c y c B Ay
A
ac
c x c B Ay t x u + + + + + =

4 3
2
1
3
2
2
3
1
2
1
2
) ( 3
) (
) ( 4
9
) , ( c y c
c y a
c x
c y
c x
A
c y
aA
t x u + +
+
+

+
+
+
+
=

4 3
2
1
3
2
2
5
1
2
3
2
7
1
2
) ( 3
) (
) ( ) ( 4 ) (
7
3
) , ( c y c
c y a
c x
c y c x A c y aA t x u + +
+
+
+ + + + =

where A, B, C
1
. C
4
, are arbitrary constant. (the first solution is degenerate).

3- There are solution of the following forms:

), ( ) , (
2 3
z u y t x u
k
=
k
xy z = self similar solution, k is any;


3
3
2
3
2 1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) , ( x y x y y t x u + + = , generalized separable solution;

3
4
2
3 2 1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , ( x y x y x y y t x u + + + = , generalized separable solution;

, generalized separable solution. ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , (
2 1
y x y t x u + =

Example2:
Consider equation of transonic Gas dynamics

0 = +
yy xx x
u u u , (9)

we seek a symmetry operator in the form X with unknown coefficients
i
and q to be found the
determining equation (7)

0
22 11 1
= + + , , ,
x xx
u u , (10)

where we substitute
3 2 1
, , , , and from extended generators calculation of symmetries of P.D.E,
with two independent variables and set
xx x yy
u u u = then equation (9) contain the variables
yy xx y x
u u u u u y x , , , , , whereas q , , and
2 1
, depend only upon y x, and u . We isolate the
terms containing
x xx xy
u u u , and
y
u and those free of these variables and set each term equal to
zero. So ,the terms containing
xy
u ,lead to equation.

( ) 0
2 2 1 2 1
= + +
u x u y x x y
u u u ,
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Vol. 4, No.1, 2012



hence
0
1
=
y
, 0
1
=
u
, 0
2
=
x
, 0
2
=
u
. (11)
The same argument applied to the terms containing
xx
u yields
0 =
x
q , 0 2 3
2 1
= +
y x u
q ,
then equation (9) reduces to
0 =
yy
q , 0 2
2
=
yy yu
q . (12)
Thus equation (9) is split into the over determined system of linear P.D.E (9)&(10) . The reckoning
shows that the general solution of this system is given by:

2 1
1
c x c + =

4 3
2
c y c + =

( )
6 5 3 1
2 3 c y c u c c + + = q ,

with six arbitrary constants
i
c . Thus we arrive at the six-dimensional Lie algebra
6
L spanned by
the operators.

x
X
c
c
=
1
,
y
X
c
c
=
2
,
u
X
c
c
=
3


u
y X
c
c
=
4
,
u
u
x
x X
c
c
+
c
c
= 3
5

u
u
y
y X
c
c

c
c
= 2
6
.

Conclusion:
This paper discussed symmetry groups by analytical methodology and concluded the following:
1- Deduction of new solution from known solution.
2- The transformation preserves the structure.
3- Reduction of partial differential equation by reduction of number of independent variables.
4- Classified of special solution (invariant solution).


References:
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Relativity-World Scientific publishing Co-Pte.Ltd, (2008).
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Press (1998).
[3] Aubin Thierry, Differential Geometry-American Mathematical Society(2001).
[4] Aurel Bejancu &Hani Reda Faran-Foliations and Geometric Structures, Springer Adordrecht, the
Netherlands(2006).
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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,
Vol. 4, No.1, 2012



[5] Bluman G.W & Kumei. S , Symmetry and Differential Equations New York :Springer-Verlag
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Authors Profile:


Dr. Sami Hajazi Mustafa received his PhD degree in Differential Geometry from Alneelain
University, Sudan in 2007. He was a head of Department of Mathematics in Academy of
Engineering Sciences in Sudan. Now he is Assistant Professor of Mathematics, University
college of Alqunfudha, Umm Al Qura University , Saudi Arabia.





Mr. Ahmed Zakaria Abubakar Msc degree in Physics from Sudan University for Sceince
and technology in 2009. Now a lecturer of physics, at University college of Alqunfudha, Umm
Al Qura University , Saudi Arabia.


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